This document discusses different types of glands and hormones. It describes exocrine glands, which secrete substances through ducts, and endocrine glands, which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries and testes. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland by releasing hormones that either stimulate or inhibit hormone secretion. Hormones can be proteins, peptides, steroids, or amino acid derivatives. They act on target cells through membrane receptors or by directly entering cells to initiate physiological responses.

1. By Pankaj Kukreti

2. What Are gland :
Cell or group of cell. Which
has some structure & secrete
some chemical substances
and secret some chemical
substances

3. Type :-

4. Exocrine Gland : Gland have duct and their secretion comes out
through the duct,
 Secret generally enzyme, all enzyme are protein in
nature
 They are use again & again ,
 act on substrate convert into product

5. Endocrine : Gland have no duct in their structure so called ductless




gland
They secrete Chemical substances called harmone,
They are non-nutrient and act as chemical messenger
and flow through blood stream, act on target site,
These can't be use again and again,
They may be protein, steroid or protein derivative

6. Harmone Type : Releasing harmone:-
which stimulate secretion of harmone from pituitary
gland
 Inhibitory Harmone :-
Which inhibit secretion of harmone from pituitary
gland, so hypothalamus control activity of pituitary
gland

7. Exocrine Gland Type :-

8. Endocrine Gland Type :- Pineal Gland
- Hypothalamus Gland
- Pituitary Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Thymus Gland
- Adrenal Gland
- Pancreas
- Ovaries ( In Female)
- Testis (In Male)

9. Harmone Of Hypothalamus :-

10. List : 1: Growth harmone releasing harmone (GH-RH)
2: Growth harmone inhibitory harmone (GH-IH)
3: Thyroid Stimulating Releasing Harmone (TS-RH)
4: Thyroid Stimulating Inhibitory Harmone (TS-IH)
5: Gonadotrophin Releasing Harmone (GT-RH)
6: Gonadotrophin Inhibitory Harmone (GT-IH)
7: Adreno CorticoTrophic Releasing Harmone (ACT-RH)
8: Adreno CorticoTrophic Inhibitory Harmone (ACT-IH)
9: Prolacting Releasing Harmone (P-RH)
10: Prolacting Inhibitory Harmone (P-IH)
11: Oxytoxin Releasing Harmone (O-RH)
12: Oxytoxin Inhibitory Harmone (O-IH)
13: ADH Releasing harmone (ADH-RH)
14: ADH Releasing harmone (ADH-IH)

11. Pituitary Gland :Lies in sella tursisa, pituitary gland attach with brain
by stock called Infundiculum, present in fore-limb and act as
endocrine gland, made up of 2 parts
- Adenohypophysis :Also called anterior lobe of pituitary gland and consist
of pars distalis and pars intermedia secrete various harmone
under control of hypothalamus
- Neurohypophysis:Posterior lobe of pituitary gland, consist of pars
nervasa, which secrete harmones under the control of
hypothalamus

13. Pancrease:Mixed gland which contain Both Exocrine and
Endocrine part in their structure, Situated near curve of
duodenum, Exocrine part is about 99% called pancreatic
acini, Endocrine part make 1% part of pancreas and
contain 1-2 million islets of langerhans, they consist α
and β cell, α cell secrete glycogen harmone whereas β
cell secrete insulin harmone

14. Harmone Of Pancrease : Glycogen :-
Harmone which convert the stored food glycogen into
glucose, so increase blood sugar level and called
Hyperglycemic harmone
 Insulin :It is a proteinous harmone which convert the glucose into
glycogen so called hypoglycemic harmone
Both glycogen and insulin maintain blood sugar Level
NOTE :Diabetes :Occur when blood glucose level increase, it occur due
to deficiency of insulin harmone or over secretion of
glycogen harmone

15. Mechanism of Harmonal action :Chemically harmone have variety of Chemical by which
they form
Protein, Peptide, Polypeptide harmone :They are proteinious harmone
ex:- insulin, glycogen and harmone of pituitary gland
 Steroid Harmone :Include testosterone, estrogen and progesterone
 Amino acid derivatives :They derived from amino acid ,so called catechol
harmone
Ex:- epinephrine (adrenaline and non-adrenaline ), Iodized
harmone (Thyroxine)

16. Harmone Nature : If Harmone are Protein in nature:-
Harmone are protein, so they pick up by cell membrane
and give primary response then taken by secondary
messenger (Cyclic AMP or Ca++ ion) and given rise to
biochemical response and perform metabolic activities Or
action
 If Harmone are Steroid :So this harmone directly enters into Cell and pick up
by receptor and form harmone receptor complex and
perform function