Cancer is mainly caused by the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. The process is known as oncogenesis.
This slide will help to get an idea about oncogenesis and also the proto-oncogenes which get converted.
ONCOGENE AND PROTOONCOGENE
P53 GENE AND ITS APPLICATION IN CANCER ETIOLOGY
TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE AND BCA AND BAC GENE AND ITS APPLICATION ON THE APOPTOSIS AND DEATH RECEPTORS
describe the tumor suppressor genes and examples for downloading the presentation, more presentations , infographics and blogs visit :
studyscienceblog.wordpress.com
Cancer is mainly caused by the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. The process is known as oncogenesis.
This slide will help to get an idea about oncogenesis and also the proto-oncogenes which get converted.
ONCOGENE AND PROTOONCOGENE
P53 GENE AND ITS APPLICATION IN CANCER ETIOLOGY
TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE AND BCA AND BAC GENE AND ITS APPLICATION ON THE APOPTOSIS AND DEATH RECEPTORS
describe the tumor suppressor genes and examples for downloading the presentation, more presentations , infographics and blogs visit :
studyscienceblog.wordpress.com
А.Четвериков "Эпичные провалы предсказаний у вас в голове, или Почему не стои...ЗПШ СПбГУ
сквоз.проект "Сознание и бессознательное в когнитивной психологии: новые песни о главном"
А.Четвериков "Эпичные провалы предсказаний у вас в голове, или Почему не стоит играть на бирже"
A Review of Flight Dynamics and Numerical Analysis of an Unmanned Aerial Vehi...Designage Solutions
A brief study of flight dynamics and different types of simulation and analysis are presented here.
Find case studies in my next PPT.- http://www.slideshare.net/HarshadaGurav/flight-dynamics-and-numerical-analysis-of-an-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-uav
genetics is a study of heredity, by studying microbial genetics, which is the most basic, one can extrapolate it to complex genetic studies of complex biological systems. effect of mutagens on genes is eye opening
Sejarah indonesia, kd 2.1 mempelajari pengertian dari kerajaan di indonesia maupun kerajaan luar negri.
Tujuan Pembelajaran: 1. Siswa mampu menjelaskan kerajaan"
Di indonesia terutma!!
At our October webinar we spent time reviewing the importance of family history. In this webinar, we will discuss genetic and familial syndromes that are specific to colorectal cancer. We will discuss what you might look for in your family history and think about implications for prevention and management of the colorectal cancer syndromes based on this information!
About our Speakers:
Lisa Ku, MS, CGC | Certified Genetic Counselor at the University of Colorado.
Lisen Axell, MS, CGC | Certified Genetic Counselor at the University of Colorado.
Etiopathogenesis and natural history of ca cervixNiranjan Chavan
CERVICAL CANCER , the 2nd most common cancer in India can be easily prevented with proper adequate screening and awareness.
Adequate sex education is necessary to inculcate safe sexual practices to prevent HPV infection.
Etiopathogenesis and natural history of ca cervixNiranjan Chavan
CERVICAL CANCER , the 2nd most common cancer in India can be easily prevented with proper adequate screening and awareness.
Adequate sex education is necessary to inculcate safe sexual practices to prevent HPV infection.
2021 World Cancer Day Campaign
World Cancer Day aims to save millions of preventable deaths each year by raising awareness and education about cancer, and pressing governments and individuals across the world to take action against the disease.
#IAmAndIWill
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
2. Newspapers, magazines, radio, and television are reporting
discoveries and breakthroughs attributing one form of cancer or
another to a specific gene.
Cancer of the breast, colon, prostate, and many other sites in the
body are being connected to specific genes... But the meaning of
this isn't always clear.
•What does it mean for you if your mother has or had breast
cancer... or an aunt and two cousins have colon cancer?
•What does it mean for your children if you've been diagnosed with
cancer of the endocrine glands or some other organ?
Cancer in the media
6. Viruses
Viruses—mostly in the form of DNA viruses—have been
causally linked to cancer.
• human papillomaviruses—primarily types 16 and 18,
which are sexually transmitted—have been linked to
cervical cancer;
• more than 25 other types of papillomaviruses have been
linked to cancer as well
• hepatitis B and C—linked to cancer of the liver
• human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)—linked to Kaposi's
sarcoma and lymphoma
• retroviruses—linked to cancers in animals other than
humans
7. Tobacco smoke
• is associated with 50% to 60% of all cancer deaths
• is causally linked to cancers of the lung, upper respiratory
tract, oesophagus, bladder, pancreas
• is probably a cause of cancer of the stomach, liver,
kidneys, colon, and rectum
8. Food
• is connected to 50% to 60% of cancer deaths
• is causally linked to cancers of the lung, upper respiratory
tract, oesophagus, bladder, pancreas
• is probably a cause of cancers of the stomach, liver,
kidneys, colon, and rectum
9. Radiation
• UVB from the sun can damage DNA and is associated
with more than 90% of skin cancers, including melanomas
• radon has been associated with lung cancer among those
who work in mines; general levels of radon have not posed
a significant cancer threat
• electric and magnetic fields from power lines and
household appliances have not been demonstrated
contributors to the incidence of cancer or leukaemia
• radio frequency electromagnetic radiation from mobile
phones or microwave ovens has not been linked to cancer.
• nuclear radiation is of sufficient energy to ionise molecules
and is therefore carcinogenic.
10. Chemicals
• benzene (myelogenous leukaemia)
• arsenic containing pesticides (lung cancer)
• polychlorinated biphenyls (liver and skin cancers)
• mineral oils (skin cancer)
• mineral fibres (lung cancer and mesothelioma)
Chemicals, many of which have been historically linked to
the workplace, have been successfully limited through
public health efforts, because they have been associated
with a variety of cancers. Examples of common chemicals
that fall in this category are:
11. Pollution
Pollution has been difficult to document as a
contributor to human cancer.
However, long-term exposure to high levels of air
pollution may increase lung cancer risk by as much
as 25%.
12. Cancer terminology
Classification by tissue type:
• carcinoma
epithelial cell
90% of all tumours
derived from ectoderm (mostly) or
endoderm (some)
• sarcoma
connective tissue
2% of all tumours
derived from mesoderm
• leukaemia
circulatory or lymphatic
8% of all tumours
derived from mesoderm
Classification by the type of cells:
• Adenomatous cells
ductal or glandular cells
• Squamous cells
flat cells
• Myeloid
blood cell
• Lymphoid
lymphocytes or macrophages
13. Cancer terminology
Classification by the site of origin of the tumour:
• Breast: carcinoma of ductal, medullary, papillary, etc. cells
• Lung: small cell, bronchioloalveolar, squamous, large cell carcinomas
• Bone: osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma
• Eye: retinoblastoma
• Lip, tongue, mouth, nasal cavity: squamous cell carcinoma
• Lymphocytes: acute lymphocytic leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic
leukaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma
• Ovary: adenocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, teratoma, Brenner tumour
• Testis: seminoma, teratocarcinoma,
14. Cancer terminology
Benign tumours
• are generally slow growing and enclosed in a fibrous capsule
• are relatively innocuous, although their location can make them serious (such
as a tumour located in the brain)
• are not considered cancerous (that is, they are not malignant)
• are given names that usually end in "oma" (although a melanoma is a
malignant skin cancer)
Malignant tumours
• proliferate rapidly, invading neighbouring tissues
• can metastasise, or spread, to other sites of the body
• are named using the conventions of tissue, cell type, and origin
e.g. A tumour of the bone is an osteoma if benign and an osteosarcoma if malignant
15. Tumour suppressor genes
• The gene’s normal function is to regulate cell
division. Both alleles need to be mutated or
removed in order to lose the gene activity.
• The first mutation may be inherited or somatic.
• The second mutation will often be a gross event
leading to loss of heterozygosity in the
surrounding area.
18. retinoblastoma
• Retinoblastoma (RB) is a malignant tumor of the developing retina that
occurs in children, usually before the age of five years.
• All forms of retinoblastoma represent a mutation in the gene RB1 located in in
the region 13q14.1-q14.2.
• The gene is about 180 kb in length with 27 exons that code for a transcript of
only 4.7 kb.
• individual mutations are heterogeneous: 20% are deletions larger than 1kb;
30% are small deletions or insertions; 45% are point mutations.
• mutations have been found in 25 of the 27 coding exons and in promoter
elements.
• Genotype-phenotype correlation:
most mutant RB1-alleles show premature termination codons and are
associated with almost complete penetrance (>95%) and high expressivity
(more than 6 individual retinoblastoma foci per individual and, therefore, most
often involvement of both eyes);
some rare mutant alleles that code for proteins with retention of parts of the
functions of the wild-type protein or that result in diminished amounts of wild-
type transcript are associated with incomplete penetrance (<75%) and low
expressivity (mean of less than 2 tumor foci)
19. RB1
• Is regulated by phosphorylation by
Cdk2
• Hypophosphorylated form binds
and sequesters E2F (and viral
proteins such as E7 from human
papilloma virus-16)
• It also interacts directly with the
product of the ABL gene and
participates in several regulatory
and feed back loops even involving
its own transcription.
20. Breast Cancer
“Why do so many of my relatives have breast cancer...is this just plain bad luck or what?”
21. breast cancer
• her age,
• family history,
• age at which she began menstruating,
• whether she has given birth and her age at the time of the first birth, and
• whether or not a breast biopsy was performed in the past.
Within the general population, there is an
11% chance that any woman will develop
breast cancer over her lifetime. For any one
individual, this risk may be increased or
decreased by a variety of factors:
31. p53
• suppresses progression through the cell cycle in
response to DNA damage
• initiates apoptosis if the damage to the cell is
severe
• acts as a tumour suppressor
• is a transcription factor and once activated, it
represses transcription of one set of genes (several
of which are involved in stimulating cell growth)
while stimulating expression of other genes
involved in cell cycle control
Cells either grow and divide with restraint ...or not! The many kinds of malignant growth that the term &quot;cancer&quot; represents all have one lethal attribute in common:
The cells of the malignancy go through the cell cycle without restraint.
These cells &quot;defy&quot; the control mechanisms that lie with them.
What Is the Connection Among Cancer, the Cell Cycle, and Genetics?
There are many protein molecules involved in the cell cycle, each is the product of a single gene. When there is a mutation in one of these genes, it can:
increase the likelihood that a cell will become cancerous and eventually, through repeated, unrestrained division, overtake the normal cells, become malignant; and
possibly spread, or metastasise throughout the body.
Cancer can develop at almost any stage in life. There are some forms of cancer that develop very early, such as retinoblastoma (a cancer of the eye); others tend to develop in childhood, such as various forms of leukaemia, a cancer of the blood; and, of course, there are many forms that develop during adulthood.
In each case, cancer is the result of a mutated gene, or a series of mutated genes, that lead to unregulated cell growth and haphazard controls over cell proliferation.
Food—diet appears to be related to cancer in terms of what we eat and what we don&apos;t eat.
There are a number of foods and food additives that have been suggested as cancer-causing agents, however, their links have not been established and some have been disputed; coffee and artificial sweeteners are two examples of publicised potential carcinogens that are no longer considered to be cancer-producing.
Electromagnetic radiations from power lines, mobile phones and microwave ovens are significantly below levels needed to ionise biological molecules and cause mutations resulting in cancer.
LD was an otherwise healthy 9-month-old when his mother first noted that his left eye begun to turn out when he was tired. At the next routine examination, the pediatrician was not comforting, indicating to the parents that she was unable to complete her customary examination of the back of LD&apos;s left eye. A detailed ophthalmologic examination under general anesthesia revealed a single whitish elevation of the retina characteristic of retinoblastoma. Further evaluation (MRI, X-rays) showed no evidence that the tumor had spread in the orbit or had metastasized to other parts of the body. The plan was to treat LD with a course of radiation therapy.
The parents were stunned to learn that their son has a cancer of the eye that may have been inherited from one of them. LD&apos;s parents then underwent ophthalmologic examination, which indicated that neither parent was affected. A three-generation pedigree was obtained: LD&apos;s father remembers being told that he had an aunt who died in childhood after going blind, but he did not know the cause. The family history also included a paternal uncle with prostate cancer. LD has an older brother and sister, both without any signs of eye problems or other significant medical concerns.
JR, a healthy 38-year-old mother of three and of European ancestry (Scottish, Irish, English, German, and Polish), sought genetic counselling and testing because of a family history of breast cancer:
Her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer at 36 years of age and died 10 years later.
Her maternal grandmother was diagnosed with breast cancer at 57 years of age and died 7 years later.
At the time of the genetic counselling session, the family history was found to include a paternal grandmother who was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer at 88 years of age and a paternal grandfather who was diagnosed with melanoma at 78 years of age:
A family history may or may not indicate that a woman has an inherited susceptibility for cancer present in her family. Most cases of breast cancer are sporadic. Only 5% to 10% of all breast cancer cases are hereditary. Efforts to identify the genetic basis of familial breast cancer reached fruition some five years ago, when the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 were identified through positional cloning. Germline mutations in either of these genes account for 20-60% of breast cancer cases in families where multiple individuals are affected (2-6% of all cases). Mutations in about four other genes, some identified and some unknown, are predicted to account for the remainder of familial risk
In familial cancers, several members of an extended family are affected with the same or related types of cancer, although a definite pattern of inheritance is not obvious.
Certain families may have multiple members affected with cancer; however, this does not necessarily indicate the presence of inherited cancer. As many as 1 in 5 breast cancer patients have a positive family history—at least one other similarly affected family member.
Because cancer in general, and breast cancer in particular, is a common occurrence, chance alone may account for more than one family member being diagnosed with breast cancer. More than one family member with breast cancer could presumably occur because of shared exposure to a cancer-causing environmental agent. If such agents exist that increase the risk of breast cancer, they have not been identified.
Recently it has been shown that DNA damage stimulates BRCA1 association with BARD1, and that together these repress the polyadenylation of mRNA transcripts. According to the model, BRCA1 and BARD1, along with destroying the polymerase, would prevent the aborted transcript from being processed. It is possible that the suppression of RNA processing is part of the destruction of the polymerase, or alternatively that the capped RNA at the site of the DNA lesion provides a signal in the repair pathway.
The Myc gene was originally identified in the avian myelocytomatosis virus.