This document provides an outline for a grammar book covering various Spanish grammar topics across two semesters. The first semester covers topics such as preterite and imperfect tenses, irregular verbs, por/para expressions, the future tense, and ser vs. estar. The second semester continues with additional tenses and topics including the conditional, present perfect, past perfect, subjunctive, commands, and the subjunctive mood. For each topic, there are brief explanations, examples, and lists of irregular verbs.

1. Grammar Book Carlota Davis

2. Table of Contents Preterite Trigger Words Car Gar Zar Spock CucarachaSnake Verbs Snakey Verbs Imperfect Trigger Words Irregulars Preterite vs. Imperfect Ser vs. Estar13. Verbs like Gustar 14. Comparatives/ Superlatives 15. Transition/Connecting Words 16. Future 17. Trigger Words 18. Irregulars 19. Por/Para 20. Por Expressions 21. Para Expressions 22. Beginning of Semester 2

3. Table of Contents (SecondSemester) Conditional Tense PresentPerfectPastPerfectSubjunctivePerfectTan and Tanto Saber vs. ConocerImpersonal Se Informal (Tu) CommandsFormal CommandsDOP PlacementIOP Placement Nosotros Commands

4. Mono Verbs

5. Howtoformthesubjunctive

6. WhatistheSubjunctive?

7. SubjunctiveIrregulars

8. TriggersforSubjunctive

9. Expressionsof Emotion

10. Conjunctionsof Time

11. Demonstratives (nouns and pronouns) Prederite AR a amosasteo aron ER/IR iimosisteioieron

12. Pretérito Trigger Words Ayer: YesterdayEstanoche: TonightHace dos días: Two days agoEl miércoles : On WednesdayUnavez: One time/OnceAnteayer: Day before yesterdayEl lunespasado: Last MondayUnavez: One time/OnceDurante dos siglos: During two centuriesEl día anterior: The day beforeA lasocho: At 8 o'clockAyer por la mañana: Yesterday morningEl otrodía: The other dayDesde el primer momento: From the first momentEntonces: Then

13. Car Gar Zar Verbs that end in Gar in the Preterite change the g to gu in the yo form Verbs that end in Car in the Preterite change the c to qu in the yo form juguéjugamosjugastejugójugaronbusqué buscamosbuscastebuscó buscaronVerbs that end in Zar in the Preterite change the z to c in the yo form crucé cruzamoscruzastecruzó cruzaron

14. Spock HandIrregular Preterite Forms IRVERDARVi Viste Vio Vimos Vieron SERFui Fuiste FueFuimos Fueron DiDiste Dio Dimos Dieron HACERHice Hiciste Hizo HicimosHicieron

15. Cucaracha Verbs TenertuvVenirvinConducircondujProducirprodujTraducirtradujDecirdijTraer trajAndaranduvEstarestuvPoderpudPoner pusQuererquisSaber sup

16. Snake Verbs Snake verbs change in the third person preterite. They change from an i to an e. PedíPedimosPedistePidióPidieron

17. Snakey Verbs LeíLeímosLeísteLeyóLeyeronSnakey Verbs are verbs that in the preterite change from an i to a y in the third person singular and plural.

18. Imperfect ARabaabasabaabamosabanER/IRiaiasiaíamosían

19. Imperfecto Trigger Words Siempre: AlwaysTodos los días/ Cadadía: Every dayA menudo: OftenDe vez en cuando: OccasionallyCadames: Every monthMuchasveces: Many timesCasisiempre: Almost alwaysMientras: WhilePor un rato: For awhileVariasveces: Several timesEn aquellaepoca: At that timeNunca: NeverGeneralmente: GenerallyFrecuentemente: FrequentlyA veces: Sometimes

20. Imperfect Irregulars IribaibasibaíbamosibanSereraeras era erámoseranVerveíaveíasveíaveíamosveían

22. HealthOEmotionCOriginiendoandoTLocationORPresent CondictionD-Description O- Occupation C-Characteristics T- Time O- Origin R- RelationshipP- Possession E-Event D- Direction

23. Verbs Like Gustar AburrirEncantarFaltarFascinarImportarInteresarMolestarQuedarCaerbien/mal DisgustarHacerfaltaProcuparSoprenderAptecerWhen gustar and verbs like gustar are followed by one or more verbs in the infinitive the singular form of gustar or a verb like gustar is used. “A” comes before the subject of the sentence when a verb like gustar is being used. Example: A Adela le enconta la musica de Shakira.

24. Comparatives/SuperlativesSuperlatives=definite article+noun+mas(menos)+adjective+deExample: Felipe es el chico más inteligente en la clase. Comparatives Más… que- more than Menos… que- less than Tan…como- as…as Tanto…como- as much Example: Ana esmásaltaque Jessica.

25. Transition/Connector WordsSin embargo/ no obstante-neverthelessPero- But

26. El FuturoYo- infinitive+éTu- infinitive+ásEl/Ella/Usted- infinitive+áNosotros- infinitive+emosVosotros- infinitive+éisUstedes/Ellos/Ellas- infinitive+án

27. Future Trigger WordsEn el futuroEn el futuro PróximoMañana

28. Future Irregulars Dar-dir Hacer- harPoner- pondrSalir- saldrTener- tendrCaber- cabrValer- valdrPoder- podrQuerer-querSaber- sabrHaber- habrVendir- vendr

29. PorPORtal- Passing through PORtugal- general rather than specific location PORever- how long something lasts PORpuse- the cause of something imPORT/exPORT- an exchange I am POR, pay for me- doing something in place of or instead of something else transPORtation- a means of transportation ParaSurprise PARAty- for whom something is done PARAguay- destination PARAchute- the purpose for which something is done PARAdon me- the express an opinion comPARA- the compara or contrast PARAmedic- to express idea of deadline

30. Por Expressions Por adelantado- in advancePor ahora- fornowPor allí- aroundtherePor aquí- aroundherePor favor- pleasePor ejemple- forexamplePor desgracia- unfortunatelyPor completo- completelyPor lo tanto- consequentlyPor mi padre- as for me Por otra parte- ontheotherhandPor suerte- fortunatelyPor todas partes- everywherePor todosladias- onallsidesPor último- finally

31. Para Expressions Para siempre- foreverPara abajo- downwardPara que?- Why? Para variar- justfor a changePara que- so that, in ordertoPara esa época- bythat time Estar para- tobeabouttoPara entonces- bythat timePara detrás- backwardPara otra vez- foranotheroccasionSer tal para cual- betwo of a kindPara adelante- forward

32. Semester 2

33. ConditionalIrregularsHaberUsed to express possibility, probability, wonder, and would, should, could. PoderQuererSaberPonerSalirTenerValerVenir

34. Present Perfect Tense Haber + pastparticiplePerfect Tense isusedtosayhaveor has.Irregulars abrir (to open) - abiertocubrir (to cover) - cubiertodecir (to say) - dicho)escribir (to write) - escritofreír (to fry) - fritohacer (to do) - hechomorir (to die) - muertoponer (to put) - puestoresolver (to resolve) - resueltoromper (to break) - rotover (to see) - vistovolver (to return) - vueltoExample- He comiendo (I haveeaten) Itiscontructedbyusingtheauxiliaryverb (haber) and thenthepastparticiple.

35. Past Perfect Tense Irregulars (same as present) abrir (to open) - abiertocubrir (to cover) - cubiertodecir (to say) - dichoescribir (to write) - escritofreír (to fry) - fritohacer (to do) - hechomorir (to die) - muertoponer (to put) - puestoresolver (to resolve) - resueltoromper (to break) - rotover (to see) - vistovolver (to return) - vueltoDroptheinfinitiveending (-ir, -er, or –ar) Thenforanarverbaddado, orforaner/ir verbadd ido. Example- El restaurante esta abierto. (The restaurant is open)

36. Subjunctive Perfect TenseIndicates an action that is completed with verbs in the present or future tense. Comercomo - o = comcom + a = comacom + as = comascom + a = comacom + amos = comamoscom + áis = comáiscom + an = comanHaber - Haya- Hayas- Haya- Hayamos- Hayan

37. Tan and Tantotan+ adjectiveoradverb+ comoWhencomparingthingsthat are equalusingnouns, use tantoWhencomparingthingsthat are equalusingadjectivesoradverbs, use tanTanto (-a,-as,-os)+ noun+ comoVerb + tanto + comoWhencomparingactions, use tanto

38. Conocervs.SaberKnowledge of a noun (person, place, orthings) Knowledge of factsorinformationExample- Carlos sabe mucho información sobre perros.Example- Carlos conoce Nina.

39. Impersonal Se Using impersonal se is a way to avoid being specific about, or towards a subject. The verb is ALWAYS in the third person when using the impersonal se. The impersonal se can be used in all tenses. Present, Preterite, Future, subjunctive, conditional, ect. Example- Aquí, se habla español. Example- Se vende fruta en la frutería.

40. Tu CommandsRegular - Go to the tu form - Drop the “s” Irregulars - di - haz -ve -pon -sal -se -ten -venRegular - Go to the yo form - change to the opposite vowel ending - add an “s” Irregular - TVDISHES NegativeAffirmative

41. Formal CommandsRegular- Go to yo form, then change to the opposite vowel endingIrregulars- TVDISHES Dar-deEstar- esteIr- vaya Ser- sea Saber- sepa *For ustedes add an “n” to the end of the verb.*Regular- Go to yo form, then change to the opposite vowel ending Irregulars- TVDISHES Dar-deEstar- esteIr- vaya Ser- sea Saber- sepa*For ustedes add an “n” to the end of the verb.*NegativeAffirmative

42. DOP Placement Affirmative Commands -The DOP is to be attached to the end of the verb. -It is also necessary to add an accent over the first syllable. Example- Cómpralas. Negative Commands - The DOP is to be placed in front of the command - No accent marks need to be added. Example- Compraunabolsa.

43. IOP PlacementAffirmative - IOPsgoaftertheverbExample- Comprelo me Negative - IOPS gobeforetheverbExample- Me lo compre

44. Nosotros CommandsAffirmative Go to the nosotros form of the verb

45. Change to the opposite vowel ending Example- ¡Comemos! *Irregulars are TVDISHESNegative Go to the nosotros form of the verb.

46. Change to the opposite vowel ending