The document describes the four major realms that make up the Earth - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It provides details on each realm:
The lithosphere includes the crust and upper mantle of the Earth. It is the rigid outer shell. The hydrosphere is all the water on, under, and over the Earth's surface, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and atmospheric water. The atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet, composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide. It is divided into four layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The biosphere encompasses all
Grade 6. chapter 5. realms of the earth..
The Earth divided into 4 realms which are interconnected.
The names of the 4 spheres have been derived from Greek words for stone (litho), air (atmo), water (hydro), and life (bio)
The layer of the gas that surrounds the Earth is called atmosphere.
The atmosphere protects Earth from absorbing the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun.
It also acts as a blanket around the Earth.
Grade 6. chapter 5. realms of the earth..
The Earth divided into 4 realms which are interconnected.
The names of the 4 spheres have been derived from Greek words for stone (litho), air (atmo), water (hydro), and life (bio)
The layer of the gas that surrounds the Earth is called atmosphere.
The atmosphere protects Earth from absorbing the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun.
It also acts as a blanket around the Earth.
A power point that is designed to explain the effects of the Rotation and Revolution on the Earth.
-Day and Night
-The four seasons
-Solstice and Equinox
-High tide and low tide
-Windspeed and Direction
Grade- 7 Geography 4. composition and structure of airNavya Rai
Atmosphere: An atmosphere is a layer of air surrounding our planet Earth.
All living beings on this earth depend on the atmosphere for their survival.
It is this mass of air that has made the temperature on the earth livable.
The presentation aiding the lecture Structure of Earth and its Composition for the course CE 8392 Engineering Geology handled by Prof. Rathnavel Pon for Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
The Indian sub-continent is characterised by a great and diversified group of physical features.
They are classified into the following physiographic units :
1. The Himalayas and other ranges.
2. The Indo-Gangetic plain.
3. The Thar Deserts
4. The Peninsular Plateau.
5. The Coastal belts and Islands.
A power point that is designed to explain the effects of the Rotation and Revolution on the Earth.
-Day and Night
-The four seasons
-Solstice and Equinox
-High tide and low tide
-Windspeed and Direction
Grade- 7 Geography 4. composition and structure of airNavya Rai
Atmosphere: An atmosphere is a layer of air surrounding our planet Earth.
All living beings on this earth depend on the atmosphere for their survival.
It is this mass of air that has made the temperature on the earth livable.
The presentation aiding the lecture Structure of Earth and its Composition for the course CE 8392 Engineering Geology handled by Prof. Rathnavel Pon for Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
The Indian sub-continent is characterised by a great and diversified group of physical features.
They are classified into the following physiographic units :
1. The Himalayas and other ranges.
2. The Indo-Gangetic plain.
3. The Thar Deserts
4. The Peninsular Plateau.
5. The Coastal belts and Islands.
The Moon is a relatively large, terrestrial, planet-like natural satellite, with a diameter about one-quarter of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, although Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto. The natural satellites of other planets are also referred to as "moons", after Earth's.
The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the lunar phases; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator.
Details of the Earth–Moon system, showing the radius of each object and the Earth–Moon barycenter. The Moon's axis is located by Cassini's third law.
Due to their tidal interaction, the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38 mm/yr. Over millions of years, these tiny modifications—and the lengthening of Earth's day by about 23 µs/yr—add up to significant changes.[221] During the Devonian period, for example, (approximately 410 Mya) there were 400 days in a year, with each day lasting 21.8 hours.[222]
The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate. Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon.[28] Some theorists think that without this stabilization against the torques applied by the Sun and planets to Earth's equatorial bulge, the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, exhibiting chaotic changes over millions of years, as appears to be the case for Mars.[223]
Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The angular size (or solid angle) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant.[186] This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth.
The most widely accepted theory of the Moon's origin, the giant-impact hypothesis, states that it formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth. This hypothesis explains (among other things) the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of Earth's crust.[224]
The Earth's surface consists of both land and water. A blanket of air surrounding the Earth. it is inhabited of living organisms, both plants and animals. All these elements-land, water, air and living organisms make up the realms of Earth-Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and Biosphere.
World Geography
The rocky ball that forms our world is one of nine planets in the Solar System. Earth is a sphere, with a
slight bulge in the middle at the Equator, and a diameter of 12,756 km (7,926 miles). It hurtles at speeds
of 105,000 kph (65,000 mph) during its orbit around the Sun, turning on its AXIS once every 24 hours.
This journey takes a year to complete. The Earth is the only planet that is known to support life, in a zone
called the BIOSPHERE.
UNIQUE PLANET
Water, oxygen, and energy from the Sun combine on Earth to help create suitable conditions for life.
The planet’s surface is mainly liquid water, which is why it looks blue from space. Earth is the only planet
in the Solar System with an atmosphere that contains a large amount of oxygen. The Sun is 150 million
km (93 million miles) away, producing heat that is bearable on Earth.
ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere is a layer of gas surrounding the Earth that is some 700 km (400 miles) thick. It is made
up of nitrogen (78 per cent) and oxygen (21 per cent), plus traces of other gases. Tiny droplets of water
vapour form the clouds we see.
OCEANS
Oceans cover 70.8 per cent of the Earth’s surface, to an average depth of 3.5 km (2 miles). The
hydrosphere (watery zone) also includes freshwater rivers and lakes, but these make up less than 1 per
cent of Earth’s water.
LAND
Dry land occupies 29.2 per cent of the Earth’s surface, where the lithosphere (rocky crust) rises above
sea level to form seven continents and countless smaller islands. Land can be categorised into biomes
major habitats such as forests, grasslands, and deserts.
ICE AND SNOW
The cryosphere (frozen zone) includes snow and glaciers on high mountains, sea ice, and the huge ice caps
that cover the landmasses of Greenland and the Antarctic. In the past, during long cold eras called ice
ages, ice covered much more of Earth’s surface than it does today.
EARTH SCIENCE
Meteorology, the study of Earth’s atmosphere, is one of the Earth sciences. Earth scientists study Earth’s
physical characteristics, from raindrops to rivers and the rocks beneath our feet. Other branches of study
include geology (rocks), hydrology, (oceans and freshwater), and ecology (living things and the
environment).
STUDY TECHNIQUES
Satellite images allow scientists to monitor everything from ocean currents to minerals hidden below
ground. Techniques such as radar and sonar have transformed our understanding of our planet. Some
Earth scientists also spend time in the field, which means working outdoors, collecting data and samples
from clouds, cliffs, craters, volcanic lava, and deep-buried ice.
BIOSPHERE
The biosphere is the part of Earth that contains what is needed for living things. This zone extends from
the ocean floor to top of the troposphere (lower atmosphere). Tiny organisms can survive deep in the
Earth’s crust, but most forms of life are found from a few hundred metres below sea level to about 1,000
m (3,300 ft) above sea level.
TH
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. A lithosphere is the rigid , outermost shell of a
rocky planet, and can be identified on the basis of its
mechanical properties. On Earth, it comprises
the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that
behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of
years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky
planet, the crust, is defined on the basis of its
chemistry and mineralogy
2
LITHOSPHERE
3. CONTINENTS
3
There are seven continents.
There are:
• Asia
• Africa
• North America
• South America
• Antarctica
• Europe
• Australia
4. Structure of the Earth
4
Earth's lithosphere includes the
crust and the uppermost mantle,
which constitute the hard and rigid
outer layer of the Earth.
Earth's inner core is Earth's
innermost part and is a
primarily solid ball with a radius of
about 1,220 km.
Earth's outer core is a liquid layer
about 2,266 km thick composed
of iron and nickel that lies above
Earth's solid inner core and below
its mantle. Its outer boundary lies
2,890 km beneath Earth's surface.
5. CRUST
5
the crust is the outermost
solid shell of a
rocky planet or natural
satellite, which is chemically
distinct from the
underlying mantle.
The crust of the Earth is
composed of a great variety
of igneous, metamorphic,
and sedimentary rocks.
6. MANTLE
6
Earth's mantle is a silicate
rocky shell about 2,900
kilometres (1,800 mi)
thick[1] that constitutes about
84% of Earth's volume.[2] It is
predominantly solid but in
geological time it behaves like
very viscous liquid. The mantle
encloses the hot core rich in
iron and nickel, which occupies
about 15% of Earth's volume.
7. CORE
7
Earth's inner core is Earth's
innermost part and is a
primarily solid ball with
a radius of about 1,220 km. It
is believed to consist
primarily of an iron–
nickel alloy and to be
approximately the same
temperature as the surface
of the Sun: approximately
5430 °C.
8. ROCKS:IGNEOUS
8
There are three types of rocks. They
are:
Igneous rocks:Igneous rock derived
from the Latin word ignis meaning fire.
Igneous rock is formed through the
cooling and solidification of
magma or lava. Igneous rock may form
with or without crystallization, either
below the surface
as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the
surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks.
This magma can be derived from
partial melts of pre-existing rocks in
either a planet's mantle or crust.
9. ROCKS:SEDIMENTARY
9
Sedimentary rocks are types
of rock that are formed by
the deposition of material at
the Earth's surface and within
bodies of water. Particles that form
a sedimentary rock by accumulating
are called sediment. Before being
deposited, sediment was formed
by weathering and erosion in a
source area, and then transported to
the place of deposition
by water, wind, ice, mass
movement or glaciers which are
called agents of denudation.
10. ROCKS:METAMORPHIC
10
Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of
the Earth's crust and are classified by texture
and by chemical and mineral assemblage
(metamorphic facies). They may be formed
simply by being deep beneath the Earth's
surface, subjected to high temperatures and the
great pressure of the rock layers above it. They
can form from tectonic processes such as
continental collisions, which cause horizontal
pressure, friction and distortion. They are also
formed when rock is heated up by
the intrusion of hot molten rock
called magma from the Earth's interior. The
study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at
the Earth's surface following erosion and uplift)
provides information about the temperatures
and pressures that occur at great depths within
the Earth's crust. Some examples of
metamorphic rocks
are gneiss, slate, marble, schist, and quartzite.
11. ROCK CYCLE
11
The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that
describes the dynamic transitions
through geologic time among the three
main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic,
and igneous. As the diagram to the right
illustrates, each of the types of rocks is altered
or destroyed when it is forced out of its
equilibrium conditions. An igneous rock such
as basalt may break down and dissolve when
exposed to the atmosphere, or melt as it
is subducted under a continent. Due to the
driving forces of the rock cycle, plate tectonics
and the water cycle, rocks do not remain in
equilibrium and are forced to change as they
encounter new environments. The rock cycle is
an illustration that explains how the three rock
types are related to each other, and how
processes change from one type to another
over time.
12. SOIL
12
Soil is the mixture
of minerals, organic matter, gases,
liquids and a myriad of organisms
that can support plant life. It is a
natural body that exists as part of
the pedosphere and it performs four
important functions: it is a medium
for plant growth; it is a means of
water storage, supply and
purification; it is a modifier of
the atmosphere; and it is a habitat
for organisms that take part in
decomposition and creation of a
habitat for other organisms.
13. HYDROSPHERE
13
The hydrosphere in physical
geography describes the combined mass
of water found on, under, and over the
surface of a planet. This includes water in
liquid and frozen forms in ground waters,
glaciers, oceans, lakes and streams. Saline
water account for 97.5% of this
amount. Fresh water accounts for only
2.5%. Of this fresh water 68.7% is in the
"form of ice and permanent snow cover
in the Arctic, the Antarctic, and in the
mountainous regions. Next, 29.9% exists
as fresh ground waters. Only 0.26% of the
total amount of fresh waters on the Earth
are concentrated in lakes, reservoirs and
river systems where they are most easily
accessible for our economic needs and
absolutely vital for water ecosystems.
14. MAJOR WATER BODIES
14
There are four major
oceans. They are:
Pacific ocean
Atlantic ocean
Indian ocean
Arctic ocean
15. WATER CYCLE
15
The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic
cycle or theH2O cycle, describes the continuous
movement of water on, above and below the
surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth
remains fairly constant over time but the
partitioning of the water into the major
reservoirs of ice,fresh water, saline water
and atmospheric water is variable depending on
a wide range of climatic variables. The water
moves from one reservoir to another, such as
from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the
atmosphere, by the physical processes
of evaporation, condensation, precipitation,
infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In so
doing, the water goes through different phases:
liquid, solid (ice), and water vapour.
16. OCEANS WATERS AND THEIR
CIRCULATION
16
WAVES: waves are caused when winds
blowing over the surface of water
make the water particles move up and
down alternately. Waves travel In the
direction of the winds.
Tides:Tides are the rise and fall of sea
levels caused by the combined effects
of the gravitational forces exerted by
the Moon and the Sun and the rotation
of the Earth.
17. 17
An ocean current is a continuous,
directed movement of
seawater generated by the forces
acting upon this mean flow, such
as breaking waves, wind, Coriolis
effect,cabbeling, temperature and s
alinity differences, with tides caused
by the gravitational pull of
the Moon and the Sun.Depth
contours, shoreline configurations
and interaction with other currents
influence a current's direction and
strength. A deep current is any
ocean current at a depth of greater
than 100m.
18. ATMOSPHERE
18
The atmosphere of Earth is a
layer of gases surrounding the
planet Earth that is retained by
Earth's gravity.
The atmosphere protects life on
Earth by absorbing ultraviolet
solar radiation. By volume, dry
air contains 78.09% nitrogen,
20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon,
0.039% carbon dioxide, and small
amounts of other gases. Air also
contains a variable amount
of water vapor, on average
around 1%
19. STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
19
The atmosphere consists of 4 layers: the troposphere,
stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. . The
troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. This
is the layer where we live and where weather happens.
Temperature in this layer generally decreases with
height. The boundary between the stratosphere and the
troposphere is called the tropopause. The jet stream sits
at this level and it marks the highest point that weather
can occur. The height of the troposphere varies with
location, being higher over warmer areas and lower over
colder areas. Above the In this layer the temperature
increases with height. This is because the stratosphere
houses the ozone layer. The ozone layer is warm because
it absorbs ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. The
mesosphere is the layer above the stratosphere. The
temperature decreases with height here just like it does
in the troposphere. This layer also contains ratios of
nitrogen and oxygen similar to the troposphere, except
the concentrations are 1000 times less and there is little
water vapor there, so the air is too thin for weather to
occur. The thermosphere is the uppermost layer of the
atmosphere. In this layer the temperature increases with
height because it is being directly heated by the sun.
20. TROPOSPHERE
20
The troposphere is the lowest
portion of Earth's atmosphere.
It contains approximately 80%
of the atmosphere's mass and
99% of its water vapour and
aerosols. The average depth of
the troposphere is
approximately 17 km in the
middle latitudes. It is deeper in
the tropics, up to 20 km and
shallower near the polar
regions, approximately 7 km .
21. STRATOSPHERE
21
The stratosphere is the
second major layer of Earth's
atmosphere, just above
the troposphere, and below
the mesosphere. It
is stratified in temperature,
with warmer layers higher up
and cooler layers farther down.
This is in contrast to the
troposphere near the Earth's
surface, which is cooler higher
up and warmer farther down.
22. MESOSPHERE
22
The mesosphere the
layer of the Earth's
atmosphere that is
directly above
the stratopause and
directly below
the mesopause. In the
mesosphere temperature
decreases with increasing
height.
23. THERMOSPHERE
23
The thermosphere is the
layer of the Earth's
atmosphere directly above
the mesosphere and directly
below the exosphere. the
thermosphere begins about
85 kilometres above the
Earth. This layer contains
electrically charged particles
called ions.
24. EXOSPHERE
24
The exosphere is a thin,
atmosphere-like volume
surrounding a planetary
body where molecules are
gravitationally bound to
that body, but where the
density is too low for them
to behave as a gas
by colliding with each
other.
25. Air is the Earth's atmosphere. It is the clear gas in which living things live
and breathe. It has an indefinite shape and volume. It has no color or smell.
It has mass and weight. It is a matter as it has mass and weight. Air
creates atmosphere pressure. There is no air in the vacuum and cosmos. Air
is a mixture of 78.03% nitrogen, 20.99% oxygen, 0.94% argon, 0.03% carbon
dioxide, 0.01% hydrogen, 0.00123% Neon, 0.0004%helium,
0.00005% krypton and 0.000006% xenon. There are also small amounts of
other things.
The degree of hotness or coldness of air surrounding us is called air
temprature.
Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted on a surface by the
weight of air above that surface in the atmosphere of Earth .
Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air.
25
AIR TEMPRATURE,PRESSURE AND
HUMIDITY
26. BIOSPHERE
26
The biosphere is the global
sum of all ecosystems. The
biosphere is postulated to
have evolved, beginning with
a process of biopoesis (life
created naturally from non-
living matter such as simple
organic compounds)
or biogenesis (life created
from living matter), at least
some 3.5 billion years ago.