its about the climate and how its getting affected by global warming

1. Climate change, global
warming and
greenhouse effect.
Anisa Batool FA-2023/BS-BT/024
Javeria Khalid FA-2023/BS-BT/002
Areeba Imran FA-2023/BS-BT/025
Rida Ijaz FA-2023/BS-BT/026

2. Climate change:
 Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures
and weather patterns. While these changes can occur
naturally (due to volcanic eruptions, solar cycles, etc.),
since the late 1800s, human activities, especially the
burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, have been the
main driver of climate change.

3. Causes:
Generating power:
Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels causes a
large chunk of global emissions. Most electricity is still generated by
burning coal, oil, or gas, which produces carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide
– powerful greenhouse gases that blanket the Earth and trap the sun’s
heat.
Manufacturing goods:
Manufacturing and industry produce emissions, mostly from burning
fossil fuels to produce energy for making things like cement, iron, steel,
electronics, plastics, clothes, and other goods.
Cutting down forests:
Cutting down forests to create farms or pastures, or for other
reasons, causes emissions, since trees, when they are cut, release the
carbon they have been storing. Each year approximately 12 million
hectares of forest are destroyed.

4. Using transportation:
Most cars, trucks, ships, and planes run on fossil fuels. That
makes transportation a major contributor of greenhouse gases,
especially carbon-dioxide emissions. Road vehicles account for the
largest part, due to the combustion of petroleum-based products, like
gasoline, in internal combustion engines.
Producing food:
Producing food causes emissions of carbon dioxide, methane,
and other greenhouse gases in various ways, including through
deforestation and clearing of land for agriculture and grazing,
digestion by cows and sheep, the production and use of fertilizers and
manure for growing crops, and the use of energy to run farm
equipment or fishing boats, usually with fossil fuels.

5. Effects:
Hotter temperatures:
As greenhouse gas concentrations rise, so does the global surface
temperature. The last decade, 2011-2020, is the warmest on record. Since the
1980s, each decade has been warmer than the previous one. Nearly all land areas
are seeing more hot days and heat waves.
More severe storms:
Destructive storms have become more intense and more frequent in many
regions. As temperatures rise, more moisture evaporates, which exacerbates
extreme rainfall and flooding, causing more destructive storms.

6. Loss of species:
Climate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and
in the ocean. These risks increase as temperatures climb. The world is
losing species at a rate 1,000 times greater than at any other time in
recorded human history. One million species are at risk of becoming
extinct within the next few decades.
More health risks:
Climate change is the single biggest health threat facing
humanity. Climate impacts are already harming health, through air
pollution, disease, extreme weather events, forced displacement,
pressures on mental health, and increased hunger and poor nutrition in
places where people cannot grow or find sufficient food.

7. Global warming:
Global warming is a gradual increase in the earth’s
temperature generally due to the greenhouse effect caused
by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other
pollutants. “

8. Causes:
Chlorofluorocarbon:
With the excessive use of air
conditioners and refrigerators, humans have
been adding CFCs into the environment which
affects the atmospheric ozone layer. The ozone
layer protects the earth surface from the
harmful ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun. The
CFCs have led to ozone layer depletion making
way for the ultraviolet rays, thereby increasing
the temperature of the earth.
Industrial Development:
With the advent of industrialization, the
temperature of the earth has been increasing
rapidly. The harmful emissions from the
factories add to the increasing temperature of
the earth.
Agriculture:
Various farming activities produce carbon
dioxide and methane gas. These add to the
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increase the
temperature of the earth.
Forest Blazes:
Forest blazes or forest fires emit a large
amount of carbon-containing smoke. These gases are
released into the atmosphere and increase the
earth’s temperature resulting in global warming

9. Effects:
Rise in Temperature:
Global warming has led to an incredible increase
in earth’s temperature. Since 1880, the earth’s
temperature has increased by ~1 degrees. This
has resulted in an increase in the melting of
glaciers.
Threats to the Ecosystem:
Global warming has affected the coral reefs that
can lead to the loss of plant and animal lives.
Increase in global temperatures has made the
fragility of coral reefs even worse
Spread of Diseases:
Global warming leads to a change in the
patterns of heat and humidity. This has led to
the movement of mosquitoes that carry and
spread diseases.
Loss of Natural Habitat:
A global shift in the climate leads to the loss
of habitats of several plants and animals. In
this case, the animals need to migrate from
their natural habitat and many of them even
become extinct.

10. What is the Greenhouse Effect?
 The greenhouse effect is the process thanks to which
Earth has a higher temperature than it would have without
it. The gases that radiate heat also known as greenhouse
gases absorb the energy radiated out by the Earth and
reflect a part of it back to Earth. Of all the energy that
the Earth receives from the Sun, a part of it around 26% is
reflected back to space by the atmosphere and clouds.
Some part of it is absorbed by the atmosphere, around
19%.
 The rest hits the ground and heats the surface of the
Earth. This absorbed energy is radiated out of the earth in
the form of Infrared Waves. These IR waves warm the
atmosphere above the Earth.

11. What are Greenhouse Gases?
The greenhouse gases responsible for the greenhouse effect
are:
 Water Vapour
 Carbon Dioxide
 Methane
 Ozone
 The excessive

12. Causes of Greenhouse Effect:
The following are the factors that are responsible for the
cause of greenhouse effect:
 Deforestation: This is considered to be one of the most
responsible factors for the cause of the greenhouse effect.
This is due to the reduction in the release of oxygen and
absorption of carbon dioxide by the plants.
 Fossil fuel burning: Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and
natural gases are used as a means of energy which
releases a huge amount of harmful gases into the
environment.
 Population: As the population increases, the need for
space increases which again results in deforestation.

13. Prevention of Greenhouse Effect:
 Afforestation: Afforestation on a large scale area helps in
decreasing the release of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
 Conservation of energy: Switching to renewable sources
of energy such as solar energy, wind energy, etc will
reduce the use of fossil fuels. This eventually reduces the
release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
 Policy intervention: When the government comes up with
strict policies to maintain the overall air quality of the
city.

14. Effect of greenhouse gases:
 Global warming happens when the greenhouse effect
becomes stronger due to human activities—like burning
fossil fuels—adding more greenhouse gases to the
atmosphere. This traps more heat, causing Earth’s
average temperature to rise.
 Climate change is the bigger picture. It includes global
warming but also covers all the other environmental
changes that happen as a result—like sea level rise,
shifting weather patterns, stronger storms, etc.

15. Natural green house effect:
 The natural greenhouse effect is essential for life on Earth, it provides several
important benefits:
 Keeps Earth Warm Enough for Life: Without the greenhouse effect, Earth’s
average temperature would be around -18°C (0°F) instead of +15°C (59°F). It
would be too cold for most plants, animals, and humans to survive.
 Maintains Stable Climate Conditions: It helps create a stable climate that supports
diverse ecosystems, agriculture, and fresh water supplies.
 Protects Ecosystems and Biodiversity: By keeping the planet at a livable
temperature, it allows ecosystems to function and biodiversity to thrive.
 Supports the Water Cycle: The warmth from the greenhouse effect helps drive
evaporation and precipitation, which are crucial parts of the water cycle.
 In short: the natural greenhouse effect is a good and necessary thing, it’s only
when it becomes too strong due to human pollution that it causes problems like
global warming and climate change.

16. Conclusion:
The natural greenhouse effect is vital for maintaining life on
Earth by keeping the planet warm. However, human
activities—like burning fossil fuels and deforestation—have
intensified this effect, leading to global warming, or the
steady rise in Earth’s average temperature. This warming is
a major driver of climate change, which includes a wide
range of serious impacts such as rising sea levels, extreme
weather, and disruptions to ecosystems.

17. References:
 https://byjus.com/biology/global-warming/
 https://
www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change
 https://byjus.com/physics/greenhouse-effect-and-global-warming/

18. Thank you