MENDELE'S EXPERIMNENT AND TERMINOLOGY, BY MR. DINABANDHU BARAD, MSC TUTOR, DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC, SUM NURSING COLLEGE, SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
MENDELE'S EXPERIMNENT AND TERMINOLOGY, BY MR. DINABANDHU BARAD, MSC TUTOR, DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC, SUM NURSING COLLEGE, SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
La recerca bàsica i traslacional en malalties rares és fonamental per entendre la fisiologia humana i per desenvolupar teràpies innovadores sovint útils també per malalties molt més prevalents. L’anèmia de Fanconi, caracteritzada per disfunció de la medul·la òssia i predisposició tumoral, n’és un exemple edificant. El primer transplantament de cordó umbilical de la història de la medicina fou en un pacient Fanconi. El primer nen medicament va néixer per curar un pacient Fanconi. El primer cop que s’han generat teixits sans per auto-transplantament curant, desprogramant i re-diferenciant cèl·lules de la pell d’un malalt ha estat en anèmia de Fanconi. I els primers assajos clínics de teràpia gènica s’estan desenvolupat també en malalties de la sang com l’anèmia de Fanconi. Aquests són alguns exemples de com l’estudi de malalties rares por transcendir més enllà del pacient afecte en benefici de tota la societat.
its deals with the general basic ideas of gene and evolutions.different types of examples are used to explain the gene and evolutions.the origin of basic genetics and their ideas are also formulated in this presentation
A-level OCR Biology Past Paper Summary: Genetics, Evolution & Ecosystems (Mod...SnapRevise
Concise A-level OCR Biology Past Paper Summary covering all the content required by the 2015 specification for Genetics, Evolution & Ecosystems (Module 6)
Assignment Details
Open Date
Apr 2, 2018 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
Develop a chart or diagram that will illustrate how prenatal development is influenced by environmental or genetic factors. Creativity is strongly suggested. There is no requirement for APA format in this assignment. There is no requirement of references for this assignment.
Supporting Materials
·
308 Assignment 2. Rubric.doc
(50 KB)
Bottom of Form
Nature and Nurture: Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Child Development
Child development is impacted by both genetic or inherited factors and environmental factors. Genetic factors are inherited from both parents at the time of conception, but can be the result of different types of gene interactions. Environmental factors impact different ways families function and children develop. Environmental factors include the ecological systems that may alter family function, socio-economic status and cultural values and public policy.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Genetics
· Family functioning from an ecological systems perspective
· The impact of
socioeconomic status
· Cultural values and public policies
“
Toddler hopscotch
” by
Ilya Haykinson
is licensed under
CC BY 2.0
The Influence of Alleles
In the argument over nature versus nurture in child development, nature is determined by genes passed down from parent to child during conception. Both parents pass genetic traits to their offspring, but different offspring may acquire different traits from each parent. Why do some children in one family have similar characteristics or appearances and yet other children in the same family look very different? The answer lies in the interaction of genes inherited from the mother and father.
Genes and alleles influence the inheritance of traits, through dominant–recessive inheritance, incomplete dominance, X-linked inheritance, genomic imprinting,
mutation
, and
polygenic inheritance
. In order to understand genetic inheritance, you need to understand the basics of how genes work, and how they work together with one another.
Fundamental Definitions
Understanding the basic structures and elements of genetics is essential to recognize how various traits are inherited, from appearance to intelligence.
GENE
The basic building block of the study of genetics is the gene; a gene is a single unit of genetic information.
CHROMOSOME
A chromosome is a threadlike strand of DNA encoded with a large number of genes. Humans receive 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
ALLELE
An
allele
is one of a pair of genes that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristics in the individual. Humans have two alleles, one from each parent, at each genetic locus, or position, on a chromosome.
GENOTYPE
The entire ...
Assignment Details
Open Date
Apr 2, 2018 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
Develop a chart or diagram that will illustrate how prenatal development is influenced by environmental or genetic factors. Creativity is strongly suggested. There is no requirement for APA format in this assignment. There is no requirement of references for this assignment.
Supporting Materials
· 308 Assignment 2. Rubric.doc (50 KB)
Bottom of Form
Nature and Nurture: Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Child Development
Child development is impacted by both genetic or inherited factors and environmental factors. Genetic factors are inherited from both parents at the time of conception, but can be the result of different types of gene interactions. Environmental factors impact different ways families function and children develop. Environmental factors include the ecological systems that may alter family function, socio-economic status and cultural values and public policy.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Genetics
· Family functioning from an ecological systems perspective
· The impact of socioeconomic status
· Cultural values and public policies
“Toddler hopscotch” by Ilya Haykinson is licensed under CC BY 2.0
The Influence of Alleles
In the argument over nature versus nurture in child development, nature is determined by genes passed down from parent to child during conception. Both parents pass genetic traits to their offspring, but different offspring may acquire different traits from each parent. Why do some children in one family have similar characteristics or appearances and yet other children in the same family look very different? The answer lies in the interaction of genes inherited from the mother and father.
Genes and alleles influence the inheritance of traits, through dominant–recessive inheritance, incomplete dominance, X-linked inheritance, genomic imprinting, mutation, and polygenic inheritance. In order to understand genetic inheritance, you need to understand the basics of how genes work, and how they work together with one another.
Fundamental Definitions
Understanding the basic structures and elements of genetics is essential to recognize how various traits are inherited, from appearance to intelligence.
GENE
The basic building block of the study of genetics is the gene; a gene is a single unit of genetic information.
CHROMOSOME
A chromosome is a threadlike strand of DNA encoded with a large number of genes. Humans receive 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
ALLELE
An allele is one of a pair of genes that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristics in the individual. Humans have two alleles, one from each parent, at each genetic locus, or position, on a chromosome.
GENOTYPE
The entire genetic makeup of an individual is called the genotype. The geno ...
Dragon Genetics Hands on LabIntroductionThere are many patterns o.docxmadlynplamondon
Dragon Genetics Hands on LabIntroduction:
There are many patterns of inheritance. This lab will explore Mendelian traits where alleles are dominant or recessive. You will also have to understand genes that express incomplete dominance, codominance and are sex-linked. We will utilize this lab to explore those terms and to use our knowledge of gene combinations to create an organism.
Utilize this link to learn more about Mendelian traits, incomplete dominance and codominance.(Opens in new window) This link helps you to learn more about sex-linked genes. (Opens in new window)Part 1 Procedure: Checking for Understanding (Worth up to 15pts)
A. For each genotype, tell me if it’s homozygous or heterozygous. If it is homozygous also tell me if it is dominant or recessive.
1. BB
2. jj
3. Pp
4. RR
5. ff
B. Dimples (D) is dominant to (d) no dimples. Brown Eyes (B) are dominant to (b) blue eyes. For each genotype indicate the phenotype.
1. Dd
2. DD
3. dd
4. BB
5. bb
6. Bb
C. For each phenotype list the genotype(s). Trait: Red flower (R); White flower (r)
1. Red flower (homozygous)
2. Red flower (heterozygous)
3. White flowerPart 2: Creating the Parents (Worth up to 48 pts)
1. Flip a coin to determine the genotype for each trait and record it in the data table.
a. Heads= allele 1, Tails = allele 2 ( Example: if you flipped heads twice, your dragon will have two copies of allele 1 for her genotype)
2. Determine the phenotype resulting from the allele pair for each trait.
3. Repeat steps 1-2 for each trait and complete the Mama Dragon’s Table 1.
a. Pay attention to the notes under the trait; it means it does not fully follow Mendelian rules.
Example:
For the trait Eye Size. I flipped my coin 2 times. Flip 1= heads (E); Flip 2= heads (E). So I would put EE in the Genotype box and Two Small Eyes in the Phenotype box for that trait.
Table 1: Genotypes and Phenotypes for Mama Dragon
Trait
Allele 1
Allele 2
Genotype
Phenotype
Eye Size & Number
Two Small (E)
One large (e)
Eye Color
(incomplete Dom)
Red (R)
White (r)
Tail Shape
Curly (T)
Straight (t)
Tail Color
Purple (P)
Orange (p)
Teeth
Sharp (S)
Round (s)
Feet
Four toes (F)
Two toes (f)
Horn Color
(Codominant)
Purple (P)
White (W)
Ear Shape
Pointy (Y)
Round (y)
Claws
Long (L)
Short (l)
Skin Color
(Codominant)
Blue (B)
Yellow (Y)
Mane Texture
(incomplete Dom)
Curly (M)
Straight (m)
Dragon Hemophilia
(Sex- Linked)
Hemophilia (XH)
Normal Clotting (Xh)
Table 2: Genotype and Phenotypes for Daddy Dragon
Trait
Allele 1
Allele 2
Genotype
Phenotype
Eye Size & Number
Two Small (E)
One large (e)
Eye Color
(incomplete Dom)
Red (R)
White (r)
Tail Shape
Curly (T)
Straight (t)
Tail Color
Purple (P)
Orange (p)
Teeth
Sharp (S)
Round (s)
Feet
Four toes (F)
Two toes (f)
Horn Color
(Codominant)
Purple (P)
White (W)
Ear Shape
Pointy (Y)
Round (y)
Claws
Long (L)
Short (l)
Skin Color
(Codominant)
Blue (B)
Yellow (Y)
Mane Texture
(incomplete Dom)
Curly (M)
Straigh ...
Heridity and Evolution - Biology Class 10 CBSEAthira S
This Powerpoint Presentation is on the chapter Heredity and Evolution from class 10 Biology in CBSE Board. The contents of the presentation are from the NCERT science textbook for class 10 and Lakhmir Singh Biology Handbook Class 10.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. Student Learning Objectives
Explain how variation assists in species survival
Distinguish between continuous and discrete variation
Explain sex chromosomes
Distinguish between dominant and recessive alleles
Explain the terms genotype, phenotype, homozygous and
heterozygous
Draw and use punnet squares
Describe what a pedigree is
Describe DNA and genes
Explain the genetic code
Explain what a mutation is
4. SLO
Explain how variation assists in species
survival
Distinguish between continuous and
discrete variation
5. Uniquely you…
The population of the Earth is more than 6 billion people, and no two
individuals (apart from identical twins) are genetically the same. Why?
People are different because they inherit different characteristics
(or traits) from their parents.
Like all babies, this child carries a unique set of
genes; half from his mother and half from his
father.
A person’s unique characteristics are caused by:
the set of genes they inherited from their parents (nature)
the environment in which they developed (nurture).
6. Inherited and acquired characteristics
Differences in some characteristics are due to a combination of both inherited
and environmental factors. In some cases, it can be difficult to say how much
influence each factor has.
Other types of characteristics, such as
scars and hair length, are not inherited
but depend on environmental factors.
These are called acquired
characteristics.
Some characteristics, such as eye colour and
earlobe shape, are only determined by genes.
These are called inherited characteristics.
8. Variation
Variation occurs when
individuals within a
population differ
Selection of those best suited
to the environment leads to
a change in the make up of a
population over time and the
evolution of new species
9.
10. Inheritance
Why do we look the way we do?
You inherit traits (features) from your parents
These traits are passed to you in your chromosomes
Organisms must have variety within populations in
order to survive change.
11.
12. Phenotype and genotype
The overall appearance of an organism depends on two things:
The full set of genes of an organism is called its genotype.
All the observable characteristics of an organism are called its phenotype.
1. its genes (inherited characteristics)
2. the effects of the environment in which it lives.
An organism’s phenotype therefore depends on its genotype plus environmental
effects.
phenotype = genotype + environmental effects
13. Classifying variation
Characteristics can be classified in different ways. How would you categorize
variation in eye colour? Could height be categorized in the same way?
A feature that can be measured and given a
value from a range of values shows
continuous variation.
A feature that cannot be measured but is
one of a few distinct options shows
discontinuous variation.
Which type of variation are eye colour and height?
14. Variation
There are two types of variation
Continuous – range eg height
Discontinuous – either or, you have it or you
don’t, eg tongue roller
15.
16. Discontinuous Variation
Characteristic Yes No
A B
Male Female
Widows peak Straight edge
Free ear lobe Attached ear lobe
Straight thumb Hitch hikers thumb
Tongue roller Non tongue roller
17. Variation Graph
What shape is your graph?
Not quite a bell shape
If your graph does not show a bell shaped curve why
not?
Because sample size is too small
What is the biological importance of variation?
To survive environmental change
20. Success Criteria
Why is it important for populations to have
variation?
Where do we get our inherited characteristics from?
Give two examples of inherited characteristics
Why don’t we look exactly like our parents?
21. Success Criteria
Why is it important for populations to have
variation? So that they can survive environmental
changes
Where do we get our inherited characteristics from?
Parents, parents parents, parents parents parents
Give two examples of inherited characteristics
Nose shape, eye colour, hair colour
Why don’t we look exactly like our parents?
Because we are a mixture of mum and dad, and the
environment
26. Alleles, genes and chromosomes
Alleles – alternative form of a gene
eg blue eyes (b) or brown eyes (B)
Gene – section of DNA that codes for a
characteristic
eg eye colour
Chromosome – coiled length of DNA
(deoxyribose nucleic acid)
30. Karyotype
Chromosomes are matched up into Homologous
Pairs (same chromosome, one from each parent)
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are then ordered
from longest to smallest.
Sex chromosomes always go at the bottom right
In humans we have 22 pairs of body cells and two
sex cells – total of 46 chromosomes
31.
32.
33. Chromosome Numbers
Body cells have 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes
Egg and sperm must have half or one set of
chromosomes so that when they join to make a new
child, that child only has 46 chromosomes (not 92!)
34. Success Criteria
Where are chromosomes found?
In the nucleus of all cells
What is a gene?
Section of DNA that codes for a characteristic eg eye
colour
Where do we get our inherited characteristics from?
Our parents
How many chromosomes do we have?
46
36. Mutations
Mutations are a permanent change in the base
sequence of DNA
Mutations are the ultimate source of variation
as they give rise to NEW phenotypes
37. Mutagens
Mutations (changes in base sequence of DNA
are caused by:
UV A rays
Radio waves
Some chemicals
Heavy metals
Problems during meiosis or DNA replication
39. Family resemblanceMembers of the same family
often look similar.
If the son and daughter have
children of their own one day, will
they also look like their parents?
Which parent do these children
look more like?
Humans, like all organisms, inherit characteristics from their parents. How
are characteristics passed on?
Why do members of the same family look similar?
40. Different versions of genesChromosomes in a homologous pair contain the same type of genes that code for
the same characteristics, such as eye colour.
Each different version of a gene is called an allele.
Each chromosome in the pair, however,
may have a different version of the gene.
For example, the version of
a gene on one chromosome
may code for brown eyes,
whereas the version of the gene on the other
chromosome may code for blue eyes.
allele for
brown
eyes
allele for
blue
eyes
41. Homozygous allelesIf the alleles for a characteristic in a homologous pair are the same, the
organism is said to be homozygous for that characteristic.
What colour eyes will these homozygous pairs of alleles produce?
allele for
brown eyes
allele for
brown eyes
allele for
blue eyes
allele for
blue eyes
42. Heterozygous alleles
The characteristic expressed by
heterozygous alleles will depend on
which allele is dominant and which
allele is recessive.
If the alleles for a characteristic in a homologous pair are different, the organism
is said to be heterozygous for that characteristic.
What colour eyes will this heterozygous pair of alleles produce?
allele for
brown eyes
allele for
blue eyes
?
43. Dominant or recessive?
Dominant alleles are always expressed in a cell’s phenotype. Only one
copy of the dominant allele needs to be inherited in order for it to be
expressed. Dominant alleles (e.g. brown eyes) are represented by an
upper case letter (e.g. ‘B’).
The phenotype for a particular characteristic depends on which allele is dominant
and which allele is recessive.
Recessive alleles are only expressed in a cell’s phenotype if two copies
of it are present. If only one copy is present, its effect is ‘masked’ by the
dominant allele. Recessive alleles (e.g. blue eyes) are represented by a
lower case letter (e.g. ‘b’).
44. What eye colour?
The allele for brown eyes is dominant over the allele for blue eyes.
The individual will have brown eyes,
because the allele for brown eyes
masks the allele for blue eyes.
allele for
brown eyes
allele for
blue eyes
So, what colour will the eyes be of an individual who is heterozygous for eye
colour?
47. Terms;Terms;Terms;Terms
Term Definition
Phenotype Physical characteristic, blue eyes
Genotype Letters representing alleles, Bb
Homozygous Same letters (alleles) BB, bb
Heterozygous Different letters (alleles) Bb
Alleles Alternative form of a gene
Dominant Always expressed if present, capital letter, B
Recessive Requires two alleles to be present to be
expressed, lower case letter, b
Pure breeding Homozygous for the desired trait
50. Finding the genotypeFor some characteristics, the genotype of a homozygous recessive individual can be
determined from their phenotype.
A test cross can be used to determine whether an
individual is homozygous or heterozygous for a
dominant trait.
But what about individuals that have brown
fur? Is their genotype BB or Bw ?
For example, the allele for brown fur (B) in mice is dominant over the allele for
white fur (w). This means that all white mice must therefore have the genotype
.
51. What is a test cross?During a test cross, an individual with an unknown genotype is crossed with a
homozygous recessive individual. The phenotype of the offspring will reveal the
unknown genotype.
If all the offspring display the dominant phenotype, then the parent of
unknown genotype must be homozygous for the characteristic.
If half the offspring show the
dominant phenotype, and half show
the recessive phenotype, then the
parent must be heterozygous for the
characteristic.
53. Mendel’s experimentsOver seven years, Mendel experimented on more than 28,000 pea plants!
Why were his experiments so successful?
Pea plants grow quickly.
Pea plants are available in pure-
breeding (homozygous) strains.
Many pea plant characteristics show discontinuous variation; they are
either one form or another, with no intermediates. This means that their
phenotypes are easily distinguishable.
55. Monohybrid crosses
There are two alleles controlling pea shape. This means there are three possible
genotypes that the F2 generation of plants could inherit, leading to two possible
phenotypes.
SS
ww
Sw
smooth
wrinkly
smooth
Genotype
heterozygous
homozygous dominant
homozygous recessive
Phenotype
The type of experiment that Mendel carried out, investigating just a single
characteristic, is called a monohybrid cross.
The likelihood of a trait being produced during a monohybrid cross can be
mapped out using a Punnett Square.
57. Mendel’s laws of inheritanceAfter his research, Mendel proposed two laws of inheritance.
Mendel’s first law: the law of segregation
Mendel’s second law: the law of independent assortment
Alternate versions of genes (alleles) cause variation in inherited
characteristics.
An organism inherits two alleles for each characteristic – one from each
parent.
Dominant alleles will always mask recessive alleles.
The two alleles for each characteristic separate during gamete production.
Genes for different characteristics are sorted independently
during gamete production.
58. Predicting Offspring
Parent Phenotype: Brown x Brown
Parent Genotype: Bb x Bb
Gametes: B b x B b
Punnet Square: X B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
F1 Genotype: 1 BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb
F1 Phenotype: 3 Brown : 1 Blue
59. Questions
Brown (B) eyes is dominant to blue eyes (b).
1. If two heterozygous people mate, what is the ratio of
their off spring?
2. If a homozygous brown eyed person mates with a blue
eyed person what colour eyes will their offspring have?
3. What colour eyes will the offspring of a heterozygous
brown eyed person who mates with a person with the
recessive colour for eyes be?
4. If two blue eyed people mate, what colour eyes will their
offspring have?
60. Punnet Square Rules
Heterozygous x Heterozygous cross
= 3 dominant phenotype: 1 recessive phenotype
Homozygous dominant cross
= All dominant phenotype
Heterozygous X recessive cross
= 1 dominant phenotype: 1 recessive phenotype
Recessive X recessive cross
= All recessive phenotype
61. Success Criteria
Where do the genes for eye colour come from?
What is the genotype of a person with brown eyes
who has a sister with blue eyes? Why?
How can two brown eyed people have a child with
blue eyes?
Complete page 50 of Workbook
65. Boy or Girl
Parent Phenotype: Male X Female
Parent Genotype: XY x XX
Gametes: X Y x X X
Punnet Square: X X X
X XX XX
Y XY XY
F1 Genotype: 1 XY : 1 XX
F1 Phenotype: 1 Male : 1 Female
66. Boy or Girl
Sex is determined by the male,
if a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg the baby
is a _______________
if a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes an egg the baby
is a _______________
There is a 50% chance of a baby being a boy or
girl, no matter how many boys in a row are born
there will always be a 50% chance the next one
will also be a boy
67. Success Criteria
How many pairs of chromosomes do
humans have?
If dogs have 54 chromosomes in their body
cells, how many pairs of chromosomes do
they have?
How many chromosomes do they have in their sex
cells?
70. Pedigree Questions
1. What is the genotype of individual I2? Justify your answer
2. What is the genotype of individual III3? Justify your answer
3. What is the genotype of individual III4.?Justify your answer.
4. What is the genotype of individual III 1? Justify your answer
I
II
II
I