This document provides a grammar reference in Spanish. It includes sections on stem changing verbs, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, commands, reflexive verbs, sequencing events, verb tenses like preterite and present progressive, and other grammar topics. The document serves as a comprehensive grammar guide for learners of Spanish.

1. +
Grammar Book
Adriana Pitman

2. +
Table of Contents
1. Nacionalidades
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. para
4. Indirect Object Pronouns
5. Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. reflexives
10. affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
11. negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement
12. sequencing events

3. +

4. +
Stem Changers
pedir e>i pido pides pide pedimos pedis piden
contar o>ue cuento cuentas cuenta contamos contais cuentan
poder o>ue puedo puedes puede podemos podeis pueden

5. +
Para
Esta agua es para beber.
 Purpose This water is for drinking.
 Recipient Yo traje la comida para mi abuela.
I brought the meal for my grandmother.
 Opinion Para mí los derechos humanos son importantes.
In my opinion, human rights are important.
 Destination Las toallas son para el baño.
The towels are for the bathroom.
 Deadline El proyecto es para el veinte de mayo.
The project is due the 20th of May.
 Standard Su hijo sabe mucho para su edad.
His son knows a lot for his age.

6. +
Indirect Object Pronouns
Examples:
 Me-me A me compro unos aretes.
 Te-you (familiar)
 Le- you (formal), him, her El hombre le vende el carro a mi padre.
 Nos- us A nosotros no nos interesa el tenis.
 Os- you (familiar)
 Les- you, them Yo les escribi una carta a mis tios.

7. +
Pronoun Placement
 Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
 Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
 Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
 Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

8. +
Gustar- to like
Singular Plural
Me gusta la idea Me gustan las personas
Te gusta la idea Te gustan las personas
Le gusta la idea Le gustan las personas
Nos gusta la idea Nos gustan las
personas
Os gusta la idea Os gustan las
personas
Les gusta la idea Les gustan las
personas

9. +
Affirmative + Negatives
Affirmatives algo alguien algun/alguno(a) siempre Tambien
english something someone some always also
nada nadie
Negatives
nothing no one
tampoco Ningun/ninguno(a) neither/either none/not any
nunca never

10. +
Superlatives
 Ismo
These are added to adjectives and
 Isimos adverbs.
If the adjective/adverb ends in c, g, z
 Isima they change to qu, gu, and c.
 Isimas
Examples:
rico>riquisimo
larga>larguisima
feliz>felicismo
mal>malismo
muchas>muchisimo

11. +
Reflexives
Used when the subject also receives the actions.
-se is usually attached
Examples:
Reflexive Pronouns
Pepa se lava.
me Pedro se afeita.
te
se
nos
os
se

12. +
Affirmative tu commands +
irregulars + pronoun placement
Irregular Affirmative tu commands
decir di Affirmative tu commands
hacer haz Simply place verb in its infinitive
form, then remove the “r”.
ir ve Example:
poner pon Caminar> Camina!
salir sal
ser se Example:
tener ten Primero haz los quehaceres.
venir ven (First do the chores!)
When a pronoun is used, attach the pronoun to
the command. Example: Ponte otra comisa!
(Put on (yourself) another shirt!)

13. +
Negative tu command + irregulars +
pronoun placement
Negative tu commands
1. Place verb in yo form
2. Use the opposite ending –es
for –ar verbs, -as for –er and
–ir verbs Irregular tu commands
Examples:
Hablar hablo No hables! No le des direccion a nadie.
Volver vuelvo No vuelves! (Don’t give my address to
anyone)
*The pronoun comes before
the verbs in negative
commands

14. +
Sequencing Events
 Primero>first
 Entonces>then
 Luego/despues>after, later
 Por fin>end, last
 Antes de/despues de>before/after
 Por la manana/tarde/noche>in the morning/afternoon/night
 Los lunes/martes…>every Monday/Tuesday…

15. +
Preterite
 A snapshot in time
-AR verbs
é amos
Aste asteis
o aron
-ER verbs
I imos
iste isteis
io ieron

16. +
Trigger Words
Un dia One day
Una vez once
Ayer Yesterday
A noche At night
Hace un ano A year ago
Ya Already
El mes pasado Last month
Anteayer Day before yesterday
Por una hora For one hour
Por fin Finally
Una dia One day
A las ocho At eight
Dos veces twice

17. +
-car, -gar, -zar
 -car > -qué tocar > toqué
 -gar > -gué Jugar > jugué
 -zar > cé comenzar > comencé

18. +
Deber + infinitive
 Deber = should
debo debemos
debes debéis
debe deben
Example: Yo debo cantar. (I should sing.)

19. +
Modal Verbs
 Can’t have two conjugated verbs
 Examples of modal verbs: deber (should), desear (to desire),
necesitar (to need), poder (to want)
 Nonexamples: Yo debo bailo.

20. +
Present Progressive
 -er, -ir verbs change to –iendo
 -ar verbs change to –ando
 If the verb has a double vowel like leer then it changes to
leyendo
 Examples:
Bailar > bailando
Mover > moviendo

21. +
Adverbs
 Ending in –o or –a the adjective changes to –amente
 Ending in –e or other consonant then just add –mente
 Facil > facilmente
 Rapido > rapidamente