The female reproductive system undergoes maturation during adolescence through puberty. The ovaries and uterus develop and begin producing hormones and eggs. At menarche, a girl's first menstrual period occurs. The reproductive system's main functions are to produce hormones, eggs, and support an embryo. If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining is shed each month through menstruation.
this is only for study purpose. students can refer it any time. it is easy to understand by every one. it help to improve knowledge regarding reproductive male system- both external, internal & supporting structure.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
this is only for study purpose. students can refer it any time. it is easy to understand by every one. it help to improve knowledge regarding reproductive male system- both external, internal & supporting structure.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
Reproductive system of man
this presentation contains the content of reproductive system of male and female with picture description and sexually transmitted diseases.
prepared by - S.lavesan and s.subangan, the students of Jaffna National college of education.
he reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists argue that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
Most species have two sexes: male and female. Each sex has its own unique reproductive system. They are different in shape and structure, but both are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm.
Unlike the female, whose sex organs are located entirely within the pelvis, the male has reproductive organs, or genitals, that are both inside and outside the pelvis. The male genitals include:
the testicles
the duct system, which is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens
the accessory glands, which include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland
the penis
Reproductive system of man
this presentation contains the content of reproductive system of male and female with picture description and sexually transmitted diseases.
prepared by - S.lavesan and s.subangan, the students of Jaffna National college of education.
he reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists argue that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
Most species have two sexes: male and female. Each sex has its own unique reproductive system. They are different in shape and structure, but both are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm.
Unlike the female, whose sex organs are located entirely within the pelvis, the male has reproductive organs, or genitals, that are both inside and outside the pelvis. The male genitals include:
the testicles
the duct system, which is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens
the accessory glands, which include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland
the penis
Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) has been performed in various forms for millennia and involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. In this systematic review we addressed harm occurring during the cutting or alteration modifi cation process and the short-term period
Vaginal microbiome of adolescent girls resemble those of reproductive age wom...Roxana Hickey
Poster presented by Roxana Hickey (PhD candidate, University of Idaho) at #ISME15 in Seoul, South Korea. Session PS05, board 098A. On display Monday 8/25—Tuesday 8/26.
Concurrent imperforate hymen and transverse vaginal septum: A rare presentati...Apollo Hospitals
A 13 year old girl not attained menarche presented as a case of acute abdomen; she had a mass per abdomen, on ultrasound diagnosed as haematometra and hematocolpus; clinically had an imperforate hymen; further evaluation by MRI revealed a high vaginal cause of obstruction which cannot be differentiated as vaginal atresia or a combination of transverse vaginal septum and imperforate hymen; operative findings showed a imperforate hymen with a patent lower vagina and a transverse vaginal septum separating upper and lower vagina; surgical correction done and drained 1000 ml of blood and post operatively patient is followed up for a month and bleeding through vagina during the next cycle is noted showing the patent vagina. This is a first case of concurrent transverse vaginal septum and imperforate hymen without any other genitourinary anomalies in literature.
The following power point discusses about how the process of sexual reproduction takes place in Humans. In it, we discuss about the male and female reproductive systems, then we discuss about how the process of fertilisation occurs in humans. Thereafter we discuss about pregnancy. Menstrual Cycle, Ways to control Population growth, STDs etc
The female reproductive system is a complex and intricate set of organs and structures that are responsible for the production of eggs (ova), nurturing and housing a fertilized egg during pregnancy, and facilitating childbirth. Here are the key components of the female reproductive system:
Ovaries: The ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs. They produce eggs (ova) through a process called ovulation. Ovaries also produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle and play a vital role in female secondary sexual characteristics.
Fallopian Tubes: Also known as uterine tubes or oviducts, these are narrow tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes when a sperm meets an egg released from the ovary.
Uterus: The uterus, or womb, is a muscular organ that provides a nurturing environment for a fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining is shed during menstruation.
Cervix: The cervix is the lower narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It acts as a barrier between the uterus and the vagina and plays a role in regulating the passage of sperm into the uterus.
Vagina: The vagina is a muscular canal that connects the cervix to the external genitalia. It serves as a passage for menstrual flow, receives the penis during sexual intercourse, and forms the birth canal during childbirth.
Labia: The labia are folds of skin that surround and protect the vaginal and urethral openings. The labia majora are the outer folds, while the labia minora are the inner folds.
Clitoris: The clitoris is a small, sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva, near the junction of the labia minora. It contains a high concentration of nerve endings and plays a crucial role in sexual pleasure.
Vulva: The vulva refers to the external female genitalia, including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. It serves as the entrance to the reproductive and urinary systems.
The female reproductive system operates in a cyclical manner known as the menstrual cycle, which typically lasts around 28 days. The cycle involves the monthly release of an egg from the ovaries (ovulation), followed by the preparation of the uterus to receive a fertilized egg. If fertilization doesn't occur, the uterine lining is shed during menstruation.
Hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, play a critical role in regulating the menstrual cycle and various reproductive processes. These hormones are produced by the ovaries, with additional support from the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in the brain.
The female reproductive system also supports pregnancy by providing nourishment and protection to the developing fetus until childbirth, which occurs through the dilation of the cervix and the passage of the baby through the vagina.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
2. Adolescence
Puberty
Burst of hormones activate maturation of
the gonads: ovaries
Begins: 8-13 yrs of age
Abnormally early = precocious puberty
Delayed =Primary Amenorrhea
3. Function of Female Reproductive
System
Produce sex hormones
Produce functioning gamates [ova]
Support & protect developing embryo
4. General Physical Changes
Axillary & pubic hair growth
Changes in body conformation [widening
of hips, development of breasts]
Onset of first menstrual period
[menarche]
Mental changes
5. Data from the 1998 Canadian GSS. Students living at home
aged 15-19.
6. THE EMOTIONAL HEALTH OF ADOLESCENT
GIRLS A CONCERN
Our analyses show that adolescent girls in the 15 to 19 age
group may be more emotionally vulnerable today than they
were in the 1980s. Girls surveyed in 1998 reported higher
levels of time pressure and stress, and were less satisfied
with their life, self-esteem, and the way they spent time
than boys.
they assessed their health lower than the boys, and
reported having more difficulty falling asleep.
The most surprising finding is, that girls' levels of life
satisfaction and satisfaction with their self-esteem were in
1998 lower than those reported by adult employed women,
who face considerably greater work challenges and time
pressures.
Source: Zuzanek, J. (2000). The effects of time use and time pressure on
child-parent relationships. Waterloo: Otium Publications
.
8. ovaries
Each ovary is about the size and shape of an
almond. In young women the ovaries are
about 1½ - 2 inches long, 1 inch wide & 1/3
inch thick. After menopause they tend to
shrink.
they produce eggs (also called ova) every
female is born with a lifetime supply of eggs
they also produce hormones:
Estrogen & Progesterone
Male Homolog = testes
9.
10. oogenesis
when the girl becomes sexually mature,
the primary oocytes recommence their
development, usually one at a time and
once a month.
The primary oocyte grows much larger
and completes the meiosis I, forming a
large secondary oocyte and a small
polar body that receives little more than
one set of chromosomes.
11. oogenesis
In humans (and most vertebrates), the
first polar body does not go on to meiosis
II, but the secondary oocyte does proceed
as far as metaphase of meiosis II and
then stops.
Only if fertilization occurs will meiosis II
ever be completed. Entry of the sperm
restarts the cell cycle
12. fallopian tubes [uterine tubes]
stretch from the uterus to the ovaries and
measure about 8 to 13 cm in length.
range in width from about one inch at the end
next to the ovary, to the diameter of a strand of
thin spaghetti.
The ends of the fallopian tubes lying next to the
ovaries feather into ends called fimbria
Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and
interior of the fallopian tubes. The cilia beat in
waves hundreds of times a second catching the
egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube
to the uterine cavity.
Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube
13.
14. uterus
pear-shaped muscular organ in the upper female
reproductive tract.
The fundus is the upper portion of the uterus
where pregnancy occurs.
The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that
connects with the vagina and serves as a
sphincter to keep the uterus closed during
pregnancy until it is time to deliver a baby.
the uterus expands considerably during the
reproductive process. the organ grows to from 10
to 20 times its normal size during pregnancy.
15. uterus
The main body consists of a firm outer coat of
muscle (myometrium) and an inner lining of
vascular, glandular material (endometrium).
The endometrium thickens during the
menstrual cycle to allow implantation of a
fertilized egg.
Pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg
implants successfully into the endometrial
lining. If fertilization does not occur, the
endometrium sloughs off and is expelled as
menstrual flow.
16.
17. endometrium
Functional zone – layer closest to the
cavity – contains majority of glands.
Thicker portion – undergoes changes with
monthly cycle
Basal zone – layer just under
myometrium, attaches functional layer to
myometrial tissue, has terminal ends of
glands. Remains constant
18. Uterine arteries
Arcuate arteries - encircle endometrium
Radial arteries – connect arcuate to
straight
Straight arteries – deliver blood to basilar
zone
Spiral arteries – deliver blood to functional
zone
19. The Cervix
the lower portion or neck of the uterus.
The cervix is lined with mucus, the quality and quantity of
which is governed by monthly fluctuations in the levels of
the estrogen and progesterone.
When estrogen levels are low, the mucus tends to be thick
and sparse, hindering sperm from reaching the fallopian
tubes. But when an egg is ready for fertilization, estrogen
levels are high, the mucus then becomes thin and slippery,
offering a “friendly environment” to sperm
at the end of pregnancy, the cervix acts as the passage
through which the baby exits the uterus into the vagina.
The cervical canal expands to roughly 50 times its normal
width in order to accommodate the passage of the baby
during birth
20. The Vagina
vagin = sheath
a muscular, ridged sheath connecting the
external genitals to the uterus.
functions as a two-way street, accepting
the penis and sperm during intercourse
and roughly nine months later, serving as
the avenue of birth through which the new
baby enters the world
21.
22.
23. External genetalia
vulva—which runs from the pubic area downward to the
rectum.
Mons pubis or "mound of Venus" is the V-shaped area
covered with hair
Labia majora or "greater lips" are the part around the
vagina containing two glands (Bartholin’s glands)which
helps lubrication during intercourse. Male Homolog =
scrotum
Labia minora or "lesser lips" are the thin hairless ridges at
the entrance of the vagina, which joins behind and in front.
In front they split to enclose the clitoris
The clitoris is a small pea-shaped structure (equivalent to
penis in males ) It plays an important part in sexual
excitement in females. Male Homolog = penis
24. External genetalia
The urethral orifice or external urinary opening is
below the clitoris on the upper wall of the vagina
and is the passage for urine
The introitus or opening of the vagina is separate
from the urinary opening (unlike males) and
located below it.
The hymen is a thin cresentic fold of tissue which
partially covers the opening of the vagina.
medically it is no longer considered to be a 100%
proof of female virginity.
25.
26. Mammary Glands [ breasts]
Present in both sexes - normally only functional in
females
Developmentally they are derived from sweat glands
Contained within a rounded skin-covered breast anterior
to the pectoral muscles of the thorax
Slightly below center of each breast is a ring of pigmented
skin, the areola - this surrounds a central protruding
nipple
Internally - they consist of 15 to 25 lobes that radiate
around and open at the nipple
Each lobe is composed of smaller lobules- these contain
alveoli that produce milk when a women is lactating
non-pregnant women - glandular structure is undeveloped
- hence breast size is largely due to the amount of fat
deposits
27.
28. glands
Lesser Vestibular (Paraurethral, Skene's) Male
Homolog = prostate located on the upper wall of the
vagina, around the lower end of the urethra.
They drain into the urethra and near the urethral
opening Function - mucus production to aid
lubrication during intercourse
Greater Vestibular (Bartholin's) Male Homolog =
bulbourethral glands located slightly below and to the
left and right of the opening of the vagina. They
secrete mucus to provide lubrication, especially
when the woman is sexually aroused
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. Table 1. Production Rate of Sex Steroids in Women at Different Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
DAILY PRODUCTION RATE
SEX STEROIDS*
Early
Follicular
Preovulatory Midluteal
Progesterone (mg) 1 4 25
17-Hydroxyprogesterone
(mg)
0.5 4 4
Dehydroepiandrosterone
(mg)
7 7 7
Androstenedione (mg) 2.6 4.7 3.4
Testosterone (µg) 144 171 126
Estrone (µg) 50 350 250
Estradiol (µg) 36 380 250
From Baird DT. Fraser IS. Blood production and ovarian secretion rates of esuadiol-17β and estrone in women throughout the
menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocri-nol Metab 38: l009-1017. 1974. @ The Endocrine Society.
*Values are expressed in milligrams or micrograms per 24 hours.
34. The female hormones that control the cyclic growth and
shedding of the endometrium are estrogen and
progesterone.
Estrogen and progesterone are produced by the ovaries.
Estrogen causes the growth or proliferation of the
endometrium during the first 2 weeks of the menstrual
cycle.
After ovulation, the ovary produces progesterone.
Hormones and the menstrual
cycle
36. When does ovulation occur?
The timing of ovulation varies with the length of a
woman's menstrual cycle.
In the average 28 day menstrual cycle, the LH surge
usually occurs between cycle days 11-13 and
ovulation follows about 36-48 hours later, on or close
to cycle day 14.
Women with shorter menstrual cycle lengths tend to
ovulate earlier and women with longer cycle lengths
tend to ovulate later than cycle day 14.
Despite the variations in menstrual cycle length, the
time from ovulation to the onset of the next menstrual
period is usually constant (2 weeks). This principle is
the basis for the use of ovulation calendars that take
into account an individual's shortest and longest cycle
lengths.
Editor's Notes
Our analyses show that adolescent girls in the 15 to 19 age group may be more emotionally vulnerable today than they were in the 1980s. Girls surveyed in 1998 reported higher levels of time pressure and stress, and were less satisfied with their life, self-esteem, and the way they spent time than boys.
they assessed their health lower than the boys, and reported having more difficulty falling asleep.
The most surprising finding is, that girls&apos; levels of life satisfaction and satisfaction with their self-esteem were in 1998 lower than those reported by adult employed women, who face considerably greater work challenges and time pressures.
Source: Zuzanek, J. (2000). The effects of time use and time pressure on child-parent relationships. Waterloo: Otium Publications
They are among the first organs to be formed as a female baby develops in the uterus. At the 20-week mark, the structures that will become the ovaries house roughly 6 to 7 million potential egg cells. From that point on, the number begins to decrease rapidly. A newborn infant has between 1 million to 2 million egg cells. By puberty the number has plummeted to 300,000. For every egg that matures and undergoes ovulation, roughly a thousand will fail, so that by menopause, only a few thousand remain. During the course of an average reproductive lifespan, roughly 300 mature eggs are produced for potential conception.
The ovaries produce these hormones throughout the fertile period of a woman&apos;s life. It is the hormones that control the menstrual cycle. As you get older and menopause approaches, the ovaries make less and less of these hormones and the periods eventually stop altogether.
So the normal ovaries cannot usually be felt in a clinical examination except in young, thin women.
The ovaries are the main source of female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). These hormones control the development of female body characteristics, such as the breasts, body shape, and body hair. They also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
What is estrogen?
Estrogen is a group of female sex hormones that stimulate the appearance of secondary female sex characteristics in girls at puberty. Estrogen controls controls the growth of the lining of the uterus during the first part of the menstrual cycle, cause breast development in pregnancy and regulates various metabolic processes.
Which chromosomes end up in the egg and which in the polar body is entirely a matter of chance.
(4 to 6 inches) = length
called fimbria (Latin for &quot;fringes&quot; or &quot;fingers&quot;).each tube has about about 20 to 25
Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and interior of the fallopian tubes. The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second catching the egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube to the uterine cavity. Other cells in the tube&apos;s inner lining or endothelium nourish the egg and lubricate it&apos;s path during its stay inside the fallopian tube. Once inside the fallopian tube, the egg and sperm meet and the egg is fertilized. If an egg doesn&apos;t become fertilized within 24 to 36 hours after ovulation, it will deteriorate and be removed by the body&apos;s immune system like any other dead cell in the body.
Size = 3 in long x2 inch diameter
Weighs about 1-1.5 oz
Pregnancy – watermelon sized
Endometrium is about 10% of uterus mass – myometrium almost 90% - thin outer coat called perimetrium
This cyclic process – the menstrual cycle – results from the interaction between the female reproductive organs and the endocrine system.
Each month the uterus goes through a cyclical change, first building up its endometrium or inner lining to receive a fertilized egg, then, if conception does not occur, shedding the unused tissue through the vagina in the monthly process called menstruation
The vagina ends at the cervix,
(cervical mucus changes: employed by birth control pills, shots and implants. One of the ways they prevent conception is to render the cervical mucus thick, sparse, and hostile to sperm.)
It was thought to be proof of virginity as it is broken after the first sexual intercourse. However it is stretchable, and may break due to vigorous exercises, cycling, gymnastics or tampon use.Therefore
Large sebaceous glands in the areola make it slightly bumpy & produce sebum that reduces chapping and cracking of the skin of the nipple
Autonomic NS controls smooth muscle fibers in the areola and nipple cause the nipple to become erect when stimulated by tactile or sexual stimuli & when exposed to the cold
Lobes are padded & separated from each other by fibrous connective tissue and fat
The connective tissue forms suspensory ligaments that attach the breast to the underlying muscle fascia
E1, a type of estrogen, is the most active estrogen in the nonpregnant female.
E3 (estriol) is the major estrogen in the pregnant female. It is produced in the placenta.
Estrogen controls controls the growth of the lining of the uterus during the first part of the menstrual cycle, cause breast development in pregnancy and regulates various metabolic processes.
Progesterone causes the endometrial glands to secrete nutritive substances required by the embryo and to allow it to implant into the endometrial lining.
If fertilization and implantation do not occur, the progesterone falls and the endometrial lining is sloughed off - resulting in menstrual bleeding. If fertilization and implantation do occur, then the ovary continues producing progesterone and the endometrium remains intact to support embryo development and pregnancy.After ovulation, in the space where the egg used to be, a second small cystic area known as the corpus luteum develops and begins to secrete progesterone. The corpus luteum eventually gets reabsorbed by the ovary.
(It is the mid-cycle surge of the hormone LH that causes the dominant follicle to rupture and release the mature egg.)
Once a mature egg has begun its trip through the fallopian tube, remnants of the winning follicle form the corpus luteum, or “yellow body.” Progesterone from the corpus luteum halts development of the remaining follicles and brings the lining of the uterus to peak preparedness.
Meanwhile, the follicle that held the egg still has a critical role to play. First it shrinks markedly, then begins to accumulate fatty substances, or lipids, that give it a yellowish tinge. The resulting structure, now called the corpus luteum (yellow body), produces progesterone and estradiol, two of the hormones critical to reproduction.
In a non-pregnant woman, the corpus luteum lasts for about 14 days, after which it shrinks and dries up, eventually becoming a speck of fibrous scar tissue. If conception occurs, however, a hormone from the developing placenta, which surrounds the baby in the uterus, stimulates the corpus luteum to maintain its production of progesterone during the first trimester of pregnancy