The document provides an overview of ancient Greek philosophy from 600 BC to 322 BC. It discusses some of the major early philosophers known as the Pre-Socratics, including Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Pythagoras. It then focuses on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, known as the three great philosophers of ancient Greece. Socrates developed the Socratic method of questioning beliefs and seeking truth. Plato emphasized the role of philosopher-kings and equal rights. Aristotle studied nature scientifically and analyzed different forms of government.

1. ANCIENT
PHILOSOPHY
Prepared by: Raizza P. Corpuz

2. Ancient Greek Philosophers
School of Athens - Raphael Sanzio

3. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY:
BIRTH OF PHILOSOPHY
• Philosophy originated in the Greek
city states along the coast of Asia
Minor around 600 BC
– Because they were not as
bound by tradition as city-states
on mainland Greece
– Because they were also
constantly in touch with the
ancient science and speculation
of the Middle East
– They were, in short, more open
to intellectual innovation and
speculation than counterparts
on the mainland
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4. Philosophical Epochs
Ancient Philosophy
• Ancient Philosophy07/14/13 RPC 2013

5. References
• The Power of Ideas, by Brooke Moor and
Kenneth Bruder; Essentials of Philosophy :
The Basic Concepts of the World's Greatest
Thinkers, by James Mannion; the series of
lectures The Great Ideas of Philosophy, by
Prof. Daniel N. Robinson from Oxford
University;
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6. THE PRE-SOCRATICS
• The early Greek philosophers saw the world around them and
asked questions about it. Instead of attributing its creation to
anthropomorphic gods, they sought rational explanations.
• One idea the Pre-Socratic philosophers had was that there
was a single underlying substance that held within itself
principles of change.
• This underlying substance and its inherent principles could
become anything. In addition to looking at the building blocks
of matter, the early philosophers looked at the stars, music,
and number systems. Later philosophers focused entirely on
conduct or ethics.
• Instead of asking what made the world, they asked what was
the best way to live.07/14/13 RPC 2013

7. THE PRE-SOCRATICS
• The Western philosophical tradition began in
ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE. The
first philosophers are called “Presocratics”
which designates that they came before
Socrates.
• The Presocratics were from either the eastern
or western regions of the Greek world. Athens
— home of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle — is
in the central Greek region and was late in
joining the philosophical game.
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8. • The Presocratic’s most distinguishing feature
is emphasis on questions of physics; indeed,
Aristotle refers to them as “Investigators of
Nature”. Their scientific interests included
mathematics, astronomy, and biology. As the
first philosophers, though, they emphasized
the rational unity of things, and rejected
mythological explanations of the world.
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9. ANAXAGORAS
• He believed that the universe was originally an
undifferentiated mass until it was worked upon by
mind (nous), a spiritual component. (Anaxagoras was
the first to attach importance to the concept of
mind.) He believed there were no pure stuffs in the
universe but that everything shared a part of
everything else:
• "There is a portion of everything in everything."Into
the chaos in which the seeds of all things were
jumbled, mind inserted motion. As it gained speed, a
vortex formed and objects separated out.
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10. Anaximander
• Anaximander thought the principle
of all things was infinity. He also
said the moon borrowed its light
from the sun, which was made up
of fire. He made a globe and,
according to Diogenes Laertes was
the first to draw a map of the
inhabited world. Anaximander is
credited with inventing the gnomon
(pointer) on the sundial.
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11. • Empedocles of Acragas (c. 495-435 B.C.) was
known as a poet, statesman, and physician, as
well as philosopher. Empedocles encouraged
people to look upon him as a miracle worker.
Philosophically he believed in the four
elements.
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12. • Heraclitus (fl. 69th Olympiad,
504-501 B.C.) is the first
philosopher known to use the
word kosmos for world order,
which he says ever was and
ever will be, not created by
god or man. Heraclitus is
thought to have abdicated the
throne of Ephesus in favor of
his brother. He was known as
Weeping Philosopher and
Heraclitus the Obscure.
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13. • Parmenides (b c. 510 B.C.) was a
Greek philosopher. He argued
against the existence of a void, a
theory used by later
philosophers in the expression
"nature abhors a vacuum,"
which stimulated experiments to
disprove it. Parmenides argued
that change and motion are only
delusions.
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14. The Pythagorean School
• Probably the most famous of the early Greek
philosophers that are known collectively as
the Pre-Socratics is the 6th century B.C.
philosopher Pythagoras, who may have
actually lived and may have invented the
theorem named for him -- or not.
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15. • Anyone who can recall math classes will
remember the first lessons of plane geometry
that usually start with the Pythagorean
theorem about right-angled triangles:
a²+b²=c². In spite of its name, the Pythagorean
theorem was not discovered by Pythagoras.
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16. • This shows how Pythagoras’ formulation
immediately led to a new mathematical
problem, namely that of incommensurables.
At his time the concept of irrational numbers
was not known and it is uncertain how
Pythagoras dealt with the problem.
• From Pythagoras we observe that an answer
to a problem in science may give raise to new
questions. For each door we open, we find
another closed door behind it.
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17. • Greek Philosophers
– Pythagoras- universe followed the same laws that
govern music & numbers
• Pythagorean Theorem- determine the length of the
sides of a triangle
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18. Socrates and his Followers
WATCH A CLIP ABOUT THE ANCIENT
PHILOSOPHY
Ancient Greek Philosophy.flv
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19. 07/14/13 RPC 2013

20. WHO IS SOCRATES??
Socrates - Encyclopedia channel.flv
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21. WHO IS SOCRATES based on the
given CLIP?
• SOCRATIC METHOD
Dialectic Method
DIALOGUE
QUESTION and ANSWER ?????
= KNOWLEDGE and VIRTUE
A MAN OF VIRTUE
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22. What’s the significance of this picture?
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23. • Sophists- professional teachers
– Taught students how to win arguments
– Rejected the idea of an Absolute Right & Wrong
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24. “The unexamined life is not
worth living. ... Wisdom begins in
wonder. ... There is only one
good, knowledge, and one evil,
ignorance.”
(Socrates, 469 - 399 B.C.)

25. “The philosopher is in love with
truth, that is, not with the
changing world of sensation,
which is the object of opinion, but
with the unchanging reality
which is the object of
knowledge.”
(Plato, 429 - 347 B.C.)
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26. “We are what we repeatedly do.
Excellence, then, is not an act, but
a habit. ... At his best, man is the
noblest of all animals; separated
from law and justice he is the
worst.”
(Aristotle, 384 - 322 B.C.)
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27. PhilosopherPhilosopher IdeasIdeas
PythagorasPythagoras all relationships can be expressed
in numbers; Pythagorean theorem
SocratesSocrates absolute truth exists within everyone;
Socratic method
PlatoPlato government should be divided into three groups,
ruled by philosopher-kings; men and women
should have equal education and employment
AristotleAristotle “golden mean”; use senses to make observations
like a scientist; analyzed governments and
decided that the best was a mixture of
government by a few and democracy
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28. THREE TRIUMVIRATE IN ANCIENT
PHILOSOPHY
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29. CONTINUATION…….
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