in this presentation I will discus about the glacier, different type of glacier, formation of glacier and its movement from height toward lower area and supply water to our rivers
Glaciers are the moving masses of ice. They are the permanent masses of ice that form over the land. These glaciers are originated from the compaction and crystallization of snow. When low temperature and sufficient snowfalls occur over a region we get the glaciers and snow fields will be having very low temperature and continuous snowfalls, glaciers are masses of ice that flow under the action of gravity. Glacier is a natural moving body of crystalline ice of great dimension. A glacier is a typical geological agent and as ice flows over the mountains and regions or land plain lands glaciers can erode, transport and deposit the materials carried away by suspension.
Glaciers are the moving masses of ice. They are the permanent masses of ice that form over the land. These glaciers are originated from the compaction and crystallization of snow. When low temperature and sufficient snowfalls occur over a region we get the glaciers and snow fields will be having very low temperature and continuous snowfalls, glaciers are masses of ice that flow under the action of gravity. Glacier is a natural moving body of crystalline ice of great dimension. A glacier is a typical geological agent and as ice flows over the mountains and regions or land plain lands glaciers can erode, transport and deposit the materials carried away by suspension.
This topic is all about Glaciation. This includes; the causes of glaciation, the origin of glaciers, formation, primary types, movement, the erosional, transportation and depositional mechanisms. This also includes the common landforms brought by glaciers.
Comprehensive powerpoint on features of Glacial Erosion.
Introduction to Glaciers and Ice, plucking, abrasion and freeze-thaw, followed by descriptions and photographs of:
Corries
Aretes
Pyramidal Peaks
U-Shaped Valleys
Hanging Valleys
Truncated Spurs
Ribbon Lakes
This topic is all about Glaciation. This includes; the causes of glaciation, the origin of glaciers, formation, primary types, movement, the erosional, transportation and depositional mechanisms. This also includes the common landforms brought by glaciers.
Comprehensive powerpoint on features of Glacial Erosion.
Introduction to Glaciers and Ice, plucking, abrasion and freeze-thaw, followed by descriptions and photographs of:
Corries
Aretes
Pyramidal Peaks
U-Shaped Valleys
Hanging Valleys
Truncated Spurs
Ribbon Lakes
1. A glacier is a large, long-lasting mass of ice formed on land that masses downhill under its way.
Glacier is part of the earth’s hydrosphere.
Along with the sea, ice glaciers are known as the cryosphere.
2. GROUP OF GLACIER:
They fall into two general groups based on their form size and flow characteristics
3. Alphin glacier that is surrounded by mountains is called an alpine or mountain glacier.
Glaciated valleys are through like U-shaped with board floors and relatively smooth, and steep sides
The valleys may contain littered debris or debris shaped as moraines with a swampy appearance.
There may be taken gouged out of the rocky floor or formed by debris within the valley.
Cirque Glacier: Bowl-like hollow structures are called cirque glaciers. They are formed inside the mountains and tend to move towards the valley. A glacier that forms in a cirque is a cirque glacier.Piedmont Glacier: When the steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains, then a piedmont glacier occurs e.g Malaspina glacier that falls into Yakutat Bay, Alaska.Hanging glacier: When the major valley glacier thins out, that becomes a hanging glacier.Tidewater glaciers: These are valley glaciers that reach the sea, and they provide breeding habitat for seals. These glaciers are the ones that form small icebergs.
4. Continental glaciers are those vast masses of ice sheets covering stretches of land. Such glaciers flow over large areas that are unconfined, where they bury the landscapes underneath
Today, continental glaciers are only present in extreme polar regions: Antarctica and Greenland Historically, continental glaciers also covered large regions of Canada Europe and Asia, and they are responsible for many distinctive topographic features in these regions.
The ice sheet blankets 81% of Greenland and 90% of Antarctica.
FORMATION AND FLOW:
IMPORTANCE OF CONTINENTAL GLACIER:
Glaciers are an essential indicator of the study of environmental change, thereby making people aware of the increasing global warming. Due to the continuously growing industrialization, and use of automobiles, there is a rising graph of air pollution triggered by the emission of carbon monoxide and other harmful greenhouse gases. The outcome of all these is the catastrophic increase in global warming and greenhouse gases.
Glaciers come in a huge range of shapes and sizes. Different glaciers, and even different parts of the same glacier, can have a variety of different thermal, hydrological and dynamic characteristics. Glaciers occur in locations ranging from the poles to the equator, and most parts of the world have experienced the direct effects of glaciation at some time in the past. Glaciers currently occupy less of the planet than they have done in geological history, but nevertheless exert a profound influence on the global environment. Our developing understanding of glaciers will play an important role in our understanding of the global environmental system
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
3. Presentation of giaciers
PRESENTER NAMES
USMAN
UMAR FAROOQ
HADI UL HASSAN
SUFYAN IBRAHIM
HUZAIFA BIN GHIAS
GROUP :A
PRESENTED TO: MZ UMAYYA ZAFAR
4. Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that
over many years compresses into large
thickened ice masses. Glaciers form
when snow remains in one location long
enough to transform into ice. What
makes glaciers unique is their ability to
flow. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow
like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are
as small as football fields, while others
grow to be dozens or even hundreds of
kilometers long.
WHAT IS A GLACIER?
5. continu
Presently, glaciers occupy about 10 percent of the
world's total land area, with most located in polar
regions like Antarctica, Greenland, and the
Canadian Arctic. Glaciers can be thought of as
remnants from the last Ice Age, when ice covered
nearly 32 percent of the land, and 30 percent of the
oceans. Most glaciers lie within mountain ranges
that show evidence of a much greater extent during
the ice ages of the past two million years, and more
recent indications of retreat in the past few
centuries.
6. Continue…
This photo was taken during a flight
over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Bird
Glacier is visible in the background,
with Darwin Glacier in the foreground.
—Credit: Courtesy Ted Scambos and
Rob Bauer
8. What types of glaciers are there?
There are two main type:
1 .Alpine glaciers
Cirque glaciers
Valley glaciers
Piedmont glaciers
Tidewater glaciers
2.Continental ice sheet glaciers
9. Alpine glaciers
A glacier that is confined by
surrounding mountain terrain; also
called a mountain glacier. Typical of
mountain glaciers, it is constrained
on all sides by mountainous terrain.
...
Example
Alpine glaciers are found in high
mountains of every continent except
Australia (although there are many
in New Zealand). The
Gorner Glacier in Switzerland and
the Furtwangler Glacier in Tanzania
are both typical alpine glaciers.
10. cirque glaciers
Glaciers confined by a valley ;forms in a
cirque(semicircular basin at head of valley
formed by plucking of bedrock by glaciers
moving down hill.
Example
The Eel Glacier on Mt. Anderson (Olympic
National Park, Washington) is an
excellent example of a cirque glacier. ... They
are called "cirque glaciers" if they originate in
small bowls with steep headwalls (cirques).
11. Valley glaciers
a glacier usually originating in a cirque at
a valley head or in a plateau ice cap and
flowing downward between the walls of a
valley.
Example
Glaciers carve a set of distinctive, steep-
walled, flat-bottomed valleys. U-
shaped valleys, fjords, and
hanging valleys are examples of the
kinds of valleys glaciers can erode.
12. Piedmont glaciers
a glacier formed by convergence of
the ends of valley glaciers at the base
of mountains.
example
Malaspina Glacier is one of the most
famous examples of this type
of glacier, and is the
largest piedmont glacier in the world..
13. Tidewater glaciers
Tidewater glaciers are
valley glaciers that flow all the way
down to the ocean. They often calve
numerous small icebergs, which can
sometimes pose problems for shipping
lanes.
Example
Current examples of this retreat are
Columbia Glacier and Guyot Glacier.
The most famous recent example of
this is the large retreat of Glacier Bay
and Icy Bay glaciers in Alaska that
occurred rapidly
14. 2.Continental or ice sheet glaciers
an ice sheet, also known as
a continental glacier, is a mass
of glacial ice that covers
surrounding terrain and is greater
than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) Ice
sheets are bigger than ice
shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses
of ice covering less than
50,000 km2 are termed an ice cap.
15. Example of continental or ice sheet
Continental glaciers are
continuous masses of ice that
are much larger than
alpine glaciers.
Small continental glaciers are
called ice fields. Greenland and
Antarctica are almost entirely
covered with ice sheets that are
up to 3500 m (11 500 ft) thick.
16. Formation of glaciers
Glaciers begin to form when snow
remains in the same area year-round,
where enough snow accumulates to
transform into ice. Each year, new layers
of snow bury and compress the previous
layers. This compression forces the snow
to re-crystallize, forming grains similar in
size and shape to grains of sugar.
17. How are glaciers formed?
Glaciers begin to form when snow remains in the same area year-round, where enough
snow accumulates to transform into ice. Each year, new layers of snow bury and
compress the previous layers. This compression forces the snow to re-crystallize,
forming grains similar in size and shape to grains of sugar. Gradually the grains grow
larger and the air pockets between the grains get smaller, causing the snow to slowly
compact and increase in density. After about a year, the snow turns into firn—an
intermediate state between snow and glacier ice. At this point, it is about two-thirds as
dense as water. Over time, larger ice crystals become so compressed that any air
pockets between them are very tiny. In very old glacier ice, crystals can reach several
inches in length. For most glaciers, this process takes more than a hundred years.
21. Movement of glaciers
Glacial motion is the motion of glaciers, which can be likened
to rivers of ice. It has played an important role in sculpting
many landscapes. Most lakes in the world occupy basins
scoured out by glaciers. Glacial motion can be fast (up to 30
meters per day (98 ft/d), ] or slow (0.5 meters per year
(20 in/year) on small glaciers or in the center of ice sheets),
but is typically around 25 centimeters per day (9.8 in/d).
22. Glacier movement
Glacier move in two ways:
basal slip:
simple response due to the gravity whereby the ice
moves downhill over bedrock and slipping over a thin layer of water .
internal plastic flow:
if you stack a LOT of ice ,the pressure
increase and the ice behaves plastically ,meaning that the lower layer will
start to deform. flow in a glacier is smooth at depth ,but in the top ~50 m ice
is brittle and cracks .
23. Continue….
Glaciers cover about 10 percent of the land surface near Earth’s poles
and they are also found in high mountains. During the Ice Ages, glaciers
covered as much as 30 percent of Earth. Around 600 to 800 million
years ago, geologists think that almost all of the Earth was covered in
snow and ice, called the Snowball Theory. Scientists use the evidence
of erosion and deposition left by glaciers to do a kind of detective work to
figure out where the ice once was and where it came from.
24. Do Glaciers move fast or slow?
Most glaciers move very slowly—only a few centimeters a day. Some, though, can
move 50 meters (160 feet) a day. These fast-moving rivers of ice are called
galloping glaciers.
What part of a glacier moves the slowest?
A glacier is slowest moving where it comes in contact with the ground. This is actually
a pervasive physical phenomena that is also true about other flowing mediums like air
moving over an airplane wing or water flowing down a river.
25. Which are the fastest and slowest
moving glaciers on Earth?
Jakobshavn Isbrae in Greenland is generally considered to be the fastest glacier in the
world, with speeds of up to 40 metres per day. Many glaciers in Greenland and in the
Antarctic Peninsula are accelerating, which is generally attributed to warmer conditions
and more meltwater lubricating the bed of the glacier. Jakobshavn Isbrae is an ice
stream, which means that it is very large, drains a large proportion of the ice sheet, and
flows very quickly.
26. Look at the table to see the velocities
measured for some of the fastest glaciers
in the world.
Glacier Glacier type Location Speed Date measured
Jakobshavn Isbrae Ice stream Greenland Ice Sheet 12600 m per year 2003
Pine Island Glacier Ice stream West Antarctica 2075 m per year 2007-2008
Fox Glacier (seracs in
upper ice fall)
Valley glacier New Zealand 182 m per year 1991
27. Causes of glaciers
What are causes of glaciers?
Glaciers begin to form when snow remains in the same area year-round,
where enough snow accumulates to transform into ice. Each year, new
layers of snow bury and compress the previous layers. This compression
forces the snow to re-crystallize, forming grains similar in size and shape to
grains of sugar.
28. The causes of the global warming
Certainly you have already heard about the global warming: an issue that is
permanently damaging our planet.
The principal causes that are bringing to the global warming of the Earth’s surface are:
the important production of CO2;
the intensive combustion of fossil carbon;
The extended process of deforestation.
29. Continue….
Air pollution – Picture
of Ishan via Unsplash
Deforestation – Picture
of Ales Krivec via
Unsplash
CO2 emissions –
Picture of Martin
Adams via Unsplash
30. Main effects of global warming
All of these causes lead to serious consequences of the global warming that are
negatively affecting the planet Hearth and its inhabitants.
Which are the effects of this phenomenon?
The main consequences are:
imbalance of the temperatures and rainfalls;
risks for the life of the men and the animals;
Melting of the polar and mountain glaciers.
31. What are the Effects of Melting
Glaciers?
Polar bears, the first victims of the melting glaciers
32. The main consequences of the melting
of the glaciers are:
Increase of the level of the oceans. The level of the water is growing covering a big
part of the continental areas, that is some years could be completely submerged.
Climate change . The equilibrium of the cyclonic and anticyclonic structures and the
weather conditions are getting worse.
Imbalance of the food chain. The habitats of several marine and terrestrial species
are changing and they are preserving the natural cycle.