Gametes are produced through meiosis in the ovaries and testes. The sperm and egg each contain half the genetic information needed for reproduction. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, their genetic material combines to form a zygote. The zygote divides and develops into an embryo, which implants in the uterus and receives nutrients via the umbilical cord, developing bones, muscles and organs over ten weeks into a fetus.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
Most species have two sexes: male and female. Each sex has its own unique reproductive system. They are different in shape and structure, but both are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm.
Unlike the female, whose sex organs are located entirely within the pelvis, the male has reproductive organs, or genitals, that are both inside and outside the pelvis. The male genitals include:
the testicles
the duct system, which is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens
the accessory glands, which include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland
the penis
The male reproductive system includes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles. The penis and the urethra are part of the urinary and reproductive systems.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
Most species have two sexes: male and female. Each sex has its own unique reproductive system. They are different in shape and structure, but both are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm.
Unlike the female, whose sex organs are located entirely within the pelvis, the male has reproductive organs, or genitals, that are both inside and outside the pelvis. The male genitals include:
the testicles
the duct system, which is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens
the accessory glands, which include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland
the penis
The male reproductive system includes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles. The penis and the urethra are part of the urinary and reproductive systems.
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)martinshaji
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
Describe the role of hormones in human reproduction
Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormone
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote.
this is a long study on all aspects of human reproduction & most asked questions about human reproductive system ( medical information ).
please comment
thank u
The reproductive system is the human organ system responsible for the production and fertilization of gametes (sperm or eggs) and, in females, the carrying of a fetus. Both male and female reproductive systems have organs called gonads that produce gametes.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Male Reproductive System. It includes anatomy of male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis and hormonal regulation of testis
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)martinshaji
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
Describe the role of hormones in human reproduction
Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormone
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote.
this is a long study on all aspects of human reproduction & most asked questions about human reproductive system ( medical information ).
please comment
thank u
The reproductive system is the human organ system responsible for the production and fertilization of gametes (sperm or eggs) and, in females, the carrying of a fetus. Both male and female reproductive systems have organs called gonads that produce gametes.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Male Reproductive System. It includes anatomy of male reproductive organs, spermatogenesis and hormonal regulation of testis
The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system which functions to produce and deposit sperms; and the female reproductive system which functions to produce egg cells, and to protect egg cells, and to protect and nourish the fetus until birth.
SEXUAL LITERACY RATES IN OUR SOCIETY ARE PATHETIC AS CHILDREN RECEIVE NO SEX EDUCATION OR THEY OBTAIN ALL THEIR SEX EDUCATION AS A MATTER OF FUN FROM ALL WRONG SOURCES.
Located outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called scrotum.
Scrotum provides low temperature required for spermatogenesis.
Each testis is about 4 to 5 cm length and 2 to 3 cm width.
Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular lobules.
Each lobule contains one to three seminiferous tubules.
Seminiferous tubules lined by male germ cells and Sertoli cells.
Male germ cell undergoes meiosis and produce sperm.
Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cell and the sperm.
In between the seminiferous tubule there is interstitial cell or Leydig
cell.
Leydig cells produce testicular hormones
called androgen (testosteron It is the primary female sex organs that produce the female
gamete (ovum).
It also produces several steroid hormones.
The ovaries located in the lower abdomen.
Each ovary is about 2-4 cm in length.
Connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by ligaments.
Each ovary is covered by thin epithelium which encloses the
ovarian stroma
The ovarian stroma has two zones
A peripheral cortex.
An inner medulla.
this chapter is completely based on complete process of reproduction from insemination to lactation,the diagrams and differences and explanations according to NCERT Syllabus.
This PowerPoint presentation is an overview of the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of diseases, and common disorders of the Reproductive System.
Female Reproductive system Slideshare ankitkulpare
The female reproductive system is composed of a pair of ovaries along with oviducts, vagina, cervix, uterus , and external organ that are located in the pelvic region.
permatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes of formation of male and female gametes. Spermatogenesis leads to the formation of sperms, whereas oogenesis helps in the formation of ova. The fertilization of sperm and ova leads to the formation of a zygote which further develops into an embryo
Methods of teaching part-2 Seminar, Symposium & Panel discussionchristenashantaram
this part brief on the various parts like its definition, types, advantages, and disadvantages, criteria, characteristics & difference between them on,
Seminar,
Symposium &
Panel discussion
Methods of teaching part-1- introduction,definitions, lecture,demonstratio...christenashantaram
this part explains the major three methods of teaching along with Introduction * meaning, definitions
1.lecture method
2.demonstration method
3. Group discussion
methods of teaching part-6 Self instructional module-sim, simulation and Clin...christenashantaram
describes the principles and other factors Self instructional module-sim, simulation and Clinical teaching methods-case method, nursing round & reports
Information, Education & communication for health (IEC)christenashantaram
This is designed to help the students acquire an understanding of the principles and methods of communication and teaching. It helps to develop skill in communicating effectively, maintaining effective interpersonal relations, teaching individuals and groups in clinical, community health and educational settings.
Haemorrhage is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Antepartum haemorrhage is defined as the bleeding from or within the genital tract after 28th week of pregnancy but before the birth of the baby. Causes may be placental, extra placental or unexplained Major causes of APH are two: placenta previa and abruptio placenta. h Placenta previa is 4 types. Placentography (USG) confirms the diagnosis .Abruptio placenta should be differentiated placenta previa Placenta previa can be diagnosed by—(i) Ultrasonography (preferred), (ii) Clinically. Transvaginal ultrasound classify placenta previa: (a) within 2 cm or (b) > 2 cm from the undilated internal cervical os. Vaginal examination for the diagnosis of placenta previa should not be done as it provokes severe hemorrhageImaging modalities (Doppler USG, MRI) have reduced the need of double set up examination and the risk of bleeding thereof as they can make the improved diagnosis of placenta previa, accreta and abruption. h Placental abruption is diagnosed mainly clinically and supported by laboratory, USG or MRI. h Complications of placenta previa and abruptio placenta affect both the mother and the fetus. Management of placenta previa and abruptio placenta depends upon the severity of the problem and also on the duration of pregnancy.
it is designed to help the students acquire an understanding of the principles and methods of communication and teaching. It helps to develop skill in communicating effectively, maintaining effective interpersonal relations, teaching individuals and groups in clinical, community health and educational settings
this gives a deep outline about to develpo a project proposal using evidence based practice in nursing sectors. it also tells about the various methods & tools of data collection ,sample,timeline for research and its elements.
it details about the Literature review and various refering system used in nursing research using Evidence Based Practice. this helps in building them in the oxford refering system and related systems of writing bibliography.
EVB-Evidence Based Practice- principles,purposes,valuechristenashantaram
This brief out the principles,purposes,value involved in EVB-Evidence Based Practice and helps health, scoial care practisioner to know more about the EVB-Evidence Based Practicein health and scocial care international base.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. Gametes, the male and female sex cells, are
produced through meiosis in the ovaries and
testes.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: The sperm and the egg are gametes.
They each contain half the genetic
information necessary for reproduction.
When a sperm cell penetrates and fertilizes
an egg, that genetic information combines.
3.
4. The ovaries produce secondary oocytes—
the female sex cells. Each month one
secondary oocyte is released into the
uterine tube. If the oocyte is fertilized, it
implants in the uterus.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
5.
6. The ovaries are two almond-shaped structures
that sit on either side of the uterus,
connected to the uterine tubes.
System: Endocrine, Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: They produce oocytes (egg cells), as
well as estrogen, progesterone, and other
hormones.
Pathologies: Infertility, ovarian cysts, pelvic
inflammatory disease, polycystic ovary
syndrome, premature ovarian failure
7.
8. Egg cell production, or oogenesis, begins with the
primordial follicles. As girls reach puberty, each
ovary contains thousands of these follicles, and
each follicle contains a primary oocyte. When
follicles mature, some primary oocytes become
secondary oocytes. By the time of ovulation, there
is only one mature follicle remaining. The rest of
the follicles deteriorate. During ovulation (about
once a month), the dominant follicle bursts and
releases its secondary oocyte. The oocyte travels
into the uterine tube, where it can be fertilized.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
9.
10. The uterine tubes (also called Fallopian tubes or
oviducts) connect the ovaries to the uterus. Each
uterine tube can be divided into three parts: The
infundibulum is open to the abdomen. A constricted
section called the isthmus connects with the uterus.
Finally, an intermediate and dilated portion, the
ampulla, curves over the ovary.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: Egg fertilization usually occurs in the
ampulla. The eggs then travel through the isthmus
into the uterus.
Pathologies: Ectopic pregnancy, infertility
11.
12. The uterus is a pear-shaped organ located in the pelvic
cavity between the bladder and the rectum. It is a
hollow organ with thick, muscular walls.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: During menstruation, the inner lining of the
uterus is shed. When a woman becomes pregnant,
however, the fertilized egg embeds itself in the
uterine wall and menstruation is prevented. The
uterus expands dramatically as the egg develops into
an embryo and then a growing fetus.
Pathologies: Endometriosis, gonorrhea, infertility,
pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine fibroids
13.
14. Women of childbearing age go through a cycle
about every 28 days that makes it possible to
become pregnant. A follicle in the ovary
develops and releases a secondary oocyte at
the same time that the lining of the uterus
thickens to prepare for the possibility of a
fertilized egg. These cycles begin at puberty
and continue until menopause. During
pregnancy the cycles are suspended.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
15.
16. The lower part of the uterus constricts into a segment
called the cervix, which leads to the vagina.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: The cervix is the passageway for menstrual
flow, for entering sperm, and for childbirth. Glands in
the mucous membrane of the cervix secrete a clear,
viscous, alkaline mucus that changes character at
different times during a female’s menstrual cycle.
Pathologies: Endometriosis, genital warts, gonorrhea,
HPV, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease,
trichomoniasis, uterine fibroids
17.
18. The vagina extends down from the cervix, the lower
part of the uterus, to the vestibule, which is part
of the vulva and the external genitalia. It sits
behind the bladder and in front of the rectum.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: The vagina has three core functions: it
carries menstrual flow outside the body, it
receives the male penis during sexual intercourse,
and it serves as a birth canal during labor.
Pathologies: Chlamydia infection, genital herpes,
genital warts, HPV, infertility, syphilis,
trichomoniasis, yeast infections
19.
20. The external genitalia (vulva) of the female
reproductive system include the mons
pubis, the labia majora and labia minora,
the clitoris and prepuce (clitoral hood),
the vestibule of the vagina, urethral
orifice, and the greater vestibular glands.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Pathologies: Genital warts
21.
22. The vestibule encompasses the vaginal
orifice, the external urethral orifice, and in
some females, the hymen. Lateral to the
vaginal orifice are masses of erectile tissue
known as the bulbs of the vestibule. When
a female is sexually aroused, each bulb
engorges with blood and swells around
the vaginal opening.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
23.
24. The labia minora are situated between the
labia majora and extend from the clitoris
obliquely downward, laterally, and
backward for about 4 cm on either side of
the orifice of the vagina, enclosing the
vestibule. Unlike the labia majora, the
labia minora lack pubic hair.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
25.
26. The two labia majora have an outer
pigmented surface covered with pubic
hair and an inner surface well-endowed
with sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous
(sweat) glands.
System: Integumentary, Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
27.
28. Developmentally homologous to the penis, the
clitoris consists of two corpora cavernosa
composed of erectile tissue enclosed in a
dense layer of fibrous membrane.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: The clitoris has an extremely high
concentration of nerve endings. It can
engorge with blood when stimulated and
functions in female sexual arousal.
29.
30. The testes constantly produce sperm—the
male sex cells. Sperm are produced in
seminiferous tubules inside the testes
through a process called spermatogenesis.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
31.
32. The testes (or testicles) are the male gonads
and sit below the penis within a sac called
the scrotum.
System: Endocrine, Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: The testes generate sperm, the male
sex cells, as well as testosterone and other
sex hormones. The production of sperm is
constant and occurs within numerous
lobules in each testis.
Pathologies: Infertility
33.
34. Inside testes are coiled tubes called
seminiferous tubules. Production begins
with the seminiferous tubules where stem
cells, called spermatogonia, develop into
immature sperm. Each 46-chromosome
spermatogonium divides through mitosis to
produce primary spermatocytes. These cells
divide by meiosis to become 23-chromosome
cells called secondary spermatocytes that
develop into spermatids.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
35.
36. The epididymis is the duct of the male
reproductive system that attaches directly to
the testis. It is part of the male internal
genitalia. The epididymis sits directly on top
of each testis.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: Sperm from the testis mature as they
move through the coiled duct of the
epididymis. During sexual intercourse and
ejaculation, they are expelled into the vas
deferens.
37.
38. The vas deferens, also known as the ductus
deferens, is one of the ducts of the male
reproductive system. The vas deferens serves as
the excretory duct of the testis and is the
continuation of the epididymis.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: The vas deferens pushes the sperm up
over the bladder and down toward the prostate
gland. There, the vas deferens joins the ends of
the seminal vesicles (accessory reproductive
glands) to form the ejaculatory ducts.
39.
40. The ducts of the male reproductive system
include two ejaculatory ducts, one
associated with each testis.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: The ejaculatory ducts receive
seminal fluid from the vesicles, pass
through the prostate, and move semen
into the urethra.
41.
42. Semen is a mixture of seminal fluid
produced by accessory glands and sperm
produced by the testes. Sperm cells
depend on seminal fluid to keep them
moving and alive. This fluid is produced
during ejaculation by accessory glands:
the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the
bulbourethral glands.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
43. The seminal vesicles, two saclike structures, sit
close behind the bladder and extend toward
the bladder. There they each join one of the
vas deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: The vesicles secrete a whitish-brown
fluid containing sugars, prostaglandins, and
other substances that makes up two-thirds of
the semen volume.
44.
45. The prostate, located under the bladder and
above the start of the penis, contains the
ejaculatory ducts and the prostatic urethra.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: As semen enters the urethra, the
prostate secretes enzymes that help activate
the sperm.
Pathologies: Enlarged prostate (BPH), prostate
cancer
46.
47. The bulbourethral glands (or Cowper’s
glands) are pea-sized, with single ducts
that connect to the urethra where it
emerges from the prostate.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: These glands add mucus that
helps with sperm motility.
48.
49. The male urethra extends from the bladder,
through the prostate, to the external
orifice at the end of the penis. It receives
additional seminal fluids from the
prostate before it expels semen out of the
body.
System: Urinary, Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Pathologies: Urinary tract infections
50.
51. The penis is part of the male external genitalia,
suspended from the body at the front and sides of the
pubic arch. Internally, the penis consists of three
connected columns of tissue.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: During sexual arousal, the erectile tissue of
the penis fills with blood and the penis stiffens,
allowing it to penetrate the vagina during coitus.
Ejaculation delivers semen at or near the cervix, the
passage to the uterus.
Pathologies: Chlamydia infections, erectile dysfunction,
genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, HPV,
syphilis, trichomoniasis
52.
53. The paired corpora cavernosa extend together from
the root of the penis through the body. Together,
they form the greater part of the penis.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: The corpus spongiosum and corpora
cavernosa consist of sponge-like erectile tissue
containing spaces that can temporarily fill with
blood from the deep and dorsal arteries of the
penis. These structures engorge with blood and
become erect when a male is sexually aroused.
54.
55. The corpus spongiosum runs along the underside of
the cavernosa. It contains the spongy urethra and
expands past the body of the penis to form the
glans penis (the tip).
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
Function: The corpus spongiosum and corpora
cavernosa consist of sponge-like erectile tissue
containing spaces that can temporarily fill with
blood from the deep and dorsal arteries of the
penis. These structures engorge with blood and
become erect when a male is sexually aroused.
56.
57. The glans penis is the tip of the penis, the
external genital organ of the male
reproductive system. It arises as the anterior
end of the corpus spongiosum and is
expanded in the form of a flattened cone. In
an uncircumcised male, the loose and
retractable skin of the prepuce (foreskin)
covers a variable amount of the glans.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
58.
59. The testes (or testicles) are the male gonads
and sit below the penis within a sac called
the scrotum.
System: Integumentary, Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
60.
61. Pregnancy is a series of events through
which a fertilized egg implants, becomes
an embryo, and develops into a fetus.
System: Reproduction
Region: Pelvis
Function: The resulting offspring carries
genetic information from a male and
female into a new generation.
62.
63. During sexual intercourse, some sperm
ejaculated from the male penis swim up
through the female vagina and uterus
toward an oocyte (egg cell) floating in one of
the uterine tubes. The sperm and the egg are
gametes. They each contain half the genetic
information necessary for reproduction.
When a sperm cell penetrates and fertilizes
an egg, that genetic information combines.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
64.
65. The 23 chromosomes from the sperm pair
with 23 chromosomes in the egg, forming
a 46-chromosome cell called a zygote. The
zygote starts to divide and multiply. As it
travels toward the uterus it divides to
become a blastocyst, which will burrow
into the uterine wall.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
66.
67. Fifteen days after conception marks the beginning
of the embryonic period. The embryo contains a
flat embryonic disc that now differentiates into
three layers: the endoderm, the mesoderm, and
the ectoderm. All organs of the human body
derive from these three tissues. They begin to
curve and fold and to form an oblong body. By
week four, the embryo has a distinct head and tail
and a beating heart. Over the next six weeks,
limbs, eyes, brain regions, and vertebrae form.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
68.
69. At day 15 after conception, the cells that
will form the embryo become an
embryonic disc. Other cells begin to form
support structures. The yolk sac, on one
side of the disc, will become part of the
digestive tract. On the other side, the
amnion fills with fluid and will surround
the embryo as it develops.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
70.
71. By the end of week 10, the embryo is a
fetus. From week 10 of pregnancy, the
fetus grows inside the uterus, fueled by
nutrient-rich blood supplied by the
umbilical cord. Bones, muscles, skin, and
connective tissues form. Body systems
develop. Limbs and facial features take
shape.
System: Reproductive
Region: Pelvis
72.
73. Dutta, D. C., Hiralal, K., & Konar, H. (2018).
DC Dutta’s Textbook of Obstetrics: Including
Perinatology and Contraception (9th ed.).
Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub.
Dutta, C. D. D. D. C. (2021). Textbook of
Gynaecology: Including Contraception (5th
Revised edition). New Central Book Agency.
Body, V. (2021). Glossary of the Reproductive
System | Learn Reproductive Anatomy.
Visiblebody.
https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/repro
ductive/glossary