This document is a grammar book written by Amata Leno. It contains 12 sections covering topics such as nationalities, stem changing verbs, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing events. Each section provides explanations and examples of key grammar concepts and structures in Spanish.

1. Grammar Book
By : Amata Leno

2. Table of Contents
• 1. Nacionalidades
• 2. Stem Changing Verbs
• 3. Para
• 4. IOP
• 5. Pronoun Placement
• 6. Gustar
• 7. Affirmative & Negative Words
• 8. Superlatives
• 9. Reflexives
• 10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
• 11. Negative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
• 12. Sequencing Events

3. Nacionalidades
Uruguayo
Paraguayo
Puertorriqueno
Panameno
Salvadoreno
Hundureno

4. Stem Changing Verbs
e i o ue e ie
Pedir : to ask for Volver : to Perder : to lose
return
Yo: Pido Nosotros : Yo: vuelvo Nosotros: Yo : pierdo Nosostros:
Tu: Pides Pedimos Tu: vuelves volvemos Tu: pierdes perdemos
El/ella/ Ellos/ellas/ El/ella/ Ellos/ellas/ El/ella/ Ellos/ellas/
Ud. : Pide uds. : Piden Ud. : vuelve Ud. : vuelven Ud. :pierde Ud. :pierden

5. Para
Para can come before an infinitive
In this case, it would mean; to
Para is also used for purpose
In this case it would mean; for

6. IOP
Indirect Object
Pronouns replace or
accompany indirect
objects
Singular Plural
Me: me Us: nos
You: te You, them: les
You, him,
her: le

7. Pronoun Placement
Placement:
When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb the pronoun comes before
the verb.
But when the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an infinitive, it can either
go before the conjugated verb or be attached to the end of the infinitive.
Examples:
before
attached
Rosa lecomprauna Rosa quire comprarle
olla a sumadre. una olla a sumadre.

8. 2 or more
Gustar infinitives =
gusta in the
singular form
Gustar: (like/please)
Gusta:
I: me We: nos a mi : me gusta
You: te They: les a ti : tegusta
He/she: le a el/ella/ud. : le gusta
Emphasis
a nosotros : nosgusta
a ellos/ellas/uds. : les
gusta

9. Affirmative & Negative Words
Affirmative Words: Negative Words:
Algo : something Nada : nothing
Alguien : someone Nadie : no one
Algun/Alguno(a) : some Ningun/Ninguno(a) : none, not any
Siempre : always Nunca : never
Tambien : also Tampoco : neither, either

10. Superlatives
Used to describe a noun
definite article + noun + mas/menos + adjective + de

11. Lavarse: to wash oneself
In a reflexive
construction,
Reflexives MelavoNoslavamos
Le lavas Se lavan
Se lava
subject = object.
A person does and
receives object Placement:
In front of conjugated verb:
1) meacuesto a lasdiez de la noche.
2) meestoyacostandoahoramismo.
:
Attached to a gerund:
1) Yomelevanto a lasocho de la 1) estoyacostandomeahoramismo.
manana.
2) Pepa se lava.
Attached to an infinitive:
1) voy a acostarmeahoramismo.

12. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars +
pronoun placement
Irregular Commands:
Infinitive: Affirmative
Command:
Decir Di
Drop the ‘S’
Hacer Haz
Ir Ve
Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Ser Se
Tener Ten
Venir Ven

13. Negative tu commands + irregulars +
pronoun placement
1) Put in ‘yo’ form
2) Change vowel
3) Add ‘s’
Irregular Commands:
Tener No Tengas
Venir No Vengas
Example: Dar/Decir No Des/Digas
Ir No Vayas
InfinitiveYo FormNeg. Command Ser No Seas
HablarHablo No Hables Hacer No Hagas
Estar No Estes
Saber No sepas

14. Sequencing Events
Sequencing Events
Primero First
Entonces Then
Luego/Despues Later/After
Por Fin Finally
Antes de/Despues de Before/After
Por la manana/tarde/noche In/During the…
Los lunes, etc. Monday, etc.