This 3-day workshop covers topics related to common pool resources, collective action, and property rights. Day 1 introduces CGIAR and discusses agriculture and common pool resources. Day 2 defines key concepts like common pool resources, collective action, and property rights. It examines the tragedy of the commons and strategies to address it. Day 3 looks at drivers of tenure insecurity, institutional arrangements for strengthening tenure security, and tools and indicators for monitoring and evaluation. The workshop aims to provide knowledge and frameworks to support sustainable governance and management of natural resources.
Since pollution is an externality firms will not undertake to control their pollution. The answer is in government regulations. Coase argues that in perfect competition with laissez faire, govt regulation is not needed. Instead bargaining between the polluters and their victims can lead to an optimal situation. But this pre supposes equality in bargaining, and does not take note of ecological consequences of pollution.
This document discusses theories of sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. The main themes are poverty focus, future focus, technology focus, and environmental focus. Sustainable development has economic, social, and environmental aspects. Weak sustainability theory assumes manmade capital can substitute for natural capital if revenues from natural resource depletion are reinvested in manmade capital. However, this theory is limited as it ignores pollution impacts and other environmental factors.
Environmental valuation techniques a reviewDocumentStory
This document discusses various techniques for valuing environmental assets and services that are not traded in markets. It begins by defining environmental valuation and explaining concepts like total economic value and willingness to pay. It then describes several techniques in detail: hedonic pricing, travel cost method, contingent valuation method, production factor method, and averting behavior method. As an example, it summarizes a case study valuing the non-use benefits of maintaining a wetland in Greece using contingent valuation surveys.
This presentation is prepared for continuous evaluation for the subject Theories of Agricultural Resource Management -Bsc in Export Agriculture -Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka
Interdependence of agriculture and industrygirishpoojary1
This document discusses how industry depends on agriculture in several ways. Agriculture provides raw materials to industries like cotton to textile and oilseeds to oil industries. It also serves as a source of demand for industrial goods as people working in agriculture need items beyond food. Agriculture is a source of labor for industry as workers move from agricultural to industrial jobs as countries develop. Finally, agriculture provides food to industrial workers and is a source of funds for industry through rural savings deposits.
This is the 11th lesson of the course 'Poverty and Environment ' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
The document discusses the tragedy of the commons theory, which argues that individuals acting in their own self-interest will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource even if it is detrimental to the common good. It provides the example of herders sharing a common parcel of land, where each will keep adding more cows for personal benefit despite overgrazing the land. Modern examples of tragedies include overuse of public resources like air, water and forests. Managing common pool resources requires political solutions like regulations to prevent overexploitation and ensure long-term sustainability.
The relationship between the environment and the economy can be depicted by means of the “Material Balance Model” The model was developed by Allen Kneese and R.V Ayres. The model visualizes the total economic process as a physically balanced flow between inputs and outputs.
Since pollution is an externality firms will not undertake to control their pollution. The answer is in government regulations. Coase argues that in perfect competition with laissez faire, govt regulation is not needed. Instead bargaining between the polluters and their victims can lead to an optimal situation. But this pre supposes equality in bargaining, and does not take note of ecological consequences of pollution.
This document discusses theories of sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. The main themes are poverty focus, future focus, technology focus, and environmental focus. Sustainable development has economic, social, and environmental aspects. Weak sustainability theory assumes manmade capital can substitute for natural capital if revenues from natural resource depletion are reinvested in manmade capital. However, this theory is limited as it ignores pollution impacts and other environmental factors.
Environmental valuation techniques a reviewDocumentStory
This document discusses various techniques for valuing environmental assets and services that are not traded in markets. It begins by defining environmental valuation and explaining concepts like total economic value and willingness to pay. It then describes several techniques in detail: hedonic pricing, travel cost method, contingent valuation method, production factor method, and averting behavior method. As an example, it summarizes a case study valuing the non-use benefits of maintaining a wetland in Greece using contingent valuation surveys.
This presentation is prepared for continuous evaluation for the subject Theories of Agricultural Resource Management -Bsc in Export Agriculture -Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka
Interdependence of agriculture and industrygirishpoojary1
This document discusses how industry depends on agriculture in several ways. Agriculture provides raw materials to industries like cotton to textile and oilseeds to oil industries. It also serves as a source of demand for industrial goods as people working in agriculture need items beyond food. Agriculture is a source of labor for industry as workers move from agricultural to industrial jobs as countries develop. Finally, agriculture provides food to industrial workers and is a source of funds for industry through rural savings deposits.
This is the 11th lesson of the course 'Poverty and Environment ' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
The document discusses the tragedy of the commons theory, which argues that individuals acting in their own self-interest will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource even if it is detrimental to the common good. It provides the example of herders sharing a common parcel of land, where each will keep adding more cows for personal benefit despite overgrazing the land. Modern examples of tragedies include overuse of public resources like air, water and forests. Managing common pool resources requires political solutions like regulations to prevent overexploitation and ensure long-term sustainability.
The relationship between the environment and the economy can be depicted by means of the “Material Balance Model” The model was developed by Allen Kneese and R.V Ayres. The model visualizes the total economic process as a physically balanced flow between inputs and outputs.
From the 2019 NACD Summer Conservation Forum and Tour.
With the increased occurrence of catastrophic fires and droughts, managing woodlands and forests has taken on an increase importance. Learn about different forest management techniques and how they impact the community.
This document summarizes Ronald Coase's theorem on the allocation of resources between parties when transaction costs are zero. It discusses that Coase believed private negotiations between parties could lead to an efficient allocation of resources to address externalities, rather than relying on government intervention. It provides an example of how a factory and fishermen could negotiate an efficient solution to pollution without government regulation if transaction costs were zero. The document also outlines the assumptions of the theorem and provides analysis of an example case related to Coase's work.
TRAGEDY OF COMMON IN THAT THE PEOPLE ARE HOW USE NATURAL RESOURCES HOW CARELESS ABOUT THAT AND HOW ITS EFFECT ON FUTURE, ENVIRONMENT NATURE , HUMAN AND LIVING SYSTEM
Agroforestry has the double potential to address climate change through carbon sequestration and sustainable adaptation. It is a landscape-scale approach that favors synergies between adaptation and mitigation. 53 studies found that converting agriculture to agroforestry increased soil organic carbon by 34% on average, while converting pasture/grassland to agroforestry increased carbon by 10%. Three agroforestry systems studied in Bukidnon, Philippines stored carbon ranging from 92 to 174 metric tons per hectare, with mixed multistorey storing the most at 162 metric tons per hectare. Agroforestry provides tree integration and soil/water conservation benefits.
The document summarizes Garret Hardin's influential 1968 publication "The Tragedy of the Commons". It describes how allowing open access to a shared resource, like a pasture, leads rational individuals to overuse it for personal gain, ultimately destroying the resource. While frequently cited in favor of privatization, the article has received criticism for historical inaccuracies and for mischaracterizing the issues as issues of common rather than open access. Later, Hardin clarified he was referring to "The Tragedy of the Unmanaged Commons".
Common property resources include resources meant for common use by a community like grazing lands, forests, wastelands, water bodies, and threshing floors. They are accessible to and collectively owned/managed by an identifiable community with no individual exclusive rights. Examples of common property resources include village forests, grazing lands, threshing floors, government forests of different classifications (reserved, protected, unclassified), and common water resources for domestic and agricultural use. If left unregulated, common property fishery resources can face overexploitation as no individual fisherman has incentive to restrain catch, leading to economic inefficiency.
This document discusses the economic valuation of forests. It begins by outlining the importance of forests and their economic, social, and ecological benefits, including wood and non-wood products, recreation, watershed protection, biodiversity, and climate mitigation. It then defines direct and indirect benefits and tangible and intangible benefits. The document introduces the concept of total economic value and its components. It describes several methods used to value forests, including direct market valuation, contingent valuation, travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and production function method. The document concludes with several case studies valuing forests in India using different techniques.
The document discusses several key topics related to agriculture policies and food security in India:
1. It outlines the perspectives of different groups on agriculture like economists, political scientists, scientists, and farmers.
2. It describes the various activities under agriculture like crop cultivation, animal husbandry, fishing, and forestry.
3. It discusses the inputs used for agriculture like seed, nutrients, water, labor, and land and the challenges faced historically like land ownership issues and lack of infrastructure and technologies.
4. It provides an overview of the growth dynamics in Indian agriculture from the pre-green revolution period to the post-reform period and the various policies, initiatives, outcomes, and challenges during each
This document summarizes the hedonic pricing model, which uses housing prices to estimate the value of environmental amenities. It explains that housing prices are determined by property characteristics as well as external environmental factors. By controlling for other characteristics, the model can isolate the effect of environmental quality on price. This reveals people's willingness to pay for environmental attributes. The document provides details on how the model works and considers its strengths and limitations for valuation.
Poverty-Environment Nexus - Indian Economic DevelopmentAshish Bharadwaj
1. How do environmental factors impact the
lives of the poor and the poverty reduction
efforts? 2. How environmental degradation is capable
of accentuating poverty? 3. How to reduce the environmental price of economic growth and consequently poverty alleviation?
This document discusses various types of market failures including externalities, public goods, and imperfect information. It provides examples of negative and positive externalities and how they can lead to inefficient market outcomes. Methods for dealing with externalities include direct regulation, tax incentives, and market incentives. Public goods are nonexclusive and nonrival, but their value is difficult to determine via markets due to free rider problems. Imperfect information between buyers and sellers can also cause market failures. While government intervention may aim to correct market failures, governments can also fail due to issues like lack of proper incentives, information, and flexibility.
Market failures can occur in several ways, including underproduction or overproduction of goods, and when production or consumption affects third parties through externalities. This leads to inefficient allocation of resources.
Market failures are caused by imperfect knowledge, differentiated goods, immobile resources, market power, inability of the market to provide certain goods/services, and existence of external costs and benefits. Government intervention may be needed to address market failures through policies like regulation, taxes/subsidies, and altering property rights.
This document discusses methods for valuing the environment, including direct methods like contingent valuation and indirect methods like hedonic pricing. It focuses on contingent valuation, which asks people what they would pay for environmental benefits. Key steps in a contingent valuation study include defining the good, surveying a sample, and collecting willingness to pay. The document also discusses types of environmental values, advantages and criticisms of contingent valuation, and an example study valuing drinking water quality in Seoul.
An efficient allocation of resources that adequately accounts for natural capital. Traditional economics (including environmental economics - defined as the application of traditional economics to environmental problems) has focused on a third of these problems (efficient allocation) and therefore has not fully addressed the issue of sustainable development.
Garrett Hardin's 1968 essay "The Tragedy of the Commons" explores issues of environmental degradation caused by unlimited exploitation of limited shared resources for private gain. Using a parable of herders sharing a common pasture, Hardin illustrates how individually rational decisions to maximize private profits can destroy a shared limited resource. Unless restraint is exercised through rules, privatization, or social interdependence, the commons is vulnerable to tragedy. Examples include overfishing, pollution, deforestation, and population growth exceeding ecological limits.
This document provides information about India's Agriculture Census program, including its history, methodology, and data collection process. Some key points:
- India has conducted an Agriculture Census every 5 years since 1970 to collect land usage and crop production statistics. Data is collected through a census of land records plus sample surveys.
- The current 2015-16 Census involved a 3-phase process to enumerate all agricultural holdings, collect detailed land use and crop data via sampling, and survey input use.
- Challenges include controlling errors from outdated land records and underreporting of tenancy. Innovations for 2015-16 included making schedules clearer and potentially extracting some data directly from computerized land records.
- Land statistics
Schultz’s transformation of traditional agricultureVaibhav verma
Schultz proposes ways to transform traditional agriculture into modern agriculture. He defines traditional agriculture as occurring when technology and farmer preferences remain unchanged for long periods, resulting in equilibrium between input marginal productivities and costs. Characteristics include allocative efficiency and no zero-value labor. Schultz suggests supplying new higher-yielding factors through R&D, distribution, and extension. Farmers will demand new factors if they are profitable. The transformation process involves shifting supply and demand curves outwards to a new equilibrium with lower input prices, higher output, and returns. However, critics argue Schultz's concept is too general, ignores disguised unemployment, questions efficiency under his assumptions, and takes a command approach rather than considering farmer responsiveness
Tenure Security and Landscape Governance of Natural ResourcesIFPRI-PIM
PIM Webinar recorded on December 7, 2021. For more information and the recording of the webinar, and to access the briefs, visit https://bit.ly/3xZDBs6
Securing Tenure Rights for Forest-Dependent Communities: A global comparative...ILRI
This document summarizes a study on securing tenure rights for forest-dependent communities through forest tenure reforms. It provides background on forest tenure reforms globally and the research approach. Key points:
- Forest tenure reforms aim to change rights and responsibilities over forests, focusing on communities and smallholders. Most forestlands are state-owned or -administered.
- Between 2002-2013, there was a 128.5 million hectare increase in lands designated for or owned by indigenous and other communities. Reforms vary regionally.
- The study examines factors enabling/constraining reforms, impacts on rights/livelihoods, and how implementation can be strengthened. It uses a participatory, comparative approach including scenario development.
From the 2019 NACD Summer Conservation Forum and Tour.
With the increased occurrence of catastrophic fires and droughts, managing woodlands and forests has taken on an increase importance. Learn about different forest management techniques and how they impact the community.
This document summarizes Ronald Coase's theorem on the allocation of resources between parties when transaction costs are zero. It discusses that Coase believed private negotiations between parties could lead to an efficient allocation of resources to address externalities, rather than relying on government intervention. It provides an example of how a factory and fishermen could negotiate an efficient solution to pollution without government regulation if transaction costs were zero. The document also outlines the assumptions of the theorem and provides analysis of an example case related to Coase's work.
TRAGEDY OF COMMON IN THAT THE PEOPLE ARE HOW USE NATURAL RESOURCES HOW CARELESS ABOUT THAT AND HOW ITS EFFECT ON FUTURE, ENVIRONMENT NATURE , HUMAN AND LIVING SYSTEM
Agroforestry has the double potential to address climate change through carbon sequestration and sustainable adaptation. It is a landscape-scale approach that favors synergies between adaptation and mitigation. 53 studies found that converting agriculture to agroforestry increased soil organic carbon by 34% on average, while converting pasture/grassland to agroforestry increased carbon by 10%. Three agroforestry systems studied in Bukidnon, Philippines stored carbon ranging from 92 to 174 metric tons per hectare, with mixed multistorey storing the most at 162 metric tons per hectare. Agroforestry provides tree integration and soil/water conservation benefits.
The document summarizes Garret Hardin's influential 1968 publication "The Tragedy of the Commons". It describes how allowing open access to a shared resource, like a pasture, leads rational individuals to overuse it for personal gain, ultimately destroying the resource. While frequently cited in favor of privatization, the article has received criticism for historical inaccuracies and for mischaracterizing the issues as issues of common rather than open access. Later, Hardin clarified he was referring to "The Tragedy of the Unmanaged Commons".
Common property resources include resources meant for common use by a community like grazing lands, forests, wastelands, water bodies, and threshing floors. They are accessible to and collectively owned/managed by an identifiable community with no individual exclusive rights. Examples of common property resources include village forests, grazing lands, threshing floors, government forests of different classifications (reserved, protected, unclassified), and common water resources for domestic and agricultural use. If left unregulated, common property fishery resources can face overexploitation as no individual fisherman has incentive to restrain catch, leading to economic inefficiency.
This document discusses the economic valuation of forests. It begins by outlining the importance of forests and their economic, social, and ecological benefits, including wood and non-wood products, recreation, watershed protection, biodiversity, and climate mitigation. It then defines direct and indirect benefits and tangible and intangible benefits. The document introduces the concept of total economic value and its components. It describes several methods used to value forests, including direct market valuation, contingent valuation, travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and production function method. The document concludes with several case studies valuing forests in India using different techniques.
The document discusses several key topics related to agriculture policies and food security in India:
1. It outlines the perspectives of different groups on agriculture like economists, political scientists, scientists, and farmers.
2. It describes the various activities under agriculture like crop cultivation, animal husbandry, fishing, and forestry.
3. It discusses the inputs used for agriculture like seed, nutrients, water, labor, and land and the challenges faced historically like land ownership issues and lack of infrastructure and technologies.
4. It provides an overview of the growth dynamics in Indian agriculture from the pre-green revolution period to the post-reform period and the various policies, initiatives, outcomes, and challenges during each
This document summarizes the hedonic pricing model, which uses housing prices to estimate the value of environmental amenities. It explains that housing prices are determined by property characteristics as well as external environmental factors. By controlling for other characteristics, the model can isolate the effect of environmental quality on price. This reveals people's willingness to pay for environmental attributes. The document provides details on how the model works and considers its strengths and limitations for valuation.
Poverty-Environment Nexus - Indian Economic DevelopmentAshish Bharadwaj
1. How do environmental factors impact the
lives of the poor and the poverty reduction
efforts? 2. How environmental degradation is capable
of accentuating poverty? 3. How to reduce the environmental price of economic growth and consequently poverty alleviation?
This document discusses various types of market failures including externalities, public goods, and imperfect information. It provides examples of negative and positive externalities and how they can lead to inefficient market outcomes. Methods for dealing with externalities include direct regulation, tax incentives, and market incentives. Public goods are nonexclusive and nonrival, but their value is difficult to determine via markets due to free rider problems. Imperfect information between buyers and sellers can also cause market failures. While government intervention may aim to correct market failures, governments can also fail due to issues like lack of proper incentives, information, and flexibility.
Market failures can occur in several ways, including underproduction or overproduction of goods, and when production or consumption affects third parties through externalities. This leads to inefficient allocation of resources.
Market failures are caused by imperfect knowledge, differentiated goods, immobile resources, market power, inability of the market to provide certain goods/services, and existence of external costs and benefits. Government intervention may be needed to address market failures through policies like regulation, taxes/subsidies, and altering property rights.
This document discusses methods for valuing the environment, including direct methods like contingent valuation and indirect methods like hedonic pricing. It focuses on contingent valuation, which asks people what they would pay for environmental benefits. Key steps in a contingent valuation study include defining the good, surveying a sample, and collecting willingness to pay. The document also discusses types of environmental values, advantages and criticisms of contingent valuation, and an example study valuing drinking water quality in Seoul.
An efficient allocation of resources that adequately accounts for natural capital. Traditional economics (including environmental economics - defined as the application of traditional economics to environmental problems) has focused on a third of these problems (efficient allocation) and therefore has not fully addressed the issue of sustainable development.
Garrett Hardin's 1968 essay "The Tragedy of the Commons" explores issues of environmental degradation caused by unlimited exploitation of limited shared resources for private gain. Using a parable of herders sharing a common pasture, Hardin illustrates how individually rational decisions to maximize private profits can destroy a shared limited resource. Unless restraint is exercised through rules, privatization, or social interdependence, the commons is vulnerable to tragedy. Examples include overfishing, pollution, deforestation, and population growth exceeding ecological limits.
This document provides information about India's Agriculture Census program, including its history, methodology, and data collection process. Some key points:
- India has conducted an Agriculture Census every 5 years since 1970 to collect land usage and crop production statistics. Data is collected through a census of land records plus sample surveys.
- The current 2015-16 Census involved a 3-phase process to enumerate all agricultural holdings, collect detailed land use and crop data via sampling, and survey input use.
- Challenges include controlling errors from outdated land records and underreporting of tenancy. Innovations for 2015-16 included making schedules clearer and potentially extracting some data directly from computerized land records.
- Land statistics
Schultz’s transformation of traditional agricultureVaibhav verma
Schultz proposes ways to transform traditional agriculture into modern agriculture. He defines traditional agriculture as occurring when technology and farmer preferences remain unchanged for long periods, resulting in equilibrium between input marginal productivities and costs. Characteristics include allocative efficiency and no zero-value labor. Schultz suggests supplying new higher-yielding factors through R&D, distribution, and extension. Farmers will demand new factors if they are profitable. The transformation process involves shifting supply and demand curves outwards to a new equilibrium with lower input prices, higher output, and returns. However, critics argue Schultz's concept is too general, ignores disguised unemployment, questions efficiency under his assumptions, and takes a command approach rather than considering farmer responsiveness
Tenure Security and Landscape Governance of Natural ResourcesIFPRI-PIM
PIM Webinar recorded on December 7, 2021. For more information and the recording of the webinar, and to access the briefs, visit https://bit.ly/3xZDBs6
Securing Tenure Rights for Forest-Dependent Communities: A global comparative...ILRI
This document summarizes a study on securing tenure rights for forest-dependent communities through forest tenure reforms. It provides background on forest tenure reforms globally and the research approach. Key points:
- Forest tenure reforms aim to change rights and responsibilities over forests, focusing on communities and smallholders. Most forestlands are state-owned or -administered.
- Between 2002-2013, there was a 128.5 million hectare increase in lands designated for or owned by indigenous and other communities. Reforms vary regionally.
- The study examines factors enabling/constraining reforms, impacts on rights/livelihoods, and how implementation can be strengthened. It uses a participatory, comparative approach including scenario development.
Conflict in using and managing natural resources.pptxSagarBaral12
This document discusses natural resource conflicts, their causes, actors involved, and strategies for management and resolution. It defines natural resource conflicts as disagreements over access to, control of, and use of natural resources. The main causes outlined include competing demands and needs between user groups, exclusion from participation, contradictions between local and introduced management systems, misunderstandings about policies and objectives, inequitable distribution, and more. Key actors range from local communities to governments and businesses. Conflicts can be utilization-related, management-related, ownership-related, or policy-related. Strategies proposed for reducing conflicts emphasize participation, decentralization, addressing causes, capacity building, and promoting sustainable resource use and livelihoods.
This document provides guidance on improving governance of pastoral lands. It discusses how pastoralism is an adaptation to variable and scarce resources, relying on mobility, community access and traditional systems. Strengthening governance is important given challenges of declining resources, population growth and climate change. Key recommendations include recognizing pastoralist knowledge and customary systems, strengthening local organizations, avoiding and managing conflicts, inclusive participation, and integrated land use planning. The guidance is intended to support sustainable pastoralism, rural development, social sustainability, self-determination and environmental protection.
This document discusses pathways for recognizing customary tenure in the Mekong region. It describes customary tenure as the rules and norms that govern a community's relationship to and use of forest and land resources. There are three main pathways for recognizing customary tenure: self-recognition by communities, co-recognition between communities and external actors, and legal/statutory recognition by the state. Both informal pathways like community mapping and formal agreements, and formal pathways like community forestry programs and land titling, have challenges and opportunities to secure communities' tenure rights and livelihoods. Formal recognition of customary tenure is still limited in providing full rights and can be complex, but opportunities exist to better support self- and co-recognition and increase statutory recognition
Securing tenure rights among the rural women: priorities for action and researchIlc Landcoalition
This document discusses priorities for securing rural women's land tenure rights through action and research. It notes that women's human rights are often violated and their key role in food security and natural resource management is unrecognized. Priorities for advancing women's land rights include understanding rights through information, claiming rights via monitoring and mobilization, and guaranteeing rights with supportive policies and implementation. Challenges include social and cultural norms that discriminate against women and threats to land security that disproportionately affect women. The document outlines recommendations for building capacity, conducting advocacy research, promoting mutual learning between partners, and supporting innovative action plans to further research and action on women's land rights.
The document summarizes a workshop on institutions for ecosystem services that took place from October 27-29, 2014. The workshop objectives were to encourage sharing of research on links between institutions and ecosystem services, synthesize lessons about institutional arrangements needed to ensure ecosystem service projects deliver benefits, and identify policies to strengthen supporting institutions. It provided background on ecosystem services and discussed topics like the importance of institutions at multiple scales, challenges around time lags and spatial disconnects between ecosystem service production and use, and lessons that can be learned from other research and cases.
Exploring Participatory Prospective Analysis: A collaborative, scenario-based...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes a study exploring participatory prospective analysis (PPA), a collaborative, scenario-based approach for analyzing and anticipating the consequences of tenure reform implementation in Indonesia. The study was conducted in two sites in Lampung and Maluku provinces. Through a PPA process involving stakeholders, the study identified key drivers of tenure security, developed future scenarios, and created action plans. At both sites, scenarios and action plans focused on improving governance, recognizing customary rights, increasing regional budgets, and empowering communities. The national recommendations from the study address improving coordination, developing forest management units and policies, establishing local regulations, and increasing community development programs.
Securing tenure rights among the rural women: priorities for action and researchIlc Landcoalition
The document discusses priorities for securing rural women's land tenure rights through action and research. It identifies women's key roles in food security and natural resource management being underrecognized, and violations of women's human rights. Priorities for advancing women's land rights include understanding rights through information, claiming rights via monitoring and mobilization, and guaranteeing rights by enabling implementation. Challenges include social and cultural norms discriminating against women and threats to women's land security from globalization. The document outlines a research project in East and South Africa to build capacity, conduct advocacy research, promote learning exchanges, and support innovative action plans to strengthen women's land rights. It recommends further research and action partnerships between women's rights organizations at all levels to
Ruth Meinzen-Dick
POLICY SEMINAR
Research Findings on Resilience & Social Cohesion in Burkina Faso and Niger
Co-organized by IFPRI, World Food Programme (WFP), Institute for Peace and Development (IPD), and the CGIAR Research Initiative on Fragility, Conflict, and Migration (FCM)
JUL 11, 2023 - 9:00 TO 10:30AM EDT
This document summarizes research on natural resource management strategies in northern Ghana. It finds that both informal, traditional strategies and formal strategies are important for sustainability. Traditional strategies emphasized respect for nature and prohibiting overexploitation through spiritual beliefs and rules passed down over generations. However, population growth is depleting resources. The research concludes that local and formal/modern knowledge systems must collaborate continuously to address resource depletion through mutually reinforcing laws and management practices. A combination of ethnographic research methods and surveys were used to understand perspectives of local experts and community members.
Community-based rangeland management in light of recent developmentsin Comm...ILRI
Presented by Lance W. Robinson and Irene N. Nganga at the 17th Global Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons, Lima, Peru, 1-5 July 2019
Solutions for managing and protecting rangelands: Ongoing research and innov...ILRI
Presented by Fiona Flintan at the workshop on Pastoralism in the Current of Global Changes (P2CG): Stakes, Challenges and Prospects, Dakar, 20-24 November 2017
Climate change and forests: assessing local governanceCIFOR-ICRAF
The skills of anthropologists in local-level social analysis have great potential for contributing to the global discussion on climate change. Their skills and findings could be used toward reducing the risks related to REDD+, and working constructively with communities to adapt to the changes that cannot be prevented. CIFOR scientist Carol Colfer gave this presentation at the Society for Applied Anthropology’s annual meeting, in Seattle, Washington in April 2011. The aim was to interest anthropologists in addressing climate change adaptation and mitigation more actively.
Landscape Approach Initiatives and Traditional Village Systems: Leaning for S...SIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
1. The document calls for papers for an Africa Regional Meeting of the International Association for the Study of the Commons to be held in Cape Town, South Africa in April 2013.
2. The meeting themes focus on defragmenting African natural resource management and responsive forest governance, with sub-themes such as institutional choice and recognition in forest governance, embracing local indigenous knowledge systems, and the effects of urbanization and commercialization.
3. Abstracts are due by January 21, 2013 and should follow the specified format, with the program committee being chaired by researchers from Botswana and South Africa.
Tenure Rights and Property Rights: Studies at CIFORCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Baruani Mshale on CIFOR's research projects related to property rights, laying out approaches and progress over the past year. It was held at CIFOR’s partners’ meeting in Nairobi in February 2015.
Community forestry. Where and why has devolution of forest rights contributed...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Steven Lawry, Director of Equity, Gender and Tenure research program at CIFOR, at the webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (www.pim.cgiar.org) on August 29, 2017.
He summarized findings of selected meta-analyses, presented case studies from Nepal, Guatemala, and Mexico, and previewed emerging research looking at the investment effects of community forestry models that feature strong elements of forest rights devolution.
Similar to COMMON POOL RESOURCES, COLLECTIVE ACTION AND PROPERTY RIGHTS (20)
These set of slides were presented at the BEP Seminar "Targeting in Development Projects: Approaches, challenges, and lessons learned" held last Oct. 2, 2023 in Cairo, Egypt
Caitlin Welsh
POLICY SEMINAR
Food System Repercussions of the Russia-Ukraine War
2023 Borlaug Dialogue Breakout session
Co-organized by IFPRI and CGIAR
OCT 26, 2023 - 1:10 TO 2:10PM EDT
Joseph Glauber
POLICY SEMINAR
Food System Repercussions of the Russia-Ukraine War
2023 Borlaug Dialogue Breakout session
Co-organized by IFPRI and CGIAR
OCT 26, 2023 - 1:10 TO 2:10PM EDT
Antonina Broyaka
POLICY SEMINAR
Food System Repercussions of the Russia-Ukraine War
2023 Borlaug Dialogue Breakout session
Co-organized by IFPRI and CGIAR
OCT 26, 2023 - 1:10 TO 2:10PM EDT
Bofana, Jose. 2023. Mapping cropland extent over a complex landscape: An assessment of the best approaches across the Zambezi River basin. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
Mananze, Sosdito. 2023. Examples of remote sensing application in agriculture monitoring. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
This document discusses using satellite data and crop modeling to forecast crop yields in Mozambique. It summarizes previous studies conducted in the US, Argentina, and Brazil to test a remote sensing crop growth and simulation model (RS-CGSM) for predicting corn and soybean yields. For Mozambique, additional data is needed on crop cultivars, management practices, planting and harvest seasons. It also describes using earth observation data and machine learning models to forecast crop yields and conditions across many countries as part of the GEOGLAM program, though this is currently only implemented in South Africa for Africa. Finally, it mentions a production efficiency model for estimating yield from satellite estimates of gross primary production.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Kickoff Meeting (virtual), January 12, 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 1. Stakeholder engagement for impacts. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
Centro de Estudos de Políticas e Programas Agroalimentares (CEPPAG). 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 3. Digital collection of groundtruthing data. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
ITC/University of Twente. 2023. Statistics from Space: Next-Generation Agricultural Production Information for Enhanced Monitoring of Food Security in Mozambique. Component 2. Enhanced area sampling frames. PowerPoint presentation given during the Project Inception Workshop, VIP Grand Hotel, Maputo, Mozambique, April 20, 2023
Christina Justice
IFPRI-AMIS SEMINAR SERIES
A Look at Global Rice Markets: Export Restrictions, El Niño, and Price Controls
Co-organized by IFPRI and Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)
OCT 18, 2023 - 9:00 TO 10:30AM EDT
Rice is the most consumed cereal in Senegal, accounting for 34% of total cereal consumption. Per capita consumption is 80-90kg annually, though there is an urban-rural divide. While domestic production has doubled between 2010-2021, it still only meets 40% of demand. As a result, Senegal imports around 1 million tons annually, mainly from India and Thailand. Several public policies aim to incentivize domestic production and stabilize prices, though rice remains highly exposed to international price shocks due to its importance in consumption and reliance on imports.
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Co-organized by IFPRI and Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)
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A Look at Global Rice Markets: Export Restrictions, El Niño, and Price Controls
Co-organized by IFPRI and Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)
OCT 18, 2023 - 9:00 TO 10:30AM EDT
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This document provides an overview of the Political Economy and Policy Analysis (PEPA) Sourcebook virtual book launch. It summarizes the purpose and features of the PEPA Sourcebook, which is a guide for generating evidence to inform national food, land, and water policies and strategies. The Sourcebook includes frameworks, analytical tools, case studies, and step-by-step guidance for conducting political economy and policy analysis. It aims to address the current fragmentation in approaches and lack of external validity by integrating different frameworks and methods into a single resource. The launch event highlighted example frameworks and case studies from the Sourcebook that focus on various policy domains like food and nutrition, land, and climate and ecology.
- Rice exports from Myanmar have exceeded 2 million tons per year since 2019-2020, except for 2020-2021 during the peak of the pandemic. Exports through seaports now account for around 80% of total exports.
- Domestic rice prices in Myanmar have closely tracked Thai export prices, suggesting strong linkages between domestic and international markets.
- Simulations of a 10% decrease in rice productivity and a 0.4 million ton increase in exports in 2022-2023 resulted in a 33% increase in domestic prices, a 5% fall in production, and a 10% drop in consumption, with poor households suffering the largest declines in rice consumption of 12-13%.
Bedru Balana, Research Fellow, IFPRI, presented these slides at the AAAE2023 Conference, Durban, South Africa, 18-21 September 2023. The authors acknowledged the contributions of CGIAR Initiative on National Policies and Strategies, Google, the International Rescue Committee, IFPRI, and USAID.
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Facilitating Anticipatory Action with Improved Early Warning Guidance
Co-organized by IFPRI and Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)
SEP 26, 2023 - 9:00 TO 10:30AM EDT
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COMMON POOL RESOURCES, COLLECTIVE ACTION AND PROPERTY RIGHTS
1. AG 4390/AG 5371:
Global Agriculture Leadership Academy
COMMON POOL RESOURCES, COLLECTIVE
ACTION AND PROPERTY RIGHTS
Rowena Andrea Valmonte-Santos (Senior Research Analyst)
Ruth Meinzen-Dick (Senior Research Fellow)
With support from CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and
Markets Flagship 5 Research Team
Department of Agriculture, Texas State University|
23 March 2023
2. SCHEDULE
1:00-3:00pm, Wednesday, March 22:
CGIAR and its Research Centers
Agriculture Sector and Common Pool Resources
2:00-4:00pm, Thursday, March 23:
Common Pool Resources
Collective Action and Property Rights
3:00-5:00pm, Friday, March 24:
Application
Country Case Study
4. Common Pool Resources
Natural resources – open access
• Pastureland/Rangeland
• Forest
• Groundwater
• Streams
• Rivers
• Lakes
• Fisheries in open waters
5. Issues on Common Pool Resources
Tragedy of the Commons
• presumes that group members are
never able to communicate and
coordinate around a collective
benefit
• individuals are always trapped and
in a situation of impossibility to
cooperate
Low excludability, high subtractability
Heterogeneous resources over space
and time
Multiple, overlapping uses
Gender differences in resource uses,
dependence, priorities
6. Strategies to Address the Tragedy of the Commons
Imposition of private
property rights
Government regulation
Development of collective
action arrangement
Source: Meinzen-Dick, Markelova, and Moore 2010.
7. Collective Action and Property Rights
CG RESEARCH PROGRAM.
FLAGSHIP 5. GOVERNANCE OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
8. OUTLINE
Defining
Concepts and
Scope
• Governance of land and
water
• Collective action
• Property and tenure rights
Drivers and
Consequences of
Tenure Security
• Land rights and tenure
insecurity
• Household or individual
rights
• Collective action/rights
Institutional
Arrangements
and Governance
• Formalization of collective
rights
• Individual or household
level – land titling
• Land banking
• Land acquisition
procedures
• Hybrid tenure for water
Tools and
Indicators on
Tenure Security
• Multistakeholder
processes
• Tools to improve
accountability
• Monitoring and evaluation
tools
10. Defining Concepts and Scope
Natural resources
• Open access
• Common-pool resources
• No formal rules nor structure on utilization –
Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin 1968)
Property rights and collective action
• Elinor Ostrom’s 2009 Nobel Prize in Economic
Sciences – ordinary people of creating rules
and institutions for sustainable and equitable
management of shared resources
• Ruth Meinzen-Dick’s research - water and other
commons, gender issues, and impact of
agricultural development on poverty, drawing on
her field work in South Asia and East and
Southern Africa
11. Defining
Concepts
and Scope:
Common-
Pool
Resources
Governance
• System with mechanisms to control and operate
• People are held accountable
• Institutions
• - Accessibility, equitable, sustainable utilization of common-
pool resources – land, water
• - Expand benefits – women, marginalized groups
• - Conflict management
Collective
Action
• People acting/working together to accomplish a
specific goal
• Main purpose: to improve condition and sustainable
use of common-pool resources
• May have formal rules developed by communities
utilizing the resources
Property and
Tenure
Rights
• Conditions land and land-based
natural resources occupied,
accessed, used, stewarded, and
protected
• By whom, length of time, purpose,
in what way, and with what
responsibilities
• Certain expectations - rights of
person or group will be recognized
by others and protected
12. Role of Collective Action and Property Rights in Natural Resource
Management: Framework
Time
Short Long
S
p
a
c
e
Plot
Com-
munity
Nation
Global
Property Rights
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
Inter-
national
State
Collective
Action
Transboundary
River Basins
Forests
Reservoirs
Watershed
management
Dams
Terracing
New seeds
Carbon
Markets
Agroforestry
Soil Carbon
IPM
Irrigation
Seed
Systems
Source: Meinzen-Dick,
Markelova, and Moore 2010.
13.
14. Property Rights and Tenure Security
Land-based natural resources
• cultivated land, grassland, forests, water; landscapes, watersheds and ecosystems where they interact;
ecosystem and spiritual values that people associate with the land
Land right holders
• individuals, defined groups (e.g. indigenous peoples), household living in defined geographical areas
• rights of an individual may be nested within rights of groups, and rights of families within groups
Tenure insecurity causes
• contested claims by others
• ambiguities and conflicts between customary and statutory governance
• deliberate government policies
• failures of policy implementation
• changes causing new pressures
16. Women’s Land Rights and Tenure Insecurity
Laying the foundation of guiding research on women’s land rights
Shortcomings and evidence gaps on links between women’s land rights
and poverty reduction
Research on gender parity with respect to recognition of women’s land
rights, land policy and program implementation, accessibility and
sustainability of programs or interventions
• Uganda, Peru, and Indonesia: Mixed methods comparative case study on
community forest reforms
• Indonesia and Peru: Gender dimensions of forest tenure reforms
• Nepal: Women’s rights to personal and joint property + stage in their life cycle
+ nature of social relations within their household, affect their empowerment
17. Individual or Household Rights Holdings
• Carry out robust statistical analyses on disaggregated data to
improve understandings of inter and intra-household
differences in sources of tenure insecurity
Ghana, Nigeria, Mozambique
• Comparative analysis of links between tenure rights, tenure
security, and rural transformation dynamics
Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria
• Consequences of tenure insecurity on individual or household
held land
Ethiopia, Kyrgyz Republic
18. Collective Rights
Collective holdings either ownership or long-term use and/or
management rights have been recognized or devolved to communities
to some extent
Peru, Uganda, Indonesia
• comparative case study of reforms that examined tenure insecurity on
collective holdings through the lens of conflict management and livelihoods
Guatemala, Nepal, Mexico, Namibia
• issue of tenure insecurity and its consequences emerged as key area of
concern in case studies documenting the social, economic, and ecological
outcomes of community forest enterprise development
20. Formalization of Collective Rights
Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia,
Kenya, Mexico, Namibia, Nepal,
Peru, Tanzania, Uganda
• Forest rights recognition/devolution
• Rights limited to use of the area where
communities sign a contract with the government
(Peru)
• Distribution of powers and responsibilities across
levels (national, regional, local) and sectors
(multiple land use) (forestry, agriculture)
Ethiopia, Tanzania
• Participatory Rangeland Management
• Recognizing role of communities in sharing
responsibilities and benefits with agreed-upon
management plan
• Putting severe penalties for those expanding
boundaries, not respecting the agreement, or
any harm being done to environment (intentional
fire, harm to endangered species, etc)
21. Individual or household land certification or titling programs:
Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria
Land access and perceived tenure security across various market, ecological,
demographic, and cultural dynamics
Positive policy reforms at the national level but weak and uneven
implementation at the local level
• Lack of financial and technical capacity
• Corruption
As a result,
• Eroding land rights of most vulnerable groups (poor smallholders, women, and
migrants) due to growing population, commercialization of agriculture,
commodification of land
• Vulnerable group since their rights over land are often subsidiary and
undocumented
22. Land Banking in Nepal
Government to provide landless
residents with access to land
• Nepal Agriculture Development Strategy
(2015) - land leasing corporation as an
institution provides intermediation between
owners of land and prospective renters of
land
Source: Larson 2017
24. Tools and indicators for implementation
Joint Land Use Planning in Tanzania and Ethiopia
Bayesian Belief Network approach to enhance rangeland
governance in South Tunisia
Games to strengthen water management
(e.g. for groundwater and surface water)
25. Identifying interests and knowledge of different actors sharing common aspirations
and reconciled to better secure livelihoods
Participatory land use planning
Joint Land Use Planning (Tanzania and Ethiopia)
Rulal game for participatory land use planning (Laos and Myanmar)
Tools for strengthening inclusion in Multistakeholder
Processes applied in 9 countries, e.g.
CIFOR. Tools for managing landscapes, inclusively
Getting it right, a guide to improve inclusion in multi-stakeholder
forums.
How are we doing?
Worldfish From conflict to collaboration in natural resource
management.
CoRe and FES. MAP Design Guide
Source:
26. Build trust by helping understand others’ perspectives and the
value of collaboration
Game creates safe, creative space for
interacting, negotiating, and learning
The game plays out scenarios and dilemmas
happening in real life
Role play with various key stakeholders
Experiential learning helps internalize
concepts and behaviors
Facilitate future decision making across
scales
Rulal board game
Resources:
Suhardiman, D. and N. Sindorf. 2018. Rulal: Wetlands and Land Use Planning Board Game; Rural land use planning game (in youtube)
Suhardminan, D. and M. Signs. 2018. Unraveling power-play in land use planning.
Sindorf, D. Suhardiman, and E. Anisimova. 2020. Game of unknows: Beyond the win-win, toward inclusive development
27. Conflict management
Conflict assessment: Diagnose key factors underlying conflict
Alternative conflict management approaches try to find
solutions producing gains for all stakeholders to create sustainable
cooperation: reconciliation, negotiation, facilitation and mediation
Participatory monitoring and evaluation emphasizes
stakeholders and their knowledge; M&E as a learning process
Toolkit:
• Analysis tools to assess problems, create common understanding;
• Dialogue and consensus-building tools to foster cooperation and overcome
obstacles
• Strategy development tools to identify, test and design strategies and solutions
• Support tools
More resources: Environmental Conflict and Cooperation platform
Source: CORE
28. Challenges of Multi-Stakeholder Forums and Processes (MSPs)
& how these tools address them
Unequal power relations
Marginalized groups lack effective voice
Lack of mutual understanding/ no
common language/ too many
assumptions
Both explicit and hidden differences of
interest
Limits buy-in or breeds covert or overt
opposition and conflict
Improve voice for marginalized groups
Build trust by helping actors understand
others’ perspectives and the value of
collaboration
Support conflict management
Foster social learning through self-
assessment and reflection
And thus improve outcomes
Challenges These tools help organizers and
participants of MSPs:
Source: Larson, A. 2021. Tools for strengthening social inclusion in multistakeholder forums and processes (MSPs). PIM Flagship 5
“Golden Egg” presentation, June 16, 2021
30. Summary
Application
Country Case Study
Friday
CG Policies, Institutions, and Markets: Flagship 5. Governance of Natural
Resources - Collective Action and Property Rights
• Concepts
• Drivers and Consequences
• Institutional Arrangements and Governance
• Tools and Indicators
Presentation drawing from the concluded CG Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets Flagship 5 on Governance of Natural Resources led by Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI and Steve Lawry/Anne Larson, Principal Scientist, CIFOR
This figure was at the core of CAPRi, showing how property rights and collective action are important. Red circle are various forms of “commons”.