Presented by Nining Liswanti, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the XVI Biennial IASC Conference ‘Practicing the commons: self-governance, cooperation, and institutional change’, in Utrecht, the Netherlands, on July 14, 2017.

1. Greater than the sum of its parts?
Lessons from a collaborative, multi-actor,
scenario-based approach for securing
local tenure rights
Author:
Nining Liswanti, Esther Mwangi, Concepta Mukasa, Alejandra
Zamora, Tuti Herawati, Iliana Monterosso, Mani Ram
Banjade, Baruani Mshale, and Anne Larson
Session:
13-K: Land tenure and customary rights
14/July/2017, 14:00 - 15:30
Academiegebouw, Zaal 1636 (ground floor)

2. OUTLINE
• Current tenure problems
• Objectives
• Research Sites
• Methods
• Finding
- Drivers of tenure security/insecurity
- Actions to mitigate tenure insecurity
• Lessons

3. RESEARCH SITES
Uganda
IndonesiaPeru

4. CURRENT TENURE PROBLEMS
Unclear
ownership
DevelopmentBusiness
activities
Policy LU
(business &
political agenda)
Customary
forest
Degraded
customary forest
Resettlement
Encroachme
nt
Unclear
boundary
Law &
Regulations
Overlapping
authority
Peru
Uganda
Indonesia

5. KEY ISSUES ON REFORM IMPLEMENTATION
• Long customary system practices
• Limited coordination and participation among
stakeholders
• Lack of involvement and the role of various agencies at
local, provincial and national levels
• Overlapping claims that create negative implications on
how rights can be exercised and affect to tenure security
of communities
Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA), a foresight approach used as an entry
point for engaging stakeholders (including especially local communities) to
identify key threats, to ensure local voices are accommodated and to learn how
various stakeholders perceived community rights and tenure security over land
and forestry.

6. OBJECTIVES
 identify drivers of tenure security/insecurity
 options for securing tenure rights of local communities,
 compare outcomes with varying composition of men and women
 establish feasible actions

7. TENURE REFORM TYPE IN EACH COUNTRY
Reform Type Peru Uganda Indonesia Total
State Land/Forest
designed to use by
community
- Collaborative Forest
Management
HKM, HTR, HD 11
State Land/Forest used
by company
- - Kemitraan
(Company/
FMU and community)
4
Land/Forest Owned by
Communities
Native commn.title
Peasant commn.title
Community Forestry Hutan Adat 22
Forest Own by
individual
Private Forest Owner
Association
Hutan Rakyat 4
Unrecognized
Community Land/Forest
Native Comm. not titled
Peasant Comm.not .titled
Customary system Hutan Adat
Not recognized yet
13
22 16 17 55

8. Source: COLUPSIA 2013
THE METHOD: PARTICIPATORY PROSPECTIVE
ANALYSIS
Five principal steps on PPA approach:
Step 1: Define the system
Step 2: Identify and define forces of
change
Step 3: Identify and select driving forces
Step 4: Build scenarios
Step 5: Elaborate a foresight-based
action plan
The force of change is a factor
influencing the forest land tenure
system, which has the capacity to
transform the system in the
future no matter in what
direction.
These factors can influence both
positively and negatively which
could be affected to the forest
and land tenure security or
insecurity in the past, at present,
or in the future.

9. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ACROSS THE THREE COUNTRIES
SETTING
 Drivers of tenure security/insecurity
– Differences/similarities key forces of change
– Differences/similarities desired and undesired scenarios
– Differences/similarities between women only and mixed groups
 Actions to mitigate tenure insecurity
– Differences/similarities in types & sequencing of actions
– Differences/similarities in actors responsible for actions

10. SUMMARY PPA WORKSHOP IN THE THREE
COUNTRIES
Where
No. of
Workshop
When No participants
Indonesia 6 2015 (Nov/Dec) & 2016 (Jan/Feb/Aug/ Dec) 148
Peru 7 2016 (Mar/April/May/Sep/Oct) 222
Uganda 10 2015 (Jul/Nov/Dec) & 2016 (Jan) 115
Uganda (women) 3 2016 (Jun, Aug) 46
Peru (women) 1 2016 (Nov) 38
0
50
100
150
200
Indonesia Peru Uganda Uganda
(women)
Peru
(women)
100
163
97
48
59
18
46 38
Gender participation on PPA workshop
Men Women
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Indonesia Peru Uganda Uganda
(women)
Peru
(women)
Stakeholders composition in PPA workshop
Gov' officials Practitioners Communities

11. KEY FORCES OF CHANGE: SIMILARITIES
Peru Indonesia Uganda
Madre de Dios Loreto Maluku Lampung Kibaale Lamwo Masindi
Policy/
Government
consistency
policy; political
will regional
government
Priorities
government;
Regulations in
practices
Regional
government;
Local
Regulation
Dynamic SF
regulation
Political will;
Laws and
policies;
Political
interference
Forest
governance
Role of
government
Community
participation/
empowerment,
women
Empowered
community and
federations
Comm.
knowledge,
awareness;
Empowered
Indi. women
Economic
options by
community
Comm.
awareness &
attitude;
Comm.
participation
in FM
Community
awareness
& capacity
building
Comm.
participation
in FM (icld.
role of
women)
Knowledge
and
skill/capacity
Operational &
technical
capacity comm.
and institutions
Management
capacity of
GORELOR & loc.
authorities
Comm.
knowledge,
awareness and
empowerment
Cap. building
stakeholders;
Harvesting &
processing
technologies
Community
awareness
and cap.
building
Budget/
financial
resources
Financial
resources
Regional gov.
budgets
Regional gov.
budget
Access to
financial
resources
Customary/
tenure rights
Customary
rights and
institution
Community
tenure rights
to forest
resources
Extent of
property
rights

12. KEY FORCES OF CHANGE:
DIFFERENCES
Peru
 Monitoring and control of the three government offices
 Transfer of functions, Bureaucracy, Education policy
Indonesia
 Tourism potential, Land Conversion and Spatial
planning
 Economic options created by communities to improve
livelihoods, Human resources capacities, The clarity of
stakeholder roles including community awareness
Uganda
 Migration and resettlement policy
 Cultural factors, Involvement of NGOs, Fires, Market
forces, Corruption and bribery
Land use change
 Oil, gas & other industries, Cultural institutions, norms
and beliefs

13. COMPARISON FORCES OF CHANGE: WOMEN ONLY AND
MIXED GROUP
SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
WOMEN & MIXED GROUP WOMEN GROUP MIXED GROUP
Kibale  Political influence
 Population dynamics
 Enforcement of forest
policies, laws and
property rights
 Technical capacity
 Markets and Industrialization
 Level of security
 Influence of NGOs
 Access to financial resources
 Level of awareness
 Access to forest benefits
 Extent of property rights
 Forest governance
 Community participation in FM
Lamwo  Forest Governance
 Cultural institution
 Market forces
 Capacity building /awareness
 Role of NGOs
 Forest fire
 Women’s capacity
 Implementation gov policies
 Level awareness
 Attitude community
 Equity in land ownership
Masindi  Women role in NRM
 Participation in forest
management
 Access to finances
resources
 Community awareness
 Men’s support
 Domestic relations
 Access to land
 Political influences
 Cultural norms and beliefs
 PES
 Private sector involvement
 Oil and gas industry
 Role of government agencies

14. SCENARIOS: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
MALUKU COLLABORATION
(GOVERNMENT)
EMPOWERED
WOMEN
COMMUNITY
DEPENDENCE
PRIVATE SECTOR
AUTHORITY
LAMPUNG REGIONAL
GOVERNMENT
COLLABORATION
(FMU)
COMMUNITY
RESTRICTION
CONFLICT
KIBALE COLLABORATION
(GOVERNMENT)
KINGDOM
AUTORITY
COMMUNITY
UNCOMPLIANT
CONFLICT POLITICIANTS
CONTROLS
LAMWO GOVERNMENT
AUTHORITY
PRO COMMUNITY
(NGO)
COMMUNITY
UNCOMPLIANT
CONFLICT
MASINDI MWE AUTORITY
(GOVERNMENT)
EMPOWERED
WOMEN
NO AUTORITY
LEADERSHIP
PRIVATE SECTOR
AUTORITY
MADRE DE
DIOS
COORDINATION
(GOVERNMENT)
PRO COMMUNITY
(NGO)
GOVERNMENT
(CENTRAL/
REGIONAL
DUAL
GOVERNMENT
AUTORITY
LORETO COORDINATION
(GOVERNMENT)
GOVERNMENT
INTEREST
NO
COORDINATION
(GOVERNMENT)
SUPPORT
COMMUNITY
(REGIONAL

15. COMPARING DESIRED SCENARIOS ACROSS
COUNTRIES
QUESTIONS DISIRED SCENARIOS
What are they envision on multi-stakeholder
collaboration?
cooperation, coordination and collaboration
What are they envision on who take the lead? Central and Regional government
What are they envision on the role of customary
authorities?
Strong customary leader, community
empowerment, good capability and
leadership
What are they envision on substance/content of
local tenure rights
Sustainable use of resources, economic gain,
titling process, claim the rights, traditional
community are recognized and respected,
define the rights clearly for women
What are they envision on technical/
implementation issues.
Budget, knowledge, skill and capacity, skill

16. ANALYSIS OF ACTIONS FOR SECURING TENURE
 Policy and governance
 The community Participation/Empowerment (women)
 Knowledge, skills & capacity
 The customary/tenure rights
 Gender inequality
 There were context-based driving forces which varied across the regions, e.g. forest fires,
education policy or the influence of oil and gas companies.

17. CONCLUSION
 PPA was done across different countries and the threats to tenure security which
identify from force of change are varied across countries
 The action plan used as a basis of collaboration and negotiation and help to alleviate
the problem across regions where the policy makers and development actors should
focus on. Prioritize given to similar factors affecting reform implementation
 These actions will take a multi-dimensional shape because tenure security is a multi-
dimensional thing, and will range from policy improvements, to strengthening
capacities of implementing agents to strengthening community participation to
addressing gender inequalities.

18.  PPA bringing together different stakeholders to construct possible future
scenarios of forest tenure security
 PPA provide greater voice to communities and help policy makers to
better understand the viewpoints of other stakeholders
 It is neither Top-down nor Bottom-up approach and allows for different
voices though the rules and facilitation.
CONCLUSION

19. Thank You …
http://www.cifor.org/gcs-tenure/