Greek philosophers
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Pyrrho of Elis was a Greek philosopher from the 4th century BCE who is considered the first Sceptic philosopher. He believed that humans could never know the truth and could only grasp appearances. Pyrrho rejected education and the possibility of knowledge, believing everything was unmeasurable and that people were incapable of telling the truth. He taught that happiness could be achieved by rejecting the search for knowledge and avoiding stress and emotion. Pyrrho's teachings on the impossibility of knowledge were a thorough exposition of non-cognitivism and had ethical implications compared to Stoic and Epicurean ideals of tranquility.
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The document summarizes key architectural structures from Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. It outlines the three main Greek architectural orders of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, as well as two Roman orders of Tuscan and Composite. It then provides details on major Greek temples including the Parthenon in Athens and Temple of Hephaestus, and Roman structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and Trajan's Column. The document serves as an overview of prominent architectural styles and buildings that exemplified Ancient Greek and Roman design.
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The document provides information about the Parthenon temple in Athens, Greece. It describes the Parthenon as a Doric temple built in the 5th century BC as a temple to worship the goddess Athena. The architects intended for the brilliant white marble structure to express Athens' grandeur. Though damaged over time by warfare and explosions, reconstruction efforts are ongoing to preserve what remains of the once magnificent Parthenon.
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Yes, I believe philosophy remains important even in this age of globalization for a few key reasons:
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Chapter 1. Three Things to Know before You Dive into Philosophy.docx
Chapter 1. Three Things to Know before You Dive into Philosophy
Chapter 1
Three Things to Know before You Dive into Philosophy
Copyright by Paul Herrick, 2020. For class use only. Not for distribution. The chapters you are about to read online this quarter are excerpted from a textbook that will be published later this year. This chapter: 28 pages of reading.
Part 1. How Philosophy Began
1.1 From Mythos to Logos
In all ages of recorded history, human beings around the world have asked fundamental questions. Why are we here? Why does the universe exist? What is truth? How do we distinguish knowledge from opinion, reality from illusion, right from wrong? What is justice? Universal questions like these are fundamental in the sense that the answers we give to many other questions depend on the answers we have already given to these. The “fundamental questions of life,” as they are sometimes called, are important because the answers we give form the foundation of our worldview—our general understanding of the universe and our role within it. And whether we realize it or not, the choices we make in life all reflect, to one degree or another, our worldview.
At the beginning of the sixth century BC, most people around the world turned to their society’s myths (from the Greek root mythos) for answers to the fundamental questions of life. The ancient myths presented authoritative answers in the form of colorful, easily memorized stories that could be handed down orally from generation to generation. Here are three, from ancient Egypt, China, and Africa, respectively.
· A god named Khnemu, depicted as a man with a ram’s head, built an egg. When the egg hatched, the sun popped out. Khnemu then “sculpted the first man on a potter’s wheel.” This is the origin of man.[endnoteRef:2] [2: . “Khnemu (Khnum),” Ancient Egypt: The Mythology, last updated April 11, 2017, http://www.egyptianmyths.net/khnemu.htm.]
· In the beginning “there was darkness everywhere, and Chaos ruled. Within the darkness there formed an egg, and inside the egg the giant Pangu came into being. For aeons, safely inside the egg, Pangu slept and grew. When he had grown to a gigantic size he stretched out his huge limbs and broke the egg. The lighter parts of the egg floated upwards to form the heavens and the denser parts sank downwards, to become the earth. And so was formed earth and sky, Yin and Yang.”[endnoteRef:3] [3: . “Chinese Myths: Pangu and the Creation of the World,” Living Myths, last updated April 12, 2016, http://www.livingmyths.com/Chinese.htm.]
· In the beginning there was only darkness, water, and the great god Bumba. One day Bumba, in pain from a stomach ache, vomited up the sun. The sun dried up some of the water, leaving land. Still in pain, Bumba vomited up the moon, the stars, and then some animals: the leopard, the crocodile, the turtle, and, finally, some men. This is the origin of man.[endnoteRef:4] [4: . “African Creation Myths,” last modified Jul.
Chapter 1. Three Things to Know before You Dive into Philosophy.docx
This document provides a summary of the first chapter of a philosophy textbook. It discusses how philosophy began with the ancient Greeks rejecting traditional myths in favor of using reason and observation to answer fundamental questions about reality. Thales of Miletus is identified as the first philosopher, as he was the first to develop non-mythological theories about the universe and nature, seeking to understand the underlying principles or "arche" that unite the diversity of things. Thales asked fundamental questions about the relationship between the one and the many in the universe, and whether the arche of the universe could be understood by human reason, laying the foundation for the modern scientific assumption that the universe is intelligible.
Hellenistic Age
The period after Alexander the Great's death in 323 BC saw the spread of Hellenistic culture throughout the Mediterranean world. Many scientists and scholars accompanied Alexander's conquests and gained new knowledge from places like Egypt and the Near East. Ptolemy established the Library of Alexandria in Egypt in the early 300s BC, creating the largest library of the ancient world containing over 500,000 scrolls and sponsoring research. Scholars like Euclid, Eratosthenes, and Archimedes conducted pioneering work in fields like mathematics, astronomy, and physics. Philosophies also diversified during this period with schools of thought like Epicureanism emphasizing pleasure and Stoicism preaching self-control and indifference to pain or
philosophers..
This document outlines the educational philosophies of several prominent philosophers:
- Socrates taught through questioning to allow learners to generate their own understanding.
- Plato saw education as key to creating his ideal Republic, advocating a holistic education tailored to different castes.
- Aristotle believed in direct observation of nature and that theory must follow fact, introducing categories to classify reality.
- Thomas Aquinas incorporated Greek philosophy into Christianity, seeing reason and faith as complementary realms.
- John Locke believed the human mind at birth is a blank slate written on by experience through sensation and reflection.
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Greek philosophers
- 2. Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360 – 270 BCE), a Greek philosopher of classical antiquity, is credited as being the first Sceptic philosopher and the inspiration for the school known as Pyrrhonism, founded by Aenesidemus in the 1st century BC.
- 3. Pyrrho was known as the first sceptical philosopher because he believed that humans can never know the truth; instead, they can only grasp the appearance of things.
- 4. Pyrrho rejected education and regarded knowledge as impossible because everything is un-measurable. He believed that people were incapable of telling the truth. There are no known writings of Pyrrho, but he inspired a school of philosophy called Pyrrhonism or scepticism that taught happiness could achieved by rejecting the search for knowledge.
- 5. He took part in the Indian expedition of Alexander the Great, and met with philosophers of the Indus region. He founded a new school in which he taught fallibilism, namely that every object of human knowledge involves uncertainty .
- 6. The impossibility of knowledge, even in regard to our own ignorance or doubt, should induce the wise person to withdraw into themself, avoiding the stress and emotion which belong to the contest of vain imaginings .
- 7. This theory of the impossibility of knowledge is the first and the most thorough exposition of non- cognitivism in the history of Western thought. Its ethical implications may be compared with the ideal tranquillity of the Stoics and the Epicureans.
- 8. PRESENTED BY :