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Grammar Book

  Elias Griffith
Table of Contents
1.    Nationalities
2.    Stem Changing Verbs
3.    Para
4.    Indirect Object Pronoun
5.    Pronoun Placement
6.    Gustar
7.    Affirmative/ Negative Words
8.    Superlatives
9.    Reflexives
10.   Affirmative tú commands/Irregulars/Pronoun
      Placement
11.   Negative tú commands/Irregulars/Pronoun
      Placement
12.   Sequencing Events
Nationalities
Stem Changing
E to IE
          •The endings remain the
E to I    same for –ar , -er, and
          –ir verbs.
          •Nosotros and
          Vosotros forms do not

O to UE   change.
          •Changes only occur in
          the shape of a boot.


U to UE
Para
Meaning                 Uses

                        It is used to imply purpose,
   In order to          indications, directions, and
                              recipients of items.




      For
Indirect Object Pronouns
   •Indirect object pronouns are used to
  represent who the action is being done
      to or who it is being received by.
  •Can be used to a repetition of the noun
     and answer the question whom? Or
           what? About the verb.


   Me          Yo
                   First Person

                           Nosotros
                                         Nos

   Te          Tu
                  Second Person

                           Vosotros     Os
                   Third Person

   Le         El/Ella    Ellos/Ellas   Les
Pronoun Placement

                   2. attach the
   1. attach the
                    pronoun to
    pronoun to
                         a
         the
                   progressive
      infinitive
                       tense


    3. attach      4. place the
  the pronoun        pronoun
      to an          before a
  affirmative      conjugated
   command             verb
Gustar
Gustan (El, Ella, Ustedes)
Gustamos (Nosotros)
Gustais (Vosotros)


                                   Gustar means to like.




                               It is used differently than we
                                    are used to in English.


                                 The endings in gustar also
                               differ based on the amount of
                                the objects that is pleasing.
Ella,Usted)
Gustas (Tu)
Gusto (Yo)




                               Use IOPS to indicate whether
Gusta (El,




                               you would use me, le, te, etc.
Affirmative and
              Negative
•   Alguno/a = some    • Nadie = no one
•   Algo = something   • Ninguno/a = no one or
•   Alguin = someone     not any
•   Tambien = also     • Nada = nothing
                       • Tampoco = neither or
                         either


Affirmati
                       Negative
ve
Superlatives
Superlatives are added to adjectives
    or adverbs to intensify them.

 Feminine    Feminine   Masculine   Masculine
  Singular     Plural    Singular    Plural



 Isima       Isimas      Isimo       Isimos
Reflexives
Reflexive verbs are verbs that we do to ourselves like washing
   ourselves or brushing our teeth. We do those things so they
                         are reflexive.
 The subject for reflexive verbs is also the object. Therefore,
     the subject, pronoun, and verb all have to be in the same
                              form.

                                     2. Change the se
                                     to the pronoun
           1. Take off the se
                                      that matches
                                        the subject



             3. Change the
            verb the form
             that matches
           the subject and
                pronoun
Irregulars/ Pronoun
               Placement
With regular
affirmative tu                        Irregular affirmative tu
                                            commands
commands, you
just put the verb                Decir            Di
in the tu form
and then drop With irregular
                                 Hacer            Haz

the s.         affirmative tu    Ir               Ve
               commands, you     Poner            Pon
               have to use the
               commands          Salir            Sal
               listed to the     Ser              Se
               right. They are   Tener            Ten
               irregulars so
               they do not       Venir            Ven
               follow the
Negative tu command +
irregulars + pronoun placement
                                Irregulars
                                • Decir  Di
                                • Hace  Haz
                                • Ir    Ve
                                • Ser   Se
                                • Poner Pon
                                • Venir  Ven                        Negative
                                                                    • put into yo
                                • Tenir  Ten                          form
                                • Salir   Sal                       • Change the
 Irregular Commands:                                                  vowel
                                                                    • Add an ‘s’
 • T- tener (no tengas)
 • V- venir (no vengas)
 • D-dar/decir (no des/digas)
 • I- Ir   (no vayas)
 • S- ser (no seas)
 • H- hacer(no hagas)
 • E- estar (no estes)                          Pronoun
 • S- saber (no sepas)                          Placement:
                                                • Infinitive
                                                • Gerund
                                                • Before a
                                                  conjugated verb
                                                • Affirmative
                                                  command
Sequencing Events
              Sequencing Events
 Primero                   First
 Entonces                  Then
 Luego                     Later
 Despues                   After
 Por fin                   Finally
 Antes de                  Before
 Despues de                After
 Por la manana/ tardes/    In or during the morning/
 noche                     afternoon/ evening
 Los Lunes, Martes, etc.   On Monday, Tuesday,
                           etc.
Preterite: Past
      Tense             Trigger Words:
                        Un día - Una vez
                       Ayer - Hace un año
                      Ya - El mes pasado
                    Anteayer - Por una hora
                      Por fin - A las ocho
                      El cinco de febrero

         First Person                        First Person

 -é                     -amos        -í                     -imos

        Second Person                       Second Person

-aste                               -iste

         Third Person                        Third Person

 -ó                     -aron        -ió                    -ieron
Deber + Infinitive
    Deber= should/ ought to
               Ex:
    Debes limpiar la cocina:
  You should clean the kitchen.


 Singular           Plural

 • Debo           • Debemos
 • Debes          • Debéis
 • Debe`          • Deben
Modal Verbs
When verbs are used in modal verb
 combination the second verb is not
  conjugated but rather left in the
     Deber infinitive ought to, must
                should, form.
    Necesitar             to need
    Poder       can, could, might, be able
    Querer      want, would like to
    Saber       know, know how to
    Soler       usually, used to
Present
    Progressive
            Estar and -ing
             ar into ando
           er/ir into iendo
        3 vowels into yendo

         When using pronouns:
    1. Before the conjugated verb
2. Attached to the end of the present
              progressive
Adverbs
To describe how something is done, use
                adverbs.
   Lots of spanish adverbs are just
   alterations of Spanish adjectives
   Adjective                Adverb

    reciente              recientemente
   frecuente             frecuentemente
      fácil                 fácilmente
     normal                normalmente
    especial              especialmente
      feliz                 felizmente

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Grammar book

  • 1. Grammar Book Elias Griffith
  • 2. Table of Contents 1. Nationalities 2. Stem Changing Verbs 3. Para 4. Indirect Object Pronoun 5. Pronoun Placement 6. Gustar 7. Affirmative/ Negative Words 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives 10. Affirmative tú commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement 11. Negative tú commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement 12. Sequencing Events
  • 4. Stem Changing E to IE •The endings remain the E to I same for –ar , -er, and –ir verbs. •Nosotros and Vosotros forms do not O to UE change. •Changes only occur in the shape of a boot. U to UE
  • 5. Para Meaning Uses It is used to imply purpose, In order to indications, directions, and recipients of items. For
  • 6. Indirect Object Pronouns •Indirect object pronouns are used to represent who the action is being done to or who it is being received by. •Can be used to a repetition of the noun and answer the question whom? Or what? About the verb. Me Yo First Person Nosotros Nos Te Tu Second Person Vosotros  Os Third Person Le El/Ella Ellos/Ellas Les
  • 7. Pronoun Placement 2. attach the 1. attach the pronoun to pronoun to a the progressive infinitive tense 3. attach 4. place the the pronoun pronoun to an before a affirmative conjugated command verb
  • 8. Gustar Gustan (El, Ella, Ustedes) Gustamos (Nosotros) Gustais (Vosotros) Gustar means to like. It is used differently than we are used to in English. The endings in gustar also differ based on the amount of the objects that is pleasing. Ella,Usted) Gustas (Tu) Gusto (Yo) Use IOPS to indicate whether Gusta (El, you would use me, le, te, etc.
  • 9. Affirmative and Negative • Alguno/a = some • Nadie = no one • Algo = something • Ninguno/a = no one or • Alguin = someone not any • Tambien = also • Nada = nothing • Tampoco = neither or either Affirmati Negative ve
  • 10. Superlatives Superlatives are added to adjectives or adverbs to intensify them. Feminine Feminine Masculine Masculine Singular Plural Singular Plural Isima Isimas Isimo Isimos
  • 11. Reflexives Reflexive verbs are verbs that we do to ourselves like washing ourselves or brushing our teeth. We do those things so they are reflexive. The subject for reflexive verbs is also the object. Therefore, the subject, pronoun, and verb all have to be in the same form. 2. Change the se to the pronoun 1. Take off the se that matches the subject 3. Change the verb the form that matches the subject and pronoun
  • 12. Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement With regular affirmative tu Irregular affirmative tu commands commands, you just put the verb Decir Di in the tu form and then drop With irregular Hacer Haz the s. affirmative tu Ir Ve commands, you Poner Pon have to use the commands Salir Sal listed to the Ser Se right. They are Tener Ten irregulars so they do not Venir Ven follow the
  • 13. Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement Irregulars • Decir Di • Hace Haz • Ir Ve • Ser Se • Poner Pon • Venir Ven Negative • put into yo • Tenir Ten form • Salir Sal • Change the Irregular Commands: vowel • Add an ‘s’ • T- tener (no tengas) • V- venir (no vengas) • D-dar/decir (no des/digas) • I- Ir (no vayas) • S- ser (no seas) • H- hacer(no hagas) • E- estar (no estes) Pronoun • S- saber (no sepas) Placement: • Infinitive • Gerund • Before a conjugated verb • Affirmative command
  • 14. Sequencing Events Sequencing Events Primero First Entonces Then Luego Later Despues After Por fin Finally Antes de Before Despues de After Por la manana/ tardes/ In or during the morning/ noche afternoon/ evening Los Lunes, Martes, etc. On Monday, Tuesday, etc.
  • 15. Preterite: Past Tense Trigger Words: Un día - Una vez Ayer - Hace un año Ya - El mes pasado Anteayer - Por una hora Por fin - A las ocho El cinco de febrero First Person First Person -é -amos -í -imos Second Person Second Person -aste -iste Third Person Third Person -ó -aron -ió -ieron
  • 16. Deber + Infinitive Deber= should/ ought to Ex: Debes limpiar la cocina: You should clean the kitchen. Singular Plural • Debo • Debemos • Debes • Debéis • Debe` • Deben
  • 17. Modal Verbs When verbs are used in modal verb combination the second verb is not conjugated but rather left in the Deber infinitive ought to, must should, form. Necesitar to need Poder can, could, might, be able Querer want, would like to Saber know, know how to Soler usually, used to
  • 18. Present Progressive Estar and -ing ar into ando er/ir into iendo 3 vowels into yendo When using pronouns: 1. Before the conjugated verb 2. Attached to the end of the present progressive
  • 19. Adverbs To describe how something is done, use adverbs. Lots of spanish adverbs are just alterations of Spanish adjectives Adjective Adverb reciente recientemente frecuente frecuentemente fácil fácilmente normal normalmente especial especialmente feliz felizmente