Glass, a translucent marvel, is a solid material crafted from silica, soda ash, and limestone. Renowned for its transparency, it serves as a vessel for both artistic expression and practical utility. Whether in architecture, décor, or everyday containers, glass's unique properties of transparency and malleability make it an indispensable element of our modern world. Celebrating its versatility, glass stands as a testament to human creativity and innovation, shaping our surroundings with its clear and enduring presence.
This presentation is all about Glass, its properties,the raw materials used in glass, the manufacturing process for making glasses and then different types of glasses and their properties. :)
This ppt is made for the f****ng teachers who give there students these foolish work and waste there time....hope..next time the'll nt give these type of HOLIDAY.H.W..
This presentation is all about Glass, its properties,the raw materials used in glass, the manufacturing process for making glasses and then different types of glasses and their properties. :)
This ppt is made for the f****ng teachers who give there students these foolish work and waste there time....hope..next time the'll nt give these type of HOLIDAY.H.W..
The ppt is useful for basic information on Cement, glass & refactories.
All above materials are used as Civil engineering materials.
Study group: Polytechnic level, For First Year students.
Glass Industry (Chemistry of Glass industry) Pakistan's Glass IndustryMuhammad Abubakar
This Presention is about the chemistry of glass industry.
This includes
Glass
Types of glass
General properties of glass
Manufacturing process of glass
Uses of glass.
Pakistan's glass's economy
import and export of float glass of Pakistan
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
i have made all the slide for civil engineering and poly diploma civil.
these are 100% correct but in case of some error comment down or contact me on (laxmans227@gmail.com)
follow me for all updates
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section
so keep calm and follow me(now).
software - power point presentation 2015
Engineering Materials:
Portland Cement: Definition, manufacturing by Rotary Kiln, role of gypsum, chemistry of
setting and hardening of cement.
Glass: Definition, manufacturing by tank furnace, significance of annealing, types and
properties of soft glass, hard glass, borosilicate glass.
Lubricants: Classification, mechanism, properties; viscosity and viscosity index, flash and
fire point, cloud and pour point.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The ppt is useful for basic information on Cement, glass & refactories.
All above materials are used as Civil engineering materials.
Study group: Polytechnic level, For First Year students.
Glass Industry (Chemistry of Glass industry) Pakistan's Glass IndustryMuhammad Abubakar
This Presention is about the chemistry of glass industry.
This includes
Glass
Types of glass
General properties of glass
Manufacturing process of glass
Uses of glass.
Pakistan's glass's economy
import and export of float glass of Pakistan
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
i have made all the slide for civil engineering and poly diploma civil.
these are 100% correct but in case of some error comment down or contact me on (laxmans227@gmail.com)
follow me for all updates
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section
so keep calm and follow me(now).
software - power point presentation 2015
Engineering Materials:
Portland Cement: Definition, manufacturing by Rotary Kiln, role of gypsum, chemistry of
setting and hardening of cement.
Glass: Definition, manufacturing by tank furnace, significance of annealing, types and
properties of soft glass, hard glass, borosilicate glass.
Lubricants: Classification, mechanism, properties; viscosity and viscosity index, flash and
fire point, cloud and pour point.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. INDRODUCTION
*Glass is an amorphous,hard, brittle,
transparent or translucent super cooled
liquid of infinite viscosity having,no definite
melting point obtained by fusing a mixture of
a number of metallic silicates or borates of
sodium,potassium,calcium,and lead.
3.
4. PROPERTIES OF GLASS.
Glass is
•amorphous. •brittle. •transparent
•good electrical insulator
•unaffected by air,water,acid or chemical reagents except
HF.
•No definite crystal structure means glass have high
compressive strength.
•can absorb ,transmitt and reflect light.
7. NOTES
Na=sodium carbonate,sodium sulphate or sodium nitrate.
K=potassium carbonate or potassium nitrate.
Ca=lime, limestone (CaO,CaCO3).
Ba=Barium carbonate
Heat resisting glass=Zinc(Zinc Oxide)
Opalescent glass= phosphates.( Calcium phosphate)
And also arsenic and antimony.
8. MANUFACTURE OF
ORDINARY GLASS.
Ordinary glass/soda
glass/window glass.
Na2O.CaO.6SiO2.
STEPS
•Fusion of the raw
materials.
•working of molten
glass.
•Annealing.
9. Fusion of the
raw materials
Furnace heated by producer gas and works on
the regenerative system of heat economy
.
The raw materials sodium
carbonate calcium
carbonate and sand are
finely powedered and
thoroughly mixed with one
another,A small amount of
scrap glass is also added
which acts as flux.The
mixture is fused in a tank
10. On continued heating the entire amount of
CO2 is driven out.At the end the opaque
mass turns clear and transparent and is free
from CO2 and SO2.
11. A glass blower rolls his blowpipe into the molten
mass until the required amount of glass has
adhered to its end.Then blows a bubble in the
adhering mass and give it the required shape
with or without the help of mould .In bigger
factories the greater fraction of products is
machine made while laboratory glassware and
a few better grades of table glass are still
manufactured by the hand blown process.
2.Working of molten glass.
12. 3.ANNEALING
If the glass is cooled rapidly it will
become brittle and if cooled very
slowly it will become opaque.so that
the articles should be cooled neither
rapidly nor very slowly.For this they
are made to pass through a long
tunnel like furnace which is hot at
one end and at room temperature
at the other end.This process of
cooling of glass is called annealing.
13. TYPES OF GLASS
Types Composition
/raw
materials
Advantages Uses
Sodaglass/soft
glass
SiO2(75%)+Sodi
um
oxide(15%)+Calci
um
oxide(8%)+Alumi
nium oxide(2%)
It softens at
comparatively
lower
temperature.
14. Potash
glass/hard glass
Sand, limestone,
potassium
carbonate
This has higher
melting point and
can withstand
higher
temperature.
Flint glass/lead
-potash lime
glass
Raw materials are
sand,red lead and
potassium carbonate
Composition-silica(45%
),sodium oxide(4%)
potassium
oxide(4%),CaO(3%),Pb
O(44%)
High refractive
index.
15. Jena glass Mixture of Zinc
and Barium boro
silicates.
Stronger than
ordinary glass,low
coefficient of
expansion and is very
resistant to heat
,action of acid and
alkali
Pyrex glass Mixture of sodium
aluminium
borosilicates,80%silica,4
%sodium
oxide,0.5%CaO,0.5%pot
assium
oxide,12%B2O3,3%
Al2O3
Coefficient of
expansion is very
low.
16. Bottle glass
3.5% MgO
and0.5%of
Al2O3Fe2O3
Ordinary soda
lime glass
Quartz
glass/silica glass
It is obtained
from pure silica.
It has a low
coefficient of
expansion.it does
not break even
plunged in water
while red hot.
17. Ground glass It has been ground
by emery and
turpentine or by
sand blasting.
It is widely used as a
weather and heat proof
light diffuser in ambient
lighting ,namely on
enclosures for lamps
and incandescent
bulbs.Its functions
include reducing glare
and retinal damage by
direct sight of the lamp.
Crooke’s glass It is a special type
of optical glass
containing cerium
oxide.
Cerium oxide in
glass cuts off
ultraviolet rays
harmful to eyes.
18. Safety
glass/shatter
proof glass.
It is obtained by
placing a layer of
transparent plastic
(usually a sheet of
vinyl acetate resin)
between two layers of
glass by means of a
suitable adhesive and
cementing them by
heat and pressure.
As this glass
does not break
under ordinary
impact so that it
is used in
automobile wind
shields,goggles...
