Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of economies across the world through international trade, investment, and financial capital flows. It involves companies expanding their business operations globally. The key drivers of globalization are international trade, capital flows, technology advancement, communication, and population mobility. As companies become more global in their operations, they typically progress from having a domestic focus to establishing international subsidiaries, and eventually operating as multinational or global firms. Successful globalization requires conditions like business freedom, infrastructure, government support, access to resources, and competitiveness. Potential benefits include increased foreign investment, competition, consumer choice, and innovation. However, challenges include attracting investment, economic inequality, unemployment, increased competition, and barriers

1. Globalisation

2. Meaning

Globalisation is a way of corporate life necessitated, facilitated and
nourished by the world economy.
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Expansion of economic activities across political boundaries of the
nation state.

It refers to the process of increasing economic integration and growing
economic interdependence between countries in the world economy.
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It encompasses the following
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Doing, planning to expand business globally
No distinction between domestic market and foreign market
Planning product development on the global market consideration
Global sourcing of factors of production from the best source
anywhere in the world
Global orientation of organisational structure and management
culture.

3. Drivers of Globalisation

Growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through
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International Trade
International Capital flows
Technology advancement
Communication
Population mobility

4. Stages of Globalisation
Domestic Firm / moves
To new market overseas
International Firm
Joint Venture / Subsidiaries
Set up there own manufacturing,
marketing and sales in foreign land
Multinational Firm
Global Firm

5. Essential Conditions of Globalisation

Business Freedom / Economic Liberalisation:
No unnecessary Govt restrictions

Facilities:
Infrastructural facilities available in the home country.

Government support:
Policy and procedural reforms, financial market reforms,
R & D support
.
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Resources:
Finance, technology, R& D capabilities, company brand image,
human resources

Competitiveness:
Competitive advantage of the company is an important determinant
of success in global business.

6. Benefits of Globalisation
1)
Promotes Foreign capital
2)
Increase in competition would make companies more cost and quality
conscious.
3)
Global competition keeps a check on prices.
4)
It improves standard of living
5)
Enhances consumer choice and surplus
6)
Better pay package
7)
Gives encouragement to innovation
8)
Opens up opportunities for firms in developing countries.
9)
Capital flow gives the country access to foreign investment and keep the
interest rate low.

7. Challenges of Globalisation
Globalisation gives lot of challenges for the firms and nations. Like:

Attracting foreign investment

Globalisation may increases the economic inequality. Therefore
globalisation should be accompanied by socio-economic reforms.

Merger and acquisition pose a challenge to government for ensuring fair
competition. An effective policy to safeguard domestic companies is
required.

Rise in domestic unemployment of unskilled labour, which needs to be
absorbed
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Increase competition worldwide, as only efficient firms can survive.

8. Challenges of Globalisation

Sometimes domestic- smaller / medium firms (domestic firms) have an
edge over multinationals in respect of standardisation , adaptability,
better knowledge of consumer taste and preferences. So domestic firms
need to induce technology of MNCs.

Technology of MNCs may not suit the host country.

Dumping of obsolete technology.

Replacement of traditional and indigenous products by modern products
resulting in ruin of traditional crafts and industries.

Globalisation could lead to serve the vested interest of certain sections.

Developed countries are putting more barriers to trade than developing
countries. So countries to tackle the NTBs

9. India and Globalisation
Obstacles

Govt Policy and Procedures:
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High cost:
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Poor infrastructure:
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Obsolescence:
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Resistance to change:
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Poor quality Image:
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Supply problem:
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Small size:
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Lack of experience
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Limited R & D and marketing research
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Trade barriers
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Growing competition form developing countries.

10. India and Globalisation
Advantages

Human Resources:
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Wide Base:
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Growing entrepreneurship:
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Growing domestic Market
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Competition
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Niche Market

Competition

11. Regional Trade
Agreements

12. RTA focus – not only true for India but it
is a global reality
300
2007

13. Types of RTA’s

14.  Preferential Trade Agreement:
 A grouping of countries where partial preference to trading
partners are given.
Central American Common Market (CACM)

Free Trade Area:
 A grouping of countries to bring free trade between them.
 North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA)
 ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)
 EFTA ( European Free Trade Association)
 LAFTA ( Latin america Free trade association)

Custom Union:
 Eliminates all restrictions on Trade members but also adopts a
uniform commercial policy against the non-member.
 European Economic Community (EEC)

15. 
Common Market:
 It allows free movement of labour and capital in addition to
having free movements of goods and having common
commercial policy for non-members.
 ECM ( European Common Market)
 CACM ( Central American Common Market)
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Economic Union:
 Members countries have same economic policies, including
monetary and fiscal policy.
 EU ( European Union)