Cancer results from genetic and environmental factors that cause uncontrolled cell growth. Genetic factors include mutations in cancer genes like oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Environmental factors include physical, chemical, and biological carcinogens. Some key carcinogens are radiation, chemicals like aflatoxin and aromatic hydrocarbons, and certain viruses like HPV and HBV. Dietary factors like meat, alcohol and tobacco can also increase cancer risk by damaging DNA or affecting cell growth. The pathophysiology of cancer involves cancer genes disrupting normal cell cycle controls and enabling malignant transformation, growth, invasion and metastasis.
Cancer, types of cancer and homeopathy treatmentPranav Pandya
Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells. There are more than 100 types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and lymphoma. Symptoms vary depending on the type.
Cancer, types of cancer and homeopathy treatmentPranav Pandya
Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells. There are more than 100 types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and lymphoma. Symptoms vary depending on the type.
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight by RxVichuZ!RxVichuZ
This powerpoint deals with principles of cancer chemotherapy, that includes headings regarding cancer definition, its etiology, diagnostic measures and general considerations to be observed while initiating anti-cancer regimens in patients.
Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells, known as cancer cells that invade and destroy the surrounding tissues.
Generally cancer is defined as uncontrolled proliferation of cells without any differentiation. Cancer cells are different from normal cells in some aspects. They do not remain confined to one part of the body. They penetrate and infiltrate into the adjoining tissues and dislocate their functions. Some of the cancer cells get detached from the main site of origin and travel by blood and lymph to sites distant from the original tumour and form fresh colonies, called metastasis or secondary growth.
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight by RxVichuZ!RxVichuZ
This powerpoint deals with principles of cancer chemotherapy, that includes headings regarding cancer definition, its etiology, diagnostic measures and general considerations to be observed while initiating anti-cancer regimens in patients.
Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells, known as cancer cells that invade and destroy the surrounding tissues.
Generally cancer is defined as uncontrolled proliferation of cells without any differentiation. Cancer cells are different from normal cells in some aspects. They do not remain confined to one part of the body. They penetrate and infiltrate into the adjoining tissues and dislocate their functions. Some of the cancer cells get detached from the main site of origin and travel by blood and lymph to sites distant from the original tumour and form fresh colonies, called metastasis or secondary growth.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body.
## To understand how cancer develops and progresses, researchers first need to investigate the biological differences between normal cells and cancer cells. This work focuses on the mechanisms that underlie fundamental processes such as cell growth, the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells, and the spread, or metastasis, of cancer cells.
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. Here in this presentation cancer and its characteristics are discussed along with anti-cancer drugs, in brief.
This presentation describes about Antineoplastic agents, total information about cancer cell formation and activity and drugs treatment for cancer cells.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
3. What is Cancer?
• Neoplasia means ‘new growth’
• Neoplasm means ‘tumour/ cancer’
• A neoplasm is : Abnormal mass of tissue which grows in an
uncoordinated manner even after cessation of the stimuli which
evoked the change.
• Cancer results from a series of molecular events that fundamentally alter
the normal properties of cells.
• As long as these cells remain in their original location, they are considered
benign and if they become invasive, they are considered malignant.
6. COMMON CANCERS : GLOBAL
* Related to Infection
All the three common cancers above ( both developed & Developing) are also leading
causes of cancer death.
15 % of all cancers – infection related ( 3 times more in developing countries)
7.
8.
9. All tumors, benign and malignant, have two
basic components
clonal neoplastic cells that constitute their
parenchyma
reactive stroma made up of connective
tissue, blood vessels, and variable numbers of
macrophages and lymphocytes
10. An important hallmark of many cancers is
resistance to apoptosis, which
contributes to the ability of the cells to
divide uncontrollably
When normal cells become old/damaged,
they go through apoptosis (programmed
cell death)
Normal cell
division
Cell damage –
no repair
Apoptosis
Cancer cell
division
Uncontrolled
growth
Fourth or
later
mutation
Third
mutation
Second
mutation
First
mutation
• Tumors are clonal (one parent)
• But have different mutations different shapes &
features.
• Each new mutation adds a new feature.
12. Genetics of Cancer
Four kinds of normal genes:
• Genes that promote growth (proto-oncogenes)
• Genes that inhibit growth (tumor-suppressor genes)
• Genes that regulate apoptosis (apoptotic genes)
• Genes involved in DNA repair (DNA repair genes)
15. “Cancer genes” contribute:
1. Autonomous growth
2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
3. Evasion of apoptosis
4. Defects in DNA repair
5. Limitless replication
6. Sustained angiogenesis
7. Invasion and metastasis
• Heredity - 5%
16. AUTONOMOUS GROWTH
• Growth factors may be made by cell itself!
• Receptors may be over expressed or always on
• Signal-transducing proteins may always be on
• Nuclear transcription factors may always be expressed
• Cyclins may be overactive
In cancer cells…
Cell divides on its own!!!
17.
18. INSENSITIVITY TO GROWTH-INHIBITORY SIGNALS
Tumor-suppressor genes/ anti-oncogenes : normal
genes whose products act as “brakes” on the cell
cycle.
Mutation cause loss of these brakes!
20. DEFECTS IN DNA REPAIR
• Normal cells have ability to
repair DNA damage
• Thus, prevent mutations in
genes
• But if mutations are not
repaired, results in cancer.
21. LIMITLESS REPLICATION
Normal human cells:
Telomeres keep getting shorter…leading to
cell cycle arrest
In cancer cells:
Length of telomeres – regulated by enzyme
TELOMERASE
Stem cells and cancer cells use telomerase to
maintain telomere length and keep
replicating!
22. SUSTAINED ANGIOGENESIS
• Tumor cells need blood too!
• Can’t grow >1-2 mm without
new vessels
• Tumor cells eventually
stimulate angiogenesis
• Tumor vessels are abnormal
23. INVASION AND METASTASIS
• Abnormal cells proliferate and spread
(metastasize) to other parts of the body
• Invasion - direct migration and
penetration into neighboring tissues
• Metastasis - cancer cells penetrate into
lymphatic system and blood vessels
24. CARCINOGENESIS
• Carcinogens: Substances known to cause cancer
or produce an increase in incidence of cancer.
• Unidentified ‘environmental’ agents play a role in
95% of cancers
26. Physical Carcinogenesis-Radiation
Properties of radiation carcinogens:
Result in mutations following a long period of latency after the initial
exposure (10-20 yrs)
May enhance the effect of other carcinogens
2 types:
• Ionizing radiation
• Ultraviolet rays
27. Ionizing radiation
• Ex- X-rays, alpha, beta & gamma rays, radioactive isotopes
• Mechanism of action:
1. Directly alter cellular DNA
2. Dislodge ions from water & other molecules free radicals damage
• Causes chromosome breakage, translocations
• Occasionally, point mutations
genetic damage and carcinogenesis.
Examples:
o Unprotected miners: lung cancer
o Atomic bomb survivors: leukemia, other cancers
o Therapeutic head/neck radiation: thyroid cancer
28. UV Rays
• UV rays derived from the sun cause an increased incidence of
squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and possibly
melanoma of the skin.
• The degree of risk depends on the type of UV rays, the intensity
of exposure, and the quantity of the light-absorbing “protective
mantle” of melanin in the skin.
29. Chemical Carcinogenesis
• 2 Types:
• Proximate/direct acting: act
locally without metabolic
change.
• Indirect acting: carcinogenic
only after being metabolised
into active compounds
• ( procarcinogen ultimate
carcinogen)
31. MICROBIAL CARCINOGENESIS
Oncogenic DNA viruses:
1. Human Papilloma Virus
2. Epstein-Barr Virus
3. Hepatitis B Virus
Oncogenic RNA virus:
1. Human T-cell Leukemia virus Type 1
Bacteria:
1. Helicobacter pylori
32. ONCOGENIC DNA VIRUSES- PATHOGENESIS
• Genomes of oncogenic DNA viruses integrate & form stable
associations with host genome.
The virus is unable to complete its replicative cycle because viral
genes essential for completion of replication are interrupted
during integration of viral DNA.
Thus, the virus can remain in a latent state for years.
33. HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
• 70 genetically distinct types identified
• Low risk types- HPV 6, 11 genital warts
• High risk types- 16,18, 31,33,35,51 Ca cervix, severe dysplasia
and CIS
Cervical cancer
Anogenital cancer
Oral cancer
Laryngeal cancer
34. Infection with high-risk HPV types simulates :
• loss of tumor suppressor genes
• activates cyclins
• inhibits apoptosis
• combats cellular senescence
35. EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
• Burkitt lymphoma
• Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease
• Primary CNS lymphoma in AIDS patient
• Subsets of Hodgkin lymphoma
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
36. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viruses
70-85% of hepatocellular carcinomas :
due to infection with HBV or HCV
40. Dietary Causes
• Energy Balance: Cancers of breast ,endometrium, gall bladder and
kidney
• Meat: Digestive tract cancers
• Sugars: Simple sugars,colorectal cancer
• Fat: Breast cancer, prostate cancer
• Vitamins and minerals: Lung cancer: oro-pharyngeal, oesophageal
cancers
• Alcohol,tobacco: Mouth,throat,pharynx and oesophagus
• Nitrates: stomach, colorectal
• Aflatoxins: liver cancer
