1. The Earth can be understood as a system consisting of interconnected subsystems - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. 2. The geosphere includes the solid Earth from the crust to the core. The hydrosphere is the dynamic mass of water on Earth. The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer surrounding the planet. The biosphere includes all ecosystems and life forms on Earth. 3. These subsystems interact through material cycles like the carbon, water, and rock cycles. They exchange heat and energy. Together they comprise the closed Earth system, which receives energy from the sun.

2. Earth as a SYSTEM

3. SYSTEM - A set of interconnected components that are
interacting to form a unified whole.

4. EXAMPLE of a system- ECOSYSTEM.
(Organisms are interrelated and interacting)

5. The Earth system is essentially a CLOSED SYSTEM.
A closed system is a system in which
there is only an exchange of heat or
energy and no exchange of matter.
The Earth receives energy from the sun and
returns some of this energy to space.

6. Components or subsystems
of the Earth system

7. THE EARTH SUBSYSTEMS
Biosphere Hydrosphere
Geosphere Atmosphere

8. Major Themes
SCALE ENERGY CYCLE

9. Scale
Processes in the Earth system act on length scales
of microns to thousands of kilometers, and on
time scales of milliseconds to millions of years.
Major Themes

10. Energy
The Earth system is powered by one external
source: the Sun
and two internal ones:
- radioactive decay
- gravitational energy (heat still being lost from
planetary formation).
Major Themes

11. Cycles
Material in the Earth system is continually
recycled in numerous overlapping cycles.
Major Themes

12. The
Carbon
Cycle

13. The
Rock
Cycle

14. The Hydrologic (Water)
Cycle

15. Includes all life
forms on Earth
Biosphere
It covers all ecosystems—from the soil to the
rainforest, from mangroves to coral reefs,
and from the plankton-rich ocean surface to the
deep sea.

16. Photosynthesis
The Carbon Cycle

17. James Lovelock used
the "Daisy World Model"
to illustrate how the
biosphere is capable of
regulating its
environment.
The Albedo Effect …

18. Dynamic mass of
water that is
continuously on the
move
Hydrosphere

19. Precipitation, Evaporation, Runoff, Infiltration, etc...
The Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
1. About 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid
water (hydrosphere) and much of it is in the
form of ocean water.
2. Only 3% of Earth's water is fresh: two-thirds
are in the form of ice, and the remaining
one-third is present in streams, lakes, and
groundwater.

20. Condensation, Precipitation, Evaporation,
Transpiration, Infiltration, Surface Runoff.

21. The atmosphere is the
thin gaseous layer
that envelopes the
lithosphere.
Atmosphere
The present atmosphere is composed of 78%
nitrogen (N), 21% oxygen (O2), 0.9%
argon, and trace amount of other gases.

22. One of the most important processes by
which the heat on the Earth's surface is
redistributed is through atmospheric
circulation.

23. The Solid Earth
extends from the
surface to the center
Geosphere

24. Connect to Earth
Create a concept map which explains how
the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere,
and biosphere are interconnected.
Use arrows and simple illustrations.

25. Geosphere
Atmosphere
BiosphereHydrosphere
4.6 Billion Years of
Interaction

26. The lithosphere
includes the crust and
the upper part of the
mantle.
LITHOSPHERE

27. Layers of the Earth
CRUST (continental &
oceanic)
MANTLE (upper & lower)
CORE (outer & inner)

28. Which layer is it?

29. CRUST
- It’s the light and very thin outer
skin of the Earth.
- The outermost layer where energy
and mineral resources are derived.

30. Different elements that
compose the Earth’s CRUST
 Oxygen 46.60
 Silicon 27.72
 Aluminum 8.13
 Iron 5.00
 Calcium 3.63
 Sodium 2.83
 Potassium 2.59
 Magnesium 2.09
 Titanium 0.40
 Hydrogen 0.14

31. MANTLE
- Less dense layer
- Made up of silicate rocks, mostly
made of the elements silicon,
oxygen, iron and magnesium.

32. CORE
- Denser layer
- the Earth’s magnetic field
- strengthens the idea that the
Earth’s outer core is molten/liquid.

34. Historical Development of
the concept of EARTH SYSTEM

36. Sources:
1. Ms. Laguda ppt. (Regional SHS
Mass Training of Grade 11
Teachers)
2.TG Earth & Life Science