Ancient Greek innovations
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The document summarizes several ancient Greek innovations including: 1) The flying pigeon of Archytas, considered the first flying machine in history. 2) A hydraulic telegraph system used to rapidly transfer messages across the large empire of Alexander the Great using water-filled containers and coded rods. 3) An automatic door opening mechanism constructed by Hero of Alexandria that used air and water displacement to open temple doors.
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2. Visit of "the Parthenon"
YoUtopia partners from 8 European countries visited the Temple of goddess Athena, the Parthenon. 2500 years after its constuction and destructions, it still inspires with its architectural perfection. Apart from the monument itself, one can have a full view of the city of Athens from above. The Acropolis Hill monuments are the Greek history and represent a golden era of prosperity during the Golden Age of Pericles, the 5th century BC
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The document provides information about the Parthenon temple in Athens, Greece. It describes the Parthenon as a Doric temple built in the 5th century BC as a temple to worship the goddess Athena. The architects intended for the brilliant white marble structure to express Athens' grandeur. Though damaged over time by warfare and explosions, reconstruction efforts are ongoing to preserve what remains of the once magnificent Parthenon.
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Pyrrho of Elis was a Greek philosopher from the 4th century BCE who is considered the first Sceptic philosopher. He believed that humans could never know the truth and could only grasp appearances. Pyrrho rejected education and the possibility of knowledge, believing everything was unmeasurable and that people were incapable of telling the truth. He taught that happiness could be achieved by rejecting the search for knowledge and avoiding stress and emotion. Pyrrho's teachings on the impossibility of knowledge were a thorough exposition of non-cognitivism and had ethical implications compared to Stoic and Epicurean ideals of tranquility.
303 ancient greece
Ancient Greek architecture had three main styles - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Parthenon and Temple of Apollo at Didyma are examples of the Doric and Ionic styles respectively, demonstrating their key features. The Erechtheum on the Acropolis of Athens combined Ionic columns with sculpted caryatids and engaged columns on its western end. While Greek architecture had little influence on modern US architecture like the White House, the US Capitol building does resemble the Greek Revival style with its white columns.
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One potential theme is that relationships can be complicated and unpredictable. The lyrics describe a partner who sends mixed signals and keeps changing their mind ("hot then cold", "yes then no", "in then out", etc.). This reflects the theme that romantic interests don't always behave logically and relationships don't follow a straight path. The ups and downs depicted prove this theme of unpredictable and complicated relationships.
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Euclid of Alexandria, often referred to as the "Father of Geometry", was a Greek mathematician active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I in the late 4th century BC. He is best known for his influential textbook on mathematics called Elements, which consisted of 13 books introducing geometry and number theory. Elements was the main textbook used to teach mathematics from its publication until the early 20th century. While little is known about Euclid's life, he presented many mathematical discoveries of earlier mathematicians in a single, logically coherent framework of definitions and proofs that formed the basis of mathematics. Some of Euclid's other works that have survived include Data, On Divisions of Figures, Optics, and Pha
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The document provides information about the Parthenon temple in Athens, Greece. It describes the Parthenon as a Doric temple built in the 5th century BC as a temple to worship the goddess Athena. The architects intended for the brilliant white marble structure to express Athens' grandeur. Though damaged over time by warfare and explosions, reconstruction efforts are ongoing to preserve what remains of the once magnificent Parthenon.
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Pyrrho of Elis was a Greek philosopher from the 4th century BCE who is considered the first Sceptic philosopher. He believed that humans could never know the truth and could only grasp appearances. Pyrrho rejected education and the possibility of knowledge, believing everything was unmeasurable and that people were incapable of telling the truth. He taught that happiness could be achieved by rejecting the search for knowledge and avoiding stress and emotion. Pyrrho's teachings on the impossibility of knowledge were a thorough exposition of non-cognitivism and had ethical implications compared to Stoic and Epicurean ideals of tranquility.
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Ancient Greek architecture had three main styles - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Parthenon and Temple of Apollo at Didyma are examples of the Doric and Ionic styles respectively, demonstrating their key features. The Erechtheum on the Acropolis of Athens combined Ionic columns with sculpted caryatids and engaged columns on its western end. While Greek architecture had little influence on modern US architecture like the White House, the US Capitol building does resemble the Greek Revival style with its white columns.
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The document provides an overview of Greek architecture from the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. It describes the three classical orders of architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - and their characteristic elements. It also discusses various building types including temples, public buildings, and the importance of proportion and optics in Greek architectural design.
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Classical Greek philosophers
The document discusses Greek philosophy and the major philosophers. It contrasts the views of the early Sophists who believed there were no absolutes and everything was relative, against the new school of thought led by Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who believed truth could be discovered through rational inquiry and was absolute and unchanging. Key locations, people, and questions debated by Greek philosophers are also mentioned.
Homer and the iliad
Homer was believed to have been blind and lived in the 700s BC on the Greek island of Chios. He wrote two important literary works - The Iliad and The Odyssey. The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan War and how Helen was taken from her husband Menelaus, starting the war. The Odyssey describes Odysseus' journey home after the war.
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Euclid was a Greek mathematician from Alexandria known as the "Father of Geometry". His influential work Elements deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. It served as the main textbook for teaching mathematics for over 2000 years. Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory, and rigor. He established an innovative deductive system in geometry based on definitions, axioms, and theorems and used it to prove various geometric results, such as how to construct a regular dodecahedron.
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The Parthenon was a large 5th century BC temple on the Acropolis in Athens dedicated to the goddess Athena. It was commissioned by Pericles as both a temple and national treasury after Athens had been destroyed by the Persians. Considered one of the greatest cultural achievements of Ancient Greece, the Parthenon was precisely constructed using optical refinements and golden ratios. However, it suffered damage over the centuries due to wars and the removal of sculptures to England in the 19th century. Reconstruction efforts continue today to restore this important symbol of Athenian democracy.
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Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were influential Greek philosophers. Socrates taught through questioning and was sentenced to death in 399 BC. His teachings were written down by his student Plato. Plato founded the Academy in 387 BC, considered the first university. Aristotle was a student at the Academy for 20 years and later founded the Lyceum school. After Alexander the Great's death, Aristotle was charged with impiety and died in Chalcis one year later.
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The Ancient Greek is always known for its great philosophers like Aristotle,Socrates.Which has given a vision to world through them.
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Ancient Greek architecture developed between 900 BC to 1st century AD and was influenced by earlier civilizations like Egypt. The Greeks used post-lintel construction and three classical orders - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Temples were the main buildings and were used for religious purposes to show power. Other structures included houses, theaters, and markets. Materials included bricks, stone, wood and marble. Architecture progressed through Geometric, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, with innovations like stone temples and complex theater designs in the Archaic and Classical eras.
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Greek drama reflected Greek society's flaws and values, with audiences internalizing both positive and negative messages. Plays were performed in theaters for festivals honoring Dionysus, with the earliest being built in Athens in the 6th century BCE. Tragedies focused on the downfall of a heroic protagonist and taught moral lessons, while comedies used crude humor and typically had happy endings. Greek theater thus exposed societal issues while educating and entertaining audiences.
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The document summarizes key architectural structures from Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. It outlines the three main Greek architectural orders of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, as well as two Roman orders of Tuscan and Composite. It then provides details on major Greek temples including the Parthenon in Athens and Temple of Hephaestus, and Roman structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and Trajan's Column. The document serves as an overview of prominent architectural styles and buildings that exemplified Ancient Greek and Roman design.
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The document discusses ancient Greek philosophers who lived before Socrates, known as the Pre-Socratics. Three philosophers from Miletus - Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes - believed the basic substance of the universe was water, infinity, and air respectively. Parmenides argued that change and motion are illusions and all is permanent. Heraclitus believed all is in flux. Empedocles said nature's source cannot be a single element. Anaxagoras believed seeds were ordered by intelligence. Pythagoras and his followers studied mathematics and believed the universe followed musical and numerical laws, discovering the Pythagorean theorem relating triangle side lengths.
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This document provides an introduction to Greek art, including its main periods, genres, and styles. It covers the major periods of Greek art - Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic - and highlights some of the most important works within painting, pottery, sculpture, and architecture from each period. Key examples mentioned include the Parthenon, sculptures by Phidias and Praxiteles, and painted pottery by the Niobid Painter.
Herodotus and Thucydides
Herodotus and Thucydides were two of the earliest Greek historians. Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC, is considered the "Father of History" as he was one of the first historians to investigate events and write accounts of the past. He traveled widely and wrote about the Greco-Persian wars. Thucydides, a contemporary of Herodotus, is renowned for his history of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta from 431-404 BC. He is considered the father of scientific history for applying rigorous standards of evidence gathering and analysis. Both historians made major contributions to the development of history as an academic discipline.
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The origins of Greek theater can be traced back to ancient hymns called dithyrambs that were sung in honor of Dionysus. These evolved into choral performances where participants wore costumes and masks. Greek tragedies and comedies were performed in outdoor theaters with a circular orchestra space for dancing and a seating area carved into hillsides. Major playwrights included Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Sophocles' plays like Oedipus and Antigone explored the relationship between gods and human fate through complex characters and moral dilemmas.
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Ancient greek architecture
Ancient Greek architecture had a profound influence on Western architecture. The Greeks excelled in fields like art, music, and architecture for hundreds of years between 900 BCE to 600 CE. Their architecture is distinguished by its formal structures and ornamentation. The most common building was the temple, built with the classical orders of Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian columns. Other structures included theaters, gates, and civic buildings. Greek architectural designs and orders like the column and pediment were widely adopted by later cultures like the Romans and still influence architecture today.
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The document provides an overview of Greek architecture from the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. It describes the three classical orders of architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - and their characteristic elements. It also discusses various building types including temples, public buildings, and the importance of proportion and optics in Greek architectural design.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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- 1. ANCIENT GREEK INNOVATIONS 1st Experimental Lyceum of Thessaloniki “Manolis Andronikos”
- 2. THE FLYING PIGEON OF ARCHYTAS The flying pigeon of Archytas (4th century b.C.) was the first flying machine in human history.
- 3. HYDRAULIC TELEGRAPH It was constructed by Aeneas Tacticus (about 40 B.C.). It was used for the rapid transfer of messages within the large Empire of Alexander the Great.
- 4. Containers filled with water were put on separate hills. Rods inscribed with various predetermined codes (same for both rods) floated within the containers at various points along their height. To send a message the sending and the receiving operators opened simultaneously the spigots at the bottom of the containers.
- 5. While the water was draining out, the rods was sinking inside the containers. When the water level reached the desired code, the sending operator would make a signal to the receiving operator to close the spigot. The receiving operator would then read the code inscribed at that height of the rod – which was the message that the operator from the other hill wanted to send him.
- 6. AUTOMATIC DOORS OPENING Hero of Alexandreia constructed a mechanism for the automatic opening of the doors, which is based on the properties of air and liquids (about 100 B.C). This mechanism is supposed to have been used in the temple of Diana in Ephesus.
- 7. The air from a closed chamber heated by the altar fire was used to displace water from a sealed vessel. The water was collected and its weight, pulling on a rope, opened the temple doors.
- 8. HERO ENGINE An aeolipile (aelosphere), also known as a Hero engine, is a simple bladeless radial steam turbine which spins when the central water container is heated. Torque is produced by steam jets exiting the turbine, much like a tip jet or rocket engine.
- 9. HYDRAULIS The first keyboard musical instrument, the Hydraulis was invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria in the 3rd Century B.C. Hydraulis is the ancestor of the modern church organ. A modern reconstruction of the ancient hydraulis.
- 10. HYDRAULIC AUTOMATON OF THE «CHIRPING BIRDS» AND OF THE «RETURNING OWL» The hydraulic automaton of the «chirping birds» and of the «returning owl» was an exceptional automatism of repeating spectacle with motion and sound production.
- 11. ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM The Antikythera mechanism (2nd century b.C.) was found in 1900– 1901 in the Antikythera wreck. Τhe mechanism was an analog computer designed to calculate astronomical positions and was used to predict lunar and solar eclipses based on Babylonian arithmetic-progression cycles.