World System theory
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Immanuel Wallerstein was born in 1930 in New York where he grew up and obtained his BS, MA, and PhD degrees from Columbia University where he remained a faculty member from 1958 to 1971. He aimed to provide a new theoretical paradigm to guide investigations into the emergence of capitalism, industrialization, and national states by achieving a conceptual break from modernization theories.
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World systems theory
This document provides an overview of world systems theory, which examines how structures shape the flow of people, goods, and ideas globally. It discusses key concepts such as the core, semi-periphery, and periphery of the global economic system. World systems theory views the global economy as a single world-economy larger than any political unit, with economic relations between parts being most important. It also examines resistance to the world system, modernity, global flows of different types, and the central role of media and cultural imagination.
Modernization theory
The document discusses the topic of modernization. It defines modernization as the process of industrialization, urbanization, and other social changes that transform people's lives. It then covers some key aspects of modernization including social change brought about by new inventions and discoveries, cultural diffusion, characteristics such as the decline of traditional communities and increased bureaucratization. The document also provides a history of modernization, touching on developments in global communication technologies, the roles of industrialization, colonialism, and the spread of ideologies in the modernization process.
Dependency Theory
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
The Dependency Theory
Dependency theory posits that peripheral, less developed nations are dependent on core countries for their economic development, which hinders their ability to develop and benefits core nations. It was developed by Raul Prebisch in response to global disparities and argues that the structure of the world economy favors core countries over peripheral ones. The theory is illustrated through Haiti's history as a peripheral nation dependent on France during colonial rule, which left it impoverished despite producing valuable exports.
Modernization theory
This document provides an overview of modernization theory. It discusses:
1) The emergence of modernization theory in the late 1940s/1950s as a response to concerns about the spread of communism in developing countries. The theory promoted the adoption of Western capitalist and democratic models of development.
2) Modernization theory viewed developing countries as "traditionally" held back from development due to cultural barriers, and proposed they develop through industrialization and adopting Western values/institutions with assistance from Western countries.
3) Critics argue modernization theory promoted an overly simplistic view that did not account for diversity in development paths or historical/cultural contexts of different societies. The theory was also seen as ethn
World System Theory
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Karl Marx
Marxism consists of three components: a political doctrine, a philosophy of history, and an analysis of the economy. Marx believed that the economic base of society, or how wealth is produced, determines the social and political superstructure. As productive technologies change, new class relations emerge between workers and owners. Capitalism relies on wage labor and private control of production, creating an inherent conflict of interests between workers and owners. This leads to capitalism's inevitable collapse due to falling profits, overproduction, and unemployment as workers cannot afford the goods they produce.
Dependency Theory
The document discusses dependency theory, which argues that resources flow from poorer "periphery" states to enrich wealthier "core" states. It originated in reaction to modernization theory. There are two perspectives on dependency - the capitalist view that it facilitates development, and the socialist view that it is a form of imperialism that enriches core states. Key aspects of dependency include globalization, free markets, surplus value flowing to core states, political and technological control by core states, and neo-colonialism. While it was influential in the 1960-70s, dependency theory has lost some influence with the growth of some developing economies, though still impacts anti-poverty campaigns.
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World systems theory
This document provides an overview of world systems theory, which examines how structures shape the flow of people, goods, and ideas globally. It discusses key concepts such as the core, semi-periphery, and periphery of the global economic system. World systems theory views the global economy as a single world-economy larger than any political unit, with economic relations between parts being most important. It also examines resistance to the world system, modernity, global flows of different types, and the central role of media and cultural imagination.
Modernization theory
The document discusses the topic of modernization. It defines modernization as the process of industrialization, urbanization, and other social changes that transform people's lives. It then covers some key aspects of modernization including social change brought about by new inventions and discoveries, cultural diffusion, characteristics such as the decline of traditional communities and increased bureaucratization. The document also provides a history of modernization, touching on developments in global communication technologies, the roles of industrialization, colonialism, and the spread of ideologies in the modernization process.
Dependency Theory
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
The Dependency Theory
Dependency theory posits that peripheral, less developed nations are dependent on core countries for their economic development, which hinders their ability to develop and benefits core nations. It was developed by Raul Prebisch in response to global disparities and argues that the structure of the world economy favors core countries over peripheral ones. The theory is illustrated through Haiti's history as a peripheral nation dependent on France during colonial rule, which left it impoverished despite producing valuable exports.
Modernization theory
This document provides an overview of modernization theory. It discusses:
1) The emergence of modernization theory in the late 1940s/1950s as a response to concerns about the spread of communism in developing countries. The theory promoted the adoption of Western capitalist and democratic models of development.
2) Modernization theory viewed developing countries as "traditionally" held back from development due to cultural barriers, and proposed they develop through industrialization and adopting Western values/institutions with assistance from Western countries.
3) Critics argue modernization theory promoted an overly simplistic view that did not account for diversity in development paths or historical/cultural contexts of different societies. The theory was also seen as ethn
World System Theory
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Karl Marx
Marxism consists of three components: a political doctrine, a philosophy of history, and an analysis of the economy. Marx believed that the economic base of society, or how wealth is produced, determines the social and political superstructure. As productive technologies change, new class relations emerge between workers and owners. Capitalism relies on wage labor and private control of production, creating an inherent conflict of interests between workers and owners. This leads to capitalism's inevitable collapse due to falling profits, overproduction, and unemployment as workers cannot afford the goods they produce.
Dependency Theory
The document discusses dependency theory, which argues that resources flow from poorer "periphery" states to enrich wealthier "core" states. It originated in reaction to modernization theory. There are two perspectives on dependency - the capitalist view that it facilitates development, and the socialist view that it is a form of imperialism that enriches core states. Key aspects of dependency include globalization, free markets, surplus value flowing to core states, political and technological control by core states, and neo-colonialism. While it was influential in the 1960-70s, dependency theory has lost some influence with the growth of some developing economies, though still impacts anti-poverty campaigns.
Dependency Theory
This document summarizes key ideas from two works: Frank's "The Development of Underdevelopment" and Dos Santos' "The Structure of Dependency". Frank argues that modernization theory, which views underdevelopment as a natural phase, is deficient because it ignores how colonialism altered development paths in the Third World. Underdevelopment was intentionally created through exploiting resources and transferring economic surplus to Western nations. Dos Santos identifies three historical forms of dependency - colonial, financial-industrial, technological-industrial - and how they structurally limit industrial development and reproduce inequality in dependent nations under foreign capital's control.
Modernism & Post Modernity
Modernity focused on mass production, social classes, and science-aided progress. Postmodernity is characterized by fragmentation, pluralism, no absolutes, and individuals creating their own identities. Globalization has narrowed time and space while increasing interconnectedness through technology, economic changes, and political changes. Scholars debate whether postmodernity represents a new era or an intensification of modernity, and different theories offer explanations for today's rapid social changes under globalization.
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This document defines neoliberalism and outlines its history and critical analysis. Neoliberalism promotes free market capitalism and limited government intervention. Key institutions like the IMF, World Bank and WTO were established post-WWII to promote neoliberal policies and open markets. However, critics argue these institutions primarily serve developed countries' interests and impose conditions that spread neoliberal ideology rather than balance global economic power. The WTO in particular maintains inequalities despite a democratic structure.
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Liberalism is a political philosophy founded on ideas of liberty and equality. It emphasizes individual freedom and sees international relations as potentially cooperative rather than conflictual. Liberalism emerged with thinkers like John Locke in the 17th century who saw potential for progress in civil society, capitalism, and individual liberty guaranteed by states. The four main strands of liberal thought are institutional liberalism, which underscores organized state cooperation through institutions; interdependence liberalism, which focuses on economic interdependence reducing conflict; sociological liberalism, highlighting non-governmental ties between societies; and republican liberalism, arguing liberal democracies induce peaceful relations.
Karl Marx and theory
Karl Marx (1818-1883) developed influential theories of history, capitalism, and economics. His theory of history, called dialectical materialism, argued that technological and economic developments lead to changes in societal class structures and revolutionary changes in government and ideology. Marx analyzed capitalism and argued it relies on the exploitation of workers, causing economic crises and a falling rate of profit that will ultimately lead to its demise and replacement by communism. Marx's early economic model featured two sectors, one producing capital goods and one consumer goods, with investment driving economic growth.
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Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
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Liberalism theory,Types of liberalism,and criticism
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1 modernization theory of development
1. Modernization theory proposed that societies progress through evolutionary stages from traditional to modern.
2. Theorists like Rostow described these stages as traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.
3. Modernization theory has been criticized for being overly simplistic, ethnocentric, and promoting Western capitalist values over traditional ones.
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Dependency theory developed in the late 1950s led by Raul Prebisch to explain why economic growth in wealthy nations did not necessarily lead to growth in poorer countries. It argues that poorer nations are dependent on wealthy nations for resources, markets, and obsolete technology, which prevents self-sustaining development. Wealthy nations also actively maintain this state of dependence through economic, political, and cultural means. Dependency theory aimed to explain the persistent underdevelopment and inequality between nations as an intrinsic result of the patterns of interaction and trade within the global economic system.
Mode of production
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Auguste Comte was best known for the concept positivism. he was a French philosopher and the prominent founder father of sociology. here is some his some his major theories given below with short explanations
Classical liberalism power point
Classical liberalism emerged in the 19th century promoting individual freedom and laissez-faire economics with little government involvement. It allowed a free market system and the division of social classes. Utopian socialism developed in response, proposing that collective ownership could eliminate poverty and unemployment by having people work for the common good rather than personal gain. Robert Owen established a utopian community called New Harmony to test these ideas in the early 1800s.
Liberalism
Liberalism is a political philosophy founded on ideas of liberty and equality. It emphasizes individual freedom and sees international relations as potentially cooperative rather than conflictual. Liberalism emerged with thinkers like John Locke in the 17th century who saw potential for progress in civil society, capitalism, and individual liberty guaranteed by states. The four main strands of liberal thought are institutional liberalism, which underscores organized state cooperation through institutions; interdependence liberalism, which focuses on economic interdependence reducing conflict; sociological liberalism, highlighting non-governmental ties between societies; and republican liberalism, arguing liberal democracies induce peaceful relations.
Karl Marx and theory
Karl Marx (1818-1883) developed influential theories of history, capitalism, and economics. His theory of history, called dialectical materialism, argued that technological and economic developments lead to changes in societal class structures and revolutionary changes in government and ideology. Marx analyzed capitalism and argued it relies on the exploitation of workers, causing economic crises and a falling rate of profit that will ultimately lead to its demise and replacement by communism. Marx's early economic model featured two sectors, one producing capital goods and one consumer goods, with investment driving economic growth.
Assignment on development and undevelopment theory
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
Talcott Parsons.pdf
Parsons was a pioneer of functionalism in sociology. He introduced a grand theory of social action and social systems that aimed to provide a universal framework for understanding all human behavior. His theory of social action defined it as any consciously performed act. He also developed a systems approach, analyzing society as a system with four subsystems that perform the functions of adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and pattern maintenance. Parsons' theories were highly abstract and criticized for being difficult to empirically test.
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Development Meaning and Definition
Development involves both mental and social changes in a population that seeks to increase real and sustainable economic growth over time. It is a multidimensional process that requires reorganizing economic and social systems to improve quality of life. True development is long-term, participatory social change for the majority of a society through better understanding of their environment. It encompasses improvements in economic, social, political, security, cultural and social aspects of a whole society, not just economic indicators.
Herbert spencer
Herbert Spencer was a prominent 19th century British philosopher who is considered one of the founders of social evolutionism and social Darwinism. He argued that societies evolve in a manner analogous to biological evolution, advancing from simple undifferentiated homogeneity to increasingly complex heterogeneity through differentiation and competition. He believed this social evolution was propelled by the "survival of the fittest" and that it would lead to continual social progress. Spencer applied evolutionary theory to develop a framework for understanding sociological concepts like social structure, functions, and social change over time.
Liberalism
Liberalism is an ideology that emphasizes individualism, freedom, reason, justice, and toleration. It originated as a response to feudalism and the rise of the middle class. There are several variants of liberalism including classical liberalism, economic liberalism, neoliberalism, and modern liberalism. Modern liberalism supports a more interventionist state than classical liberalism to address social injustices.
Liberalism theory,Types of liberalism,and criticism
Liberalism is an international relations theory that focuses on cooperation between states. Key assumptions of liberalism include a positive view of human nature and belief in progress through cooperation. Classical liberalism thinkers like Grotius and Kant believed states could cooperate despite anarchy. Modern liberalism includes interdependence liberalism, which sees increased economic interdependence reducing conflict, and institutional liberalism, which argues international institutions help states cooperate by reducing fears and encouraging trust. Neoliberal institutionalism posits that institutions mediate cooperation among self-interested states.
1 modernization theory of development
1. Modernization theory proposed that societies progress through evolutionary stages from traditional to modern.
2. Theorists like Rostow described these stages as traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.
3. Modernization theory has been criticized for being overly simplistic, ethnocentric, and promoting Western capitalist values over traditional ones.
Dependency theory pwp
Dependency theory developed in the late 1950s led by Raul Prebisch to explain why economic growth in wealthy nations did not necessarily lead to growth in poorer countries. It argues that poorer nations are dependent on wealthy nations for resources, markets, and obsolete technology, which prevents self-sustaining development. Wealthy nations also actively maintain this state of dependence through economic, political, and cultural means. Dependency theory aimed to explain the persistent underdevelopment and inequality between nations as an intrinsic result of the patterns of interaction and trade within the global economic system.
Mode of production
Karl Marx identifies production as essential for human existence and as a social activity that requires cooperation and organization. He describes different modes of production throughout history - from primitive communism to slave societies to feudalism and capitalism - that determine societal class divisions and expressions of culture. Under capitalism, the economic base of forces and relations of production are controlled by the ruling capitalist class, while the social superstructure serves to maintain their interests, but contradictions will lead to revolution and establishment of a communist mode of production without classes.
Social movement
Social movements are group actions focused on political or social issues in order to create or resist social change. They involve networks of individuals and organizations engaged in political or cultural conflicts based on shared identities. There are various definitions but they generally involve sustained interactions between ordinary people and those in power to make collective claims. Social movements employ tactics like protests, demonstrations, and petitions. They have historically emerged alongside broad economic and political changes. Key processes that facilitated their growth include urbanization, industrialization, education, and new communication technologies. Social movements can be classified based on their goals, methods, targets, and whether they aim to reform or radically transform society. Theories have attempted to explain their emergence and development. In India, new social movements emerged
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World System theory
- 4. Immanuel Wallerstein was born in New York in 1930. Where he grew up and did his all studies.
- 5. He entered Columbia university . Where he obtained his BS , MA , and PhD degrees. He remained a faculty member in Columbia’s Department of Sociology from 1958 to 1971
- 6. He aimed at achieving “a clear conceptual break with theories of ‘modernization’, and thus provide a new theoretical paradigm to guide our investigations of the emergence and development of capitalism , industrialization and national states”.