This document provides an overview of Spanish grammar concepts including: 1) The preterite tense is used for completed past actions with a definitive start and end. Regular verb forms and common irregular verbs are discussed. 2) The imperfect tense describes ongoing or habitual past actions and includes information on its usage and irregular verb forms. 3) The difference between the preterite and imperfect tenses is explained, noting that the preterite conveys specific events while the imperfect provides background context.

1. Spanish 3 Grammar Book Bruno Peters

2. Table of Contents 1- Title 2- Table of Contents 3- Preterite Tense 4- Preterite Triggers 5- Car, Gar, Zar 6- Spock 7- Snake, Snakey 8- Cucuracha 9- Imperfect Tense 10- Imperfect Triggers 11- Irregulars 12-Preterite vs. Imperfect 13- Ser vs. Estar 14- Verbs like Gustar 15- Comparatives and Superlatives 16- Future Tense 17- Future Triggers 18- Future Irregulars 19- Transition Words 20- Por 21- Para

3. Preterite This verb form is used for completed actions in the past. Such as you ate yesterday, comiste ayer, or I swam at 8, Nadé a las ocho. They have a definitive start and end. Regular Verb Forms -Ar -Er/Ir é amos aste - ó aron í imos iste - ió ieron

4. Triggers Every verb tense has words which will help you identify which tense to use. For the preterite tense... Ante ayer El dia anterior El jueves pasado El otro dia UN! vez All these will help you identify the perterite tense

5. Car, Gar, Zar Most (if not all) verb forms have irregulars. The preterite has quite a few...the first being the car, gar, and zar verbs. For these verbs, take off the ending of the infintive, and for the YO form with verbs ending in car, gar, or zar, use the endings qué, gué, and cé respectively. buscar---busqu é llegar---llegué empezar---empecé

6. Spock! Irregular conjugations for each grouping. No accents! Hacer Dar Ir Ser Ver Dar/Ver -i,-imos,-iste,-io,-ieron Hacer hice, hicimos, hiciste, hizo, hicieron Ir/Ser fui, fuimos, fuiste, fue, fueron

7. Snake....Snakey Only the bottom of the chart....(3 rd person) has an irregular conjugation where the vowel changes to a y. Leer leyó leyeron Oir oy ó oyeron

8. Cucurachas! These verbs all have the same endings: e, imos, iste, o, ieron. Anduve, anduvimos, anduviste, anduvo, anduvieron andar anduv- estar estuv- tener tuv- caber cup- haber hub- poder pud- poner pus- saber sup- hacer hic- querer quis- venir vin- *decir dij- *producir produj- *traer traj- ***** for those, the 3 rd person plural drops the 'I' in the conjugation. For example. Trajeron instead of trajieron....

9. Imperfect Used to describe past actions that don't have a specific beginning or ending. They have an imperfect time. They describe habitual past actions, or uncompleted actions. Also vague refrences would use the imperfect.... cuando ERA niño... The endings are.... -Ar -Er/Ir aba abámos abas - aba aban ía íamos ías - ía ían

10. Triggers Denotes the imperfect tense!!!! A veces A menudo De vez en cuando Mientras Muchas veces Los lunes Cada dia Frequentemente siempre

11. Imperfect Irregulars Ir iba ibas iba íbamos iban Ser era eras era éramos eran Ver veía veías veía veíamos veían

12. Preterite v s. Imperfect We have two ways we could possibly express past actions, with the preterite and imperfect tenses. So, which one should we use? Well, the preterite, as I said before, is like a snapshot, a definite time. Imperfect is like a movie, it keeps moving. If that isn't confusing enough, they can both be used in the same sentence. But luckily, the imperfect shows the background information such as time, weather, and location, while the preterite shows the specific events. Nadaste a las dies (Pret.) Nadaba de vez en cuando (imp.) Cuando dorm ía, mi perro comió una hamburguesa con queso.

13. Ser v s. Estar Ser D- descriptions O- occupations C- characteristic T- time O- origin R- relationships P- possesion E- events D- dates Estar H- health E- emotions L- location P- physical characteristics ING- for verbs in English ending in -ing you need estar + verb + ando/iendo

14. Verbs like Gustar Some verbs work like gustar Personal pronoun + gusta/an + noun me encantan los zapatos me fascina comer no me importa aburrir, faltar, importar, interesar, molestar, quedar, caer, doler, disgustar, preocupar, sorprender, apetecer

15. Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives Mas ____ que ____ Menos ____ que ____ Nuestra casa es mas grande que su casa Superlatives el mas ___ de ____ el menos ___ de ____ Nuestra casa es el mas grande de todos en el mundo *Irregular adjectives Bueno- mejor Malo- peor Viejo- mayor Joven- menor *Numbers! Mas de or menos de *OTRO! Tan___ como as ___ as Tanto ___como as much/many as

16. Future Tense All verbs end the same way! Infintive + ending Hablaré miercoles. é emos ás - á án

17. Triggers When you see these, you know the event will be happening sometime in the future! Mañana El lunes Despues de mañana El proximo dia

18. Irregulars! Same endings, but the stem changes! Caber cabr Poner pondr Decir dir Haber habr Salir saldr Hacer har Poder podr Tener tendr Querer querr Valer valdr Sabe sabr Venir vendr

19. Transition Words These words will spice up your sentences and provide you with ways of saying more things. Aunque- even though Mientras- while A pasar de- in spite of Por lo tanto- therefore Sin embargo/no obstante- nevertheless

20. Por For By means of Passing through PORtal General, not specific PORtugal How long PORever The cause of something PORpuse An exhange imPORt/exPORt Doing something in place of someone I am POR, pay for me By means of moving transPORtation

21. Para For In order to For whom something is done Suprise PARAtay Destination PARAguay The purpose for whom something is done PARAsites Opinions PARAdon me, but... Contrast and compare comPARAson deadline PARAmedic