An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, they are mutated or expressed at high levels. Most normal cells undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death (apoptosis) when critical functions are altered.
p53 has been described as “GUARDIAN ANGEL OF THE GENOME”
because it performs following mechanism:
DNA Repair
Cell growth arrest
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
P53 is also known as cellular tumour antigen Ag, phosphoprotein
P53 or tumour suppressor p53.
P53 protein is encoded by TP53.
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, they are mutated or expressed at high levels. Most normal cells undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death (apoptosis) when critical functions are altered.
p53 has been described as “GUARDIAN ANGEL OF THE GENOME”
because it performs following mechanism:
DNA Repair
Cell growth arrest
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
P53 is also known as cellular tumour antigen Ag, phosphoprotein
P53 or tumour suppressor p53.
P53 protein is encoded by TP53.
Cancer is mainly caused by the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. The process is known as oncogenesis.
This slide will help to get an idea about oncogenesis and also the proto-oncogenes which get converted.
ONCOGENE AND PROTOONCOGENE
P53 GENE AND ITS APPLICATION IN CANCER ETIOLOGY
TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE AND BCA AND BAC GENE AND ITS APPLICATION ON THE APOPTOSIS AND DEATH RECEPTORS
Cellular Signaling Pathways have direct implications on our understanding of tumor cell behavior. A general overview is presented here followed by a brief discussion of some of the major pathways currently implicated in cancer progression : Ras/RAF/MAP kinase pathway and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway s
Cancer is mainly caused by the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. The process is known as oncogenesis.
This slide will help to get an idea about oncogenesis and also the proto-oncogenes which get converted.
ONCOGENE AND PROTOONCOGENE
P53 GENE AND ITS APPLICATION IN CANCER ETIOLOGY
TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE AND BCA AND BAC GENE AND ITS APPLICATION ON THE APOPTOSIS AND DEATH RECEPTORS
Cellular Signaling Pathways have direct implications on our understanding of tumor cell behavior. A general overview is presented here followed by a brief discussion of some of the major pathways currently implicated in cancer progression : Ras/RAF/MAP kinase pathway and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway s
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdf
Role of apoptosis in cancer progression
1. Why does cell proceed towards
carcinogenesis when there are
mechanisms to remove cells unfit for
survival?
Why does cell proceed towards
carcinogenesis when there are
mechanisms to remove cells unfit for
survival?
Monika
Roll no: M-5626
Division of veterinary medicine
Monika
Roll no: M-5626
Division of veterinary medicine
3. • Process of actual formation of cancer which is
characterised by progression of changes at the
- Genetic
- Epigenetic level
- Ultimately lead to uncontrolled cell division
• Multistep process
Robinns basic pathology
Carcinogenesis?Carcinogenesis?
7. MECHANISMS TO REMOVE CELL UNFIT
FOR SURVIVAL
MECHANISMS TO REMOVE CELL UNFIT
FOR SURVIVAL
8.
9.
10. ApoptosisApoptosis
• Apoptosis is a active energy dependent process that involves
cleavage of DNA by endonucleases and proteins by proteases
called CASPASES.
Lowe et al., 2000
12. Necrosis
• Local death of tissue within living tissue after degradative
action of enzymes on the irreversible injured cell
13. • Potentially reversible process in which a cell that is stressed EATS
itself.
Elmore., 2007
• Characterized by the formation of cytoplasmic AUTOPHAGIC
VESICLES
• Targeted disruption of genes such as ATG5 that are involved in
autophagy can inhibit cell death.
• Autophagy has dual roles in cancer:
- a tumor suppressor by preventing the accumulation of damaged
proteins and organelles
- as a mechanism of cell survival that can promote the growth of
tumors
Tait et al., 2014
14. Factors leading to defective autophagy:
a)Beclin 1 mutation
b) PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway dysregulation
Panda et al.,
2015
15. What makes the cell to evade cell
death and makes it cancerous?
What makes the cell to evade cell
death and makes it cancerous?
Hanahan et al., 2011
19. Checkpoints in cell cycle
the cell cycle is controlled by two classes of cell cycle
proteins,
cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs),
which physically associate to form a protein
kinase that drives the cell cycle forward
the cell cycle is controlled by two classes of cell cycle
proteins,
cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs),
which physically associate to form a protein
kinase that drives the cell cycle forward
most tumor cells lack the
DNA damage-induced p53-
dependent G1 checkpoint,
increasing the likelihood
that mutations will be
propagated in these cells.
most tumor cells lack the
DNA damage-induced p53-
dependent G1 checkpoint,
increasing the likelihood
that mutations will be
propagated in these cells.
Molecular Biology of Cancer
20.
21. • Situated at the short arm of 17 chromosome
• Mutated in most of the cancer cases
• Repair of damaged DNA before S-phase in the cycle by
arresting cell cycle in G1 phase untill the damage is repaired
• Apoptic cell death if there is extensive DNA damage
• p53 can lost its function:
a) Non sense mutation or mis sense mutation
b) Binding of normal p53 to viral oncoproteins
p53p53
Molecular Biology of Cancer
24. High levels of FLICE
FADD like IL-1 converting enzymeFADD like IL-1 converting enzyme
Binds with DISC(death inducing signalling complex)Binds with DISC(death inducing signalling complex)
Prevents activation of caspases 8Prevents activation of caspases 8
No
apoptosis
No
apoptosis
Elmore.,2007
27. • Caretaker genes
- Maintain the integrity of the genome by repairing DNA
damage
• Gatekeeper genes
- Inhibit the proliferation or promote the death of cells with
damaged DNA
Categories of tumor suppressor genesCategories of tumor suppressor genes
30. • APC regulates the rates of proliferation and apoptosis
• APC is important for cytoskeletal integrity, cellular adhesion,
and Wnt signaling.
• APC plays a role in the G1/S transition of the cell cycle by
modulating expression levels of c-myc and cyclin D1
• full length APC is also important in maintaining intestinal cell
migration up the crypt and inducing apoptosis
APC(Adenomatous polyposis coli)APC(Adenomatous polyposis coli)
Martinez et al.,2003
31.
32. tumor suppressor gene ,role in induction of cell cycle
arrest and apoptosis
tumor suppressor gene ,role in induction of cell cycle
arrest and apoptosis
acts as a negative regulator of Akt activationacts as a negative regulator of Akt activation
can induce apoptosis of mutated Or stressed cells to
prevent tumor formation
can induce apoptosis of mutated Or stressed cells to
prevent tumor formation
PTEN suppresses the PI-3K-mediated induction of blood
vessel growth factors
PTEN suppresses the PI-3K-mediated induction of blood
vessel growth factors
PTENPTEN
Martinez et
33. Other factors..
family of Inhibition of Apoptosis Proteins
- xIAP,BIRC2,BIRC3
Heat Shock Proteins
- HSP27,HSP70
Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology 7th
edition
• deregulation in anoikis execution is emerging as a hallmark of
cancer cells and contributes to the formation of metastasis in
distant organs
Paoli et al., 2013
34. Conclusion
Oncogenic mutation distrupt apoptosis ,leading to tumor
initiation,progression and metastasis
Agents that induce apoptosis,autophagy can be used as
anticancer drugs
p53 mutation causes Li- Fraumenic syndrome
Bcl-2 alteration causes hodgkin disease,breast cancer
Bax deletion causes brain tumors
