Sustainable development

1. The Contemporary World

2. GLOBALIZATION IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL
 Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world
views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
 Put in simple terms, globalization refers to processes that increase world- wide exchanges of
national and cultural resources.
 Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the
telegraph and its posterity the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further
interdependence of economic and cultural activities.

3. THE TERM GLOBALIZATION
The term globalization is derived from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of an
international network of social and economic systems.
 1930’s – used in the publication entitled Towards New Education, where it denoted a holistic view of
human experience in education.
 1897 – Charles Taze Russel termed corporate giants to refer to the largely national trusts and other
large enterprises of the time.
 1960s – both terms began to be used as synonyms by economists and other social scientists. It then
reached the mainstream press in the later half of the 1980s.

4. THE TERM GLOBALIZATION
“Globalization is the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer.
It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to
mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of the world.”
(Thomas Larsson in The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization)
“All those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society”
(Sociologists Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King)

5. HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
 Obsidian Trade in the Neolithic (6000-3000 BC)
 Economic globalization is as old as history, a
reflection of the human drive to seek new horizons

6. HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
 The Silk Road: a series of trade routes 8,000 km long connecting China, Asia Minor and The Mediterranean. Parts
were opened up about 5000 BC. Connections between China and Europe established with Alexander the Great
 The first era of globalization (in the sense that it encompassed the globe) began during the 19th century with the
rapid growth of international trade between the European imperial powers

7. HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization was severely interrupted from World War I through the depression of the 1930s and World War II until it
restarted again, but slowly, in the 1950s. The pace has picked up in recent decades.
It had several driving forces:
1. Improvements in information technology
2. Trade liberalization
3. Capital flows
4. Cheap travel
5. Less rigorous immigration policies
6. Marketing

8. HISTORY: Proto-globalization
 'early modern globalization' is a period of the history of
globalization roughly spanning the years between 1600
and 1800
 First introduced by historians A. G. Hopkins and
Christopher Bayly, the term describes the phase of
increasing trade links and cultural exchange that
characterized by the rise of maritime European empires,
in the 16th and 17th centuries, first the Portuguese and
Spanish Empires, and later the Dutch and British Empires

9. HISTORY: Modern Globalization
 Result of the industrial revolution
 Industrialization allowed standardized production of
household items using economies of scale while rapid
population growth created sustained demand for
commodities
 In the 19th century, steamships reduced the cost of
international transport significantly and railroads made
inland transport cheaper. The transport revolution
occurred some time between 1820 and 1850.

10. HISTORY: Modern Globalization
 After the Second World War came in the Bretton Woods
conference, an agreement by major governments to lay down
the framework for international monetary policy, commerce and
finance, and the founding of several international institutions
intended to facilitate economic growth multiple rounds of trade
opening simplified and lowered trade barriers.
 Initially, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), led
to a series of agreements to remove trade restrictions. GATT's
successor was the World Trade Organization (WTO), which
created an institution to manage the trading system.

11. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

12. GLOBAL BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS
With improvements in transportation and communication, international business grew
rapidly after the beginning of the 20th century. International business includes all
commercial transactions (private sales, investments, logistics, and transportation) that
take place between two or more regions, countries and nations beyond their political
boundaries.
This lead to the formation of Multi National Companies (MNCs). MNCs are companies
with headquarters in one country but has branches and subsidiaries spread in other
countries.

13. Global Business Organizations

14. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Trade means purchasing goods and services from a
foreign country because they cannot be produced in
sufficient quantities or at a competitive cost in your
own country.
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods,
and services across international borders or
territories. In most countries, such trade represents a
significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
Example: Philippines import of rice from Vietnam

15. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business
purposes.
There are many forms of tourism such as agro tourism,
birth tourism, culinary tourism, cultural tourism, eco-
tourism, extreme tourism, geo tourism, heritage tourism,
medical tourism, nautical tourism, pop-culture tourism,
religious tourism, slum tourism, war tourism, and wildlife
tourism.

16. International Sports
Modern international sports events can be big
business for as well as influencing the political,
economical, and other cultural aspects of
countries around the world. Especially with
politics and sports, sports can affect countries,
their identities, and in consequence, the world.

17. SOCIO-CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
Socio-cultural globalization is when the
transmission of ideas, people, and goods around
the world have reached to such an extent that it
leads to more interconnectedness between people
of different cultures.
Cultural globalization has increased cross-cultural
contacts but may be accompanied by a decrease
in the uniqueness of once-isolated communities.

18. INTERNET
A global computer network providing a variety of
information and communication facilities,
consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols.
Both a product of globalization as well as a
catalyst, the Internet connects computer users
around the world.

19. GLOBAL WORKFORCE
Global workforce refers to the international labor pool of
workers, including those employed by multinational companies
and connected through a global system of networking and
production, immigrant workers, transient migrant workers,
telecommuting workers, and those in contingent work and
other precarious employment.
In 2015, the Philippines replaced Mumbai as the 2nd ranking
BPO destination and will in all likelihood continue to maintain a
high position in the Top 10 worldwide outsourcing destinations
(dominated mostly by Indian cities) in 2017.

20. DIMENSIONSOF GLOBALIZATION

21. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
TECHNOLOGICAL
GLOBALIZATION
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
Theodore Levitt (1983) was
one of the first academics to
write about globalization.

22. AN ECONOMICPROCESS
 Evolution of international markets and corporations led to an intensified form of global
interdependence
 A phenomenon that involves ‘the increasing linkage of national economies through trade,
financial flows, and foreign direct investment … by multinational firms’ (Gilpin, 2000)
 Globalization should be studied in terms of the evolving structure of global economic markets
and their principal institutions

23. ECONOMICGLOBALIZATION
 Rise of neoliberalism and free-trade, changing nature of the production process (Transnational Corporations),
and the liberalization and internationalization of financial transactions
 The economic dimension of globalization is the one most often mentioned in the media. It is associated with
massive amounts of financial capital traded daily on the different stock markets around the globe as well as
with global trade, developments often captured under the label “New Economy.”

24. ECONOMICGLOBALIZATION
In order to monitor the world economy, three economic institutions were created:
 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) would oversee the international monetary system
 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD later renamed the World Bank would
provide loans for European reconstruction but later expanded its activities to the developing world
 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, renamed the World Trade Organization in 1992) would
oversee multilateral trade agreements. For about thirty years, this system remained in place and provided
economic stability and prosperity to Western nations.

25. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
Political globalization is strongly interconnected with the economic perspectives on globalization:
1. What are the political causes for the massive flows of capital, money, and technology across
territorial boundaries?
2. Do these flows constitute a serious challenge to the power of the nation-state?
Notion 1: Economic globalization might be leading to the reduced control of national governments
over economic policy
Notion 2: Politics, especially the successful mobilization of political power, is central in unleashing the
forces of globalization

26. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
Notion 2:
 Politics, especially the successful mobilization of political power, is central in unleashing the
forces of globalization
 Equipped with the power to regulate economic activities within their sphere of influence,
states are far from being impotent bystanders to the workings of global forces
 Politics is the crucial category upon which rests a proper understanding of globalization

27. TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
New technologies have always played a crucial role in the
processes of economic and social globalization. Airplanes,
computers and satellite- based communications make
possible an ever-expanding degree of information exchange,
commodity trade and individual contact across the globe.
Technological globalization is speeded in large part by
technological diffusion, the spread of technology across
borders. In the last two decades, there has been rapid
improvement in the spread of technology to peripheral and
semi-peripheral nations

28. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
Cultural globalization simply means the
extensiveness, intensiveness, velocity and impact of
cultural flows – transmission of symbols, ideas,
artistic and consumption products – on a global
scale.
Technologies of transportation and communication
facilitate cultural diffusion and an emerging global
consciousness. And as our globalization theorem
shows, symbolic exchanges are the ones most easily
globalized.

29. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
Advantages:
1. We can experience various kinds of culture
manifested through music, food, etc.
2. We can be open minded to other countries’
culture
3. We can infuse it with our existing culture and
develop our own

30. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
Disadvantages:
1. Cultural Imperialism: some cultures tend to
dominate others (dominance and spread of
western culture as dominant culture)
2. Uniqueness in culture becomes diffused
3. Reflection of inferiority complex of some
countries and cultures

31. IDEOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
In addition to being an objective transformation of
human relations, globalization also produces a way
of looking at the world in specific terms, that is, an
ideology.
According to Steger (2003: 93), an ideology is “a
system of widely shared ideas, patterned beliefs,
guiding norms and values, and ideals accepted as
truth by a particular group of people.”

32. IDEOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
In addition to being an objective transformation of
human relations, globalization also produces a way
of looking at the world in specific terms, that is, an
ideology.
According to Steger (2003: 93), an ideology is “a
system of widely shared ideas, patterned beliefs,
guiding norms and values, and ideals accepted as
truth by a particular group of people.”