This document provides an overview of the biosphere and cryosphere. It begins with introductions to the biosphere, defining it as the totality of living organisms and their environment on Earth. It describes the evolution of the biosphere from the Archaean period to modern stages. It also outlines important biomes and ecosystems. The document then discusses the cryosphere, defining it as the frozen parts of the Earth system, including glaciers, snow, ice sheets, and sea ice. It explains the role of the cryosphere in the climate system and provides examples of snow and ice distribution. In concluding, the document emphasizes the significance of the cryosphere in global climate responses to changes.
This topic is all about Glaciation. This includes; the causes of glaciation, the origin of glaciers, formation, primary types, movement, the erosional, transportation and depositional mechanisms. This also includes the common landforms brought by glaciers.
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
All of the presentations that i have uploaded are made by me for school projects from 9-12 grade.For most of them you actually need to have learned something to recite and what you see on the presentations are just hints.
This topic is all about Glaciation. This includes; the causes of glaciation, the origin of glaciers, formation, primary types, movement, the erosional, transportation and depositional mechanisms. This also includes the common landforms brought by glaciers.
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
All of the presentations that i have uploaded are made by me for school projects from 9-12 grade.For most of them you actually need to have learned something to recite and what you see on the presentations are just hints.
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
Human civilization has existed for a very short time on Earth. If we take the existence of Earth as equivalent to one year in time. Then human civilisation only appears on the last second of the last hour of the last day in the Earth’s year. Human has been fighting each other since the beginning of history. In the last century, we had two World Wars, when millions were killed. But I am the luck generation that miraculously never experienced wars, although the drums of wars are never too far away. We have arsenals of weapons that could destroy the world many times over. In my life time, I have also seen many of our children, marrying people of different races too. Our greatest enemy is ourselves. If we can survive this, there is the whole universe to explore. Finally, just remind ourselves that the longest Ice Age on Earth lasted for well over 1 billion years long and our civilisation is only 10,000 years old. 16 Jan 2022.
how do the masses of the earth, oceans, atmosphere, and biosphere co.pdfarpitcomputronics
how do the masses of the earth, oceans, atmosphere, and biosphere compare?
Solution
The hydrosphere is a characterizing normal for the Earth. It is the main planet in the Solar
System with a hydrological cycle. This incorporates: seas; freshwater (streams, lakes, and
groundwater); and the cryosphere (where water exists as a strong – ice or snow –, for example,
inside ice sheets, ice sheets and permafrost/solidified ground. These are likewise significant
stores of freshwater). The hydrosphere and cryosphere are likewise much of the time perceived
as two separate \'circles\'. Together, these water sources are essential for all types of life on
Earth, and they are the reason that Earth is regularly named the \'water planet\'.
The air is the thick layer of vaporous material which encompasses the Earth. The greater part of
the environment exists in 97 km of the Earth\'s surface, yet it has no unequivocal limit. The air is
isolated into four layers, the Troposphere (0-10 km elevation), the Stratosphere (10-45 km
height), the Mesosphere (45-80 km height), and the Thermosphere (80-300 km elevation). The
environment involves: 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide
and little measures of different gasses. These gasses are regularly named \'nursery gasses\' as
they are gently adjusted to keep up the Earth\'s temperature at a level appropriate to maintain life.
Without these gasses, and the regular nursery impact, the normal temperature of the Earth would
be around - 18°C (0°F) rather than its current 14°C (57°F).Earth is one of only a handful couple
of planets in the nearby planetary group which has an air. Venus, one of our nearest neighbors
has an environment made of 96.5% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 3.5% nitrogen (N2), which frames
an extremely harmful climate, permitting it to keep up a sweltering surface temperature of
467°C!
The lithosphere is the term given to the stone and minerals which shape Earth\'s external outside
and its structural plates. This is a critical part of the Earth\'s framework as these stones get to be
distinctly disintegrated and weathered to give essential minerals to the next Earth frameworks.
Through Earth\'s history, the whole lithosphere has been reused roughly six circumstances. At
the peripheral layer of the lithosphere, the \"pedosphere\" (which means soil circle) exists at the
interface between lithospheric, air, biospheric and hydrospheric forms. The blend of these
procedures prompts to soil arrangement, which is basic for maintaining life on Earth (the
biosphere).
The biosphere alludes to a wide range of life on Earth, including plants, creatures, and
microscopic organisms. Over the historical backdrop of the Earth the biosphere has changed
significantly with an awesome number of animal types developing, adjusting, and getting to be
distinctly wiped out. The differing qualities of the biosphere fluctuates extraordinarily over the
Earth, as species can be very helpless against even minor vari.
Earth system refers to Earth’s interacting physical, chemical, and biological processes.
The system consists of the land, oceans, atmosphere and poles.
It includes the planet’s natural cycles – the carbon, water, nitrogen, phosphorus, Sulphur and other cycles – and deep Earth processes.
Life too is an integral part of the Earth system
Reduce climate change
Ecological services generated by the living biosphere
Food production
Natural Resources
Climate: Climatic Change - Evidence, Cycles and The Futuregeomillie
A PowerPoint used in class to cover the key forms of evidence you need to know for the Exam. Key Questions are likely to be focused on how we can gain information of past climatic change, and how it can be used to predict future, and I would expect you to be able to comment on the usefulness of the different types. For instance, Ice cores are highly accurate and quantifiable evidence, but gaining them is expensive, and only gives a climatic record for the site at which the snow formed. However, they do provide the longest record of change.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Contents
Introduction
Hypothesis
Archean Biosphere
Biosphere Evolution
Important stages of Biosphere
Ecosystem and Biomes(Major Biomes)
Distribution Of Major Terrestrial Biomes
Cryosphere
Role of Cryosphere in Climate System
Snow Distribution and Variation
Structure Of Cryosphere
Conclusion
References
3. INTRODUTION
The process of the origin and evolution of living organisms is
indivisible from the process of the origin and evolution of
Biosphere. The most general features of biosphere evolution as a
directed process are formulated in the Principle of “bio-
actualism”. It is demonstrated, that this principle, stated for
Phanerozoic eon, hold for early biosphere up to the period of
biosphere coming into being.
"Bio" means life, and the term biosphere, had first coined by
Eduard Seuss ,the term biosphere more than hundred years ago,
it is Vladimir Vernadsky’s concept of the biosphere, formulated in
1926,Another term sometimes used is ecosphere ("eco" meaning
home).
4. Cont…
Biosphere is a specific envelope of the Earth, comprising totality of
all living organisms and that part of planet matter which is in
constant material exchange with these organisms. It is a feature that
distinguishes the earth from the other planets in the solar system.
The biosphere includes the outer region of the earth (the lithosphere)
and the lower region of the atmosphere (the troposphere). It also
includes the hydrosphere, the region of lakes, oceans, streams, ice
and clouds comprising the earth's water resources.
Traditionally, the biosphere is considered to extend from the bottom
of the oceans to the highest mountaintops, a layer with an average
thickness of about 20 kilometers. Scientists now know that some
forms of microbes live at great depths, sometimes several thousand
meters into the earth's crust
5.
6. HYPOTHESIS
Traditionally, the problem of the origin of life on Earth is the
study of how biological life across from inorganic matter and
primary living organisms spread around the planet.
Some philosophers and scientists such as Helmholtz and
Arrhenius proposed the hypothesis of “panspermia” ,The place
and the origin of life is from outside the Earth somewhere in
cosmos.
The abiogenesis hypothesis claims that life emerged from non-
living matter in early terrestrial conditions. This is the traditional
approach to the question of life’s origin.
Main questions of abiogenesis hypothesis are reduced to an
origin of biological membranes via emergence of ionic
asymmetry of the cells and chiral asymmetry of bio molecules.
7. BIOSPHERE
Virtually all life on earth exists in biosphere, that area between several
kilometer above the surface of the earth to several kilometers below the
surface .
The biosphere is a very tiny region on the scale of the whole earth, analogous to the
thickness of the skin on an apple. The bulk of living organisms actually live within a
smaller fraction of the biosphere, from about 500 meters below the ocean's surface to
about 6 kilometres above sea level.
8. PUTTING IT INTO PERSPECTIVE
If the universe were scaled down to the size of the surface of
the earth, our solar system would equal the size of a single
bacterial cell.
Our biosphere wouldn’t even register as a single atom on the
planet’s surface .
9. Archaean biosphere
The Archaean biosphere was probably an oxygenic and
chemotropic, With oxidized ‘‘spots’’ of oxygenic photo synthetics .
The inversion of that Biosphere with irreversible oxygenation of
the atmosphere by cyanobacteria began 2 Byr ago, after large
amounts of Fe3O4 ore mass were buried . Then the iron cycle in
the biosphere was replaced by the sulfur cycle.
These cycles are incompatible sulfate reduction brings all free iron
into sulfides. Before that, sulfur was likely to concentrate in the
crust.
For example, in Precambrian volcanite in the form of sulfides. So
the immensely large iron ‘‘reservoir,’’ which used to bind free
10. Pre -Cambrian period was a time of immense change in the nature
of the biosphere, characterized by glaciations of possible global
extent (the so-called ‘Snowball Earth)
12. Important Stages of Biosphere
Evolution
Basic stages of climate evolution, earth’s crust
evolution and biosphere evolution
13.
14. Ecosystem
Dynamic interactions between plants ,animals ,micro organisms
and their environment ,working together as a functional unit.
Ecosystem will fail if they do not remain in balance .
No community can carry more organisms than it food ,water and
shelter can accommodate .
Food and territory are often balanced by natural phenomena (fire
,disease and predatarors).
Each organism has its own role to play .
Biome
A biome is a large area with similar flora, fauna, and micro
organisms.
Examples :
Tropical rain forest
Tundra in the arctic regions
Evergreen trees in the coniferous forests
15. Confusion about Ecosystem and
Biome ?
Ecosystem
- can be as large as the sahara desert, or as small as a
puddle or vernal pool.
Biome
-many similar ecosystems thoughts the world grouped
together
19. Cryosphere
Cryo(frozen) , a component of the
earth’s Climate system comprised of
water in its solid state
It consist of
Glaciers and ice sheets
Snow
Permafrost
Sea ice (perannia and seasonal)
The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate
system with important linkages and feedbacks generated
through its influence on surface energy and moisture ,fluxes
, clouds , precipitation , hydrology
Thus the cryosphere plays a significant role in the global
climate model response to global changes .
20. Climates of the Earth and Cryosphere Evolution
We very often consider that we live in a warm climate. Through this travel in the
deep ages of the Earth, we shall see that this idea is mostly wrong.
During the Earth’s history. A striking feature is that, most of the time, there is just
no cryosphere at all.
The most common climate state of our planet is in fact warm . Since the
Precambrian explosion, 540 Ma ago the period that is best documented.
The glacial periods are also very infrequent. For instance, the dinosaurs, which
lasted very long (220–65 Ma), lived during warm climates without any ice sheet
most of the time .
In contrast, the period where we presently live (the Quaternary) with two ice
sheets (one in each hemisphere) in the last2.6 Ma is indeed a cold period and one
of the rare periods on the geological timescale.
For more than 1 Ma, the climate has shifted from glacial (80%) to interglacial
(20%). During the glacial period, four ice sheets existed, Greenland and Antarctica,
two extra ice sheets were located over the northern parts of North America and
over the north of Europe .
In the most recent 14,000 years, we are in a warm interglacial climate during
which human population has spread all over the world.
21. Role of cryosphere climate system
Largest of fresh water storage
> influence sea level rise
>water resource
>influence ocean circulation
Regular earth’s albedo(reflection of light)change.
Reduce turbulent transport of heat ,water and momentum
Change in ocean buoyancy flux.
Glacier runoff from Antarctica in a major source of fresh water
for southern ocean .
Regular regional global climate .
Milankovitch theory describes the collective effects of
changes in the Earth’s movements upon its climate,
22. 87% of ice is in Antarctica
10% Greenland
2.5% ice shelves (mostly Antarctic)
If all Ice melted sea levels would go up by about 65 meters (213 ft)
23. snow distribution and variation
The map shows how snow is distributed across the globe (in winter time).
Well, of course, this excludes the two poles which have much more snow and
throughout the year. I also see how South America and South East Asia are evergreen
throughout the year. By NOAA
Satellite sensors: METOP-A AVHRR, DMSP F-16,-17 and -18 SSMIS, GOES-East
and -West Imager, MSG SEVIRI
24. Glacier
A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice exceeding a surface area of
0.1 km² constantly moving under its own gravity which forms where the
accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting )
On Earth 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in
the polar regions but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on
every continent and on a few high-latitude oceanic island.
Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth, supporting one
third of the world's population.
Antarctica ice sheet
• Is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth. It covers about 98% of
the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth.
• It covers an area of almost 14 million square km and contains 26.5 million
cubic km of ice. That is, approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the
Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet.
The icing of Antarctica began with ice-rafting from middle Eocene times about
45.5 million years ago[ and escalated inland widely during the Eocene–
Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago.
26. Greenland ice sheet
It cover around 1,710,000 sq kilometres
( 80% of the surface of Greenland )
It is the second largest ice body in the world,
after the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
It is not the only ice mass of Greenland –
isolated glaciers and small ice caps cover
between 76,000 and 100,000 sq kilometres
The ice in the current ice sheet is as old as
110,000 years. .
The Greenland Ice Sheet formed in the
middle Miocene by coalescence of ice caps and glaciers.
There was an intensification of glaciation during the Late
Pliocene
27. Sea ice
Sea ice covers much of the polar oceans and forms by freezing of
sea water. Satellite data since the early 1970s reveal considerable
seasonal, regional, and interannual variability in the sea ice covers
of both hemispheres.
Seasonally, sea-ice extent in the Southern Hemisphere , from a
minimum of 3-4 million km² in February to a maximum of 17-20
million km² in September.
The seasonal variation is much less in the Northern Hemisphere
where the confined nature and high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean
result in a much larger perennial ice cover .The seasonal variability
in Northern Hemisphere ice extent from a minimum of 7-9 million
km² in September to a maximum of 14-16 million km² in March
28. Conclusion
Biosphere is a specific envelope of the Earth, The biosphere
includes the outer region of the earth (the lithosphere) and the
lower region of the atmosphere (the troposphere).
The origin of Biosphere is from the biological membranes via
emergence of ionic asymmetry of the cells and chiral
asymmetry of bio molecules .
Important stages of Biosphere evolution was from RNA
synthesis on montmorillonite to many celled organisms
Biosphere includes the Biome ,Ecosystem ,Community
,Population ,Individual
29. Cont…..
Cryosphere composed of earth’s climate system ,comprised of
water in its solid state.
we presently live with two ice sheets (one in each hemisphere)
in the last2.6 Ma is indeed a cold period and one of the rare
periods on the geological timescale.
Largest mass in Antarctica and Greenland cover 58m deep of
water globally if they melt completely.
Sea ice land snow cover around 8-16% of earth’s surface .
Green land and W Antarctica ice sheet ,arctic sea ice and alpine
glacier have retreated rapidly in recent decades.
The cryosphere plays a significant role in the global climate
model response to global changes .
30. Refrences
Nikolay Dodretsov, Nikolay Kochanaov, Alexey Rozanov , Georgy Zavarzin
,Biosphere Origin and Evolution ,Springer Publishser ,pp 7-15,22-28
Chyba, C.F. and McDonald, G.D. (1995) The origin of life in the solar
system: current issues.
Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 23, 215–249.
Malgorzata Moczydlowska-Vidal ,The evolution of the Earth and its
biosphere , Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology
,pp 22-32.
Vladimir F. Levchenko, Alexander B. Kazansky, Marat A. Sabirov and
Eugenia M. Semenova , Early Biosphere: Origin and Evolution , Laboratory
of Evolution Modeling, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and
Biochemistry of the Russian, Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Russian
Federation , pp 5-12 ,15-22 ,27 -28
• Gilles Ramstein , Surv Geophys (2011) , Climates of the Earth and
Cryosphere Evolution , Received: 18 March 2011 / Accepted: 9 June 2011
Springer publisher ,pp 331-334 ,339-342.