The document discusses the deformation of rock crust through various tectonic processes. It defines deformation as the process by which crust is deformed along plate margins, producing geologic structures like folds, faults, joints and foliation. It describes how different rock types deform under stress through either ductile or brittle deformation. The key types of deformation discussed are folding, where layers of rock are bent, and faulting, where connected blocks of rock are displaced along a fracture plane. Common fold types include anticlines, synclines and monoclines. Fault types include normal, reverse, strike-slip and oblique-slip faults.

1. Deformation
of the Crust
Prepared by: Jerome A. Bigael, Leyte Progressive
High School

2. Deformation
Is the process by which the
crust is deformed along
tectonic plate margins.
Deformation produces a
variety of geologic structures
such as folds, faults, joints,
and foliation.

3. Each rock type deforms
differently when stress is
gradually applied.
That is to say rocks respond to
stress by deforming elastically.
This is what we call elastic
deformation.
Like a rubber band, the rock
will return to nearly its original
size when the force is
removed. This process is the
same thing that happens for
most earthquakes.

4. ▪ There are 2 kinds of elastic deformation once the elastic
limit or strength of a rock is surpassed:
1. Its either flows which we call ductile deformation.
2. It fractures in what we call brittle deformation.

5. In other words, for deformation of rock to occur, the following
conditions must be met:
1. The rock material must have the ability to deform under
pressure and heat.
2. The higher the temperature of the rock the more elastic it
becomes.
3. Pressure must not exceed the internal strength of the rock,
otherwise, fracturing occurs.
4. Deformation must be applied slowly.

8. ▪ In general, you can say that a rock has been
deformed if it has been:
▪ Translated (move) from its original position
▪ Changed in orientation (folding, rotation or tilting)
▪ Changed in shape(distortion)

9. Fold
Fold can be defined as a bend
in rock that is a response to
compressional force.
It can be likened to the waves
in the ocean.
Earth has a crest or uphold
And a trough or down fold.
Folds are most visible in rocks
that contained layering.

10. 3 types of Folds
▪ The common types of
folds are the, anticline,
syncline and
monocline.
▪ Anticline = is a convex
up fold in rock that
resembles an “arch
like”

11. ▪ Syncline = a type of fold
where the rock layers are
warped downward.
▪ Monocline = the simplest
type of fold which involves
a slight bend in otherwise
parallel layers of rock.
▪ More complex fold types
can develop in situations
where lateral pressures
become greater. Greater
pressure results in
anticline and synclines
that are inclined and
asymmetrical.

12. Faults
Faults form in rocks
when the stresses
overcome the internal
strength of the rock
resulting in a fracture.
It is defined as the
displacement of once
connected blocks of
rocks along a fault
plane.

13. ▪There are several kinds of faults, which are
named according with the type of stress that
acts on the rock and by the nature of the
movement of the rock blocks or either side
of the fault plane.

14. Type of Faults
▪ Dip-slip-fault
are faults in which the movement is primarily
parallel to the inclination or dip of the fault
surface.
2 major types of dip slip fault
Normal fault = occurs when tensional
forces act in opposite directions. This is
sometimes called “gravity fault”.
Reverse fault = reverse fault develops when
compression forces exist. Compression cause
one block pushed up and over the other block.

15. Graben Fault
Produced when tensional stresses result in
the subsidence of a block of rock. On a
large scale these features are known as rift
valleys.

16. Horst Fault
▪ The development of
two reverse fault
causing a block of
rock to be pushed up.

17. Strike-slip fault
Are vertical in nature and are
produced where the stresses are
exerted parallel to each other.
A transform fault is a special
kind of strike-slip fault that cuts
through the lithosphere and
accommodates motion between
two large crustal plates.

18. Oblique-slip fault
Happens when many faults are
mixed in slip type.