Assignment Details
Open Date
Apr 2, 2018 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
Develop a chart or diagram that will illustrate how prenatal development is influenced by environmental or genetic factors. Creativity is strongly suggested. There is no requirement for APA format in this assignment. There is no requirement of references for this assignment.
Supporting Materials
· 308 Assignment 2. Rubric.doc (50 KB)
Bottom of Form
Nature and Nurture: Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Child Development
Child development is impacted by both genetic or inherited factors and environmental factors. Genetic factors are inherited from both parents at the time of conception, but can be the result of different types of gene interactions. Environmental factors impact different ways families function and children develop. Environmental factors include the ecological systems that may alter family function, socio-economic status and cultural values and public policy.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Genetics
· Family functioning from an ecological systems perspective
· The impact of socioeconomic status
· Cultural values and public policies
“Toddler hopscotch” by Ilya Haykinson is licensed under CC BY 2.0
The Influence of Alleles
In the argument over nature versus nurture in child development, nature is determined by genes passed down from parent to child during conception. Both parents pass genetic traits to their offspring, but different offspring may acquire different traits from each parent. Why do some children in one family have similar characteristics or appearances and yet other children in the same family look very different? The answer lies in the interaction of genes inherited from the mother and father.
Genes and alleles influence the inheritance of traits, through dominant–recessive inheritance, incomplete dominance, X-linked inheritance, genomic imprinting, mutation, and polygenic inheritance. In order to understand genetic inheritance, you need to understand the basics of how genes work, and how they work together with one another.
Fundamental Definitions
Understanding the basic structures and elements of genetics is essential to recognize how various traits are inherited, from appearance to intelligence.
GENE
The basic building block of the study of genetics is the gene; a gene is a single unit of genetic information.
CHROMOSOME
A chromosome is a threadlike strand of DNA encoded with a large number of genes. Humans receive 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
ALLELE
An allele is one of a pair of genes that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristics in the individual. Humans have two alleles, one from each parent, at each genetic locus, or position, on a chromosome.
GENOTYPE
The entire genetic makeup of an individual is called the genotype. The geno ...
We have two questions in our discussion this week.1- How does so.docxcelenarouzie
We have two questions in our discussion this week.
1- How does socioeconomic status determine family functioning?
2- What is the role and effect of cultural values and public policies on the overall well-being of children and the family?
Criteria/ 300 Level Forum Rubric
Possible Points
Student Points
Initial post
Analyzed the question(s), fact(s), issue(s), etc. and provided well-reasoned and substantive answers.
20
Supported ideas and responses using appropriate examples and references from texts, professional and/or academic websites, and other references. (All references must be from professional and/or academic sources. Websites such as Wikipedia, about.com, and others such as these are NOT acceptable.)
20
Post meets the 300 word minimum requirement and is free from spelling/grammar errors
10
Timeliness: initial post meets the Wed deadline
10
Replies
Participated in the discussion by replying to a minimum of 2 classmates, asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with rationale, challenging a point of discussion, or making a relationship between one or more points of the discussion. Each reply post is unique and original in nature and meets the required minimum word count of 150 words
Reply #1
20
Reply #2
20
100
READING
CHFD 308 | WEEK 2
Nature and Nurture: Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Child Development
Child development is impacted by both genetic or inherited factors and environmental factors. Genetic factors are inherited from both parents at the time of conception, but can be the result of different types of gene interactions. Environmental factors impact different ways families function and children develop. Environmental factors include the ecological systems that may alter family function, socio-economic status and cultural values and public policy.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Genetics
· Family functioning from an ecological systems perspective
· The impact of socioeconomic status
· Cultural values and public policies
“Toddler hopscotch” by Ilya Haykinson is licensed under CC BY 2.0
The Influence of Alleles
In the argument over nature versus nurture in child development, nature is determined by genes passed down from parent to child during conception. Both parents pass genetic traits to their offspring, but different offspring may acquire different traits from each parent. Why do some children in one family have similar characteristics or appearances and yet other children in the same family look very different? The answer lies in the interaction of genes inherited from the mother and father.
Genes and alleles influence the inheritance of traits, through dominant–recessive inheritance, incomplete dominance, X-linked inheritance, genomic imprinting, mutation, and polygenic inheritance. In order to understand genetic inheritance, you need to understand the basics of how genes work, and how they work together with one another.
Fundamental Definitions
U.
We have two questions in our discussion this week.1- How doe.docxendawalling
We have two questions in our discussion this week.
1- How does socioeconomic status determine family functioning?
2- What is the role and effect of cultural values and public policies on the overall well-being of children and the
family?
Criteria/ 300 Level Forum Rubric
Possible Points
Student Points
Initial post
Analyzed the question(s), fact(s), issue(s), etc. and provided well-reasoned and substantive answers.
20
Supported ideas and responses using appropriate examples and references from texts, professional and/or academic websites, and other references. (All references must be from professional and/or academic sources. Websites such as Wikipedia, about.com, and others such as these are NOT acceptable.)
20
Post meets the 300 word minimum requirement and is free from spelling/grammar errors
10
Timeliness: initial post meets the Wed deadline
10
Replies
Participated in the discussion by replying to a minimum of 2 classmates, asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with rationale, challenging a point of discussion, or making a relationship between one or more points of the discussion. Each reply post is unique and original in nature and meets the required minimum word count of 150 words
Reply #1
20
Reply #2
20
100
READING
CHFD 308 | WEEK 2
Nature and Nurture: Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Child Development
Child development is impacted by both genetic or inherited factors and environmental factors. Genetic factors are inherited from both parents at the time of conception, but can be the result of different types of gene interactions. Environmental factors impact different ways families function and children develop. Environmental factors include the ecological systems that may alter family function, socio-economic status and cultural values and public policy.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Genetics
· Family functioning from an ecological systems perspective
· The impact of
socioeconomic status
· Cultural values and public policies
“
Toddler hopscotch
” by
Ilya Haykinson
is licensed under
CC BY 2.0
The Influence of Alleles
In the argument over nature versus nurture in child development, nature is determined by genes passed down from parent to child during conception. Both parents pass genetic traits to their offspring, but different offspring may acquire different traits from each parent. Why do some children in one family have similar characteristics or appearances and yet other children in the same family look very different? The answer lies in the interaction of genes inherited from the mother and father.
Genes and alleles influence the inheritance of traits, through dominant–recessive inheritance, incomplete dominance, X-linked inheritance, genomic imprinting,
mutation
, and
polygenic inheritance
. In order to understand genetic inheritance, you need to understand ...
This document discusses heredity and inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. It explains that traits are passed down through genes located on chromosomes. Parents each contribute half of their child's genes through sperm and egg cells during fertilization. The combination of these genes from both parents leads to variation among offspring. Traits can be dominant or recessive and influence phenotypes. Non-Mendelian inheritance like incomplete dominance and multiple alleles are also discussed. The environment can impact how genes are expressed.
This document discusses genetics and orthodontics. It defines basic genetic terminology and describes modes of inheritance such as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked recessive. It discusses methods used to study the heritability of malocclusion, including familial studies, twin studies, and the classifications of concordant and discordant twins. The document also covers genetics influences on craniofacial development, skeletal malocclusions, dental anomalies, and the heritability and functional components of occlusion.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in Mendelian genetics. It discusses Mendel's laws of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance. It also summarizes exceptions to Mendelian ratios, including lethal alleles, incomplete dominance, codominance, and other factors like epistasis, pleiotropy, genetic heterogeneity, variable expressivity, and incomplete penetrance.
Lec 02 Factors influencing Human Growth and DevelopmentDr. Imran A. Sajid
These slides are prepared for students of BS Social Work. Social Workers come across clients in different age groups and categories. This subject helps them put the client into social, physical, psychological, and emotional perspectives.
Dr. Imran A. Sajid
Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
We have two questions in our discussion this week.1- How does so.docxcelenarouzie
We have two questions in our discussion this week.
1- How does socioeconomic status determine family functioning?
2- What is the role and effect of cultural values and public policies on the overall well-being of children and the family?
Criteria/ 300 Level Forum Rubric
Possible Points
Student Points
Initial post
Analyzed the question(s), fact(s), issue(s), etc. and provided well-reasoned and substantive answers.
20
Supported ideas and responses using appropriate examples and references from texts, professional and/or academic websites, and other references. (All references must be from professional and/or academic sources. Websites such as Wikipedia, about.com, and others such as these are NOT acceptable.)
20
Post meets the 300 word minimum requirement and is free from spelling/grammar errors
10
Timeliness: initial post meets the Wed deadline
10
Replies
Participated in the discussion by replying to a minimum of 2 classmates, asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with rationale, challenging a point of discussion, or making a relationship between one or more points of the discussion. Each reply post is unique and original in nature and meets the required minimum word count of 150 words
Reply #1
20
Reply #2
20
100
READING
CHFD 308 | WEEK 2
Nature and Nurture: Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Child Development
Child development is impacted by both genetic or inherited factors and environmental factors. Genetic factors are inherited from both parents at the time of conception, but can be the result of different types of gene interactions. Environmental factors impact different ways families function and children develop. Environmental factors include the ecological systems that may alter family function, socio-economic status and cultural values and public policy.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Genetics
· Family functioning from an ecological systems perspective
· The impact of socioeconomic status
· Cultural values and public policies
“Toddler hopscotch” by Ilya Haykinson is licensed under CC BY 2.0
The Influence of Alleles
In the argument over nature versus nurture in child development, nature is determined by genes passed down from parent to child during conception. Both parents pass genetic traits to their offspring, but different offspring may acquire different traits from each parent. Why do some children in one family have similar characteristics or appearances and yet other children in the same family look very different? The answer lies in the interaction of genes inherited from the mother and father.
Genes and alleles influence the inheritance of traits, through dominant–recessive inheritance, incomplete dominance, X-linked inheritance, genomic imprinting, mutation, and polygenic inheritance. In order to understand genetic inheritance, you need to understand the basics of how genes work, and how they work together with one another.
Fundamental Definitions
U.
We have two questions in our discussion this week.1- How doe.docxendawalling
We have two questions in our discussion this week.
1- How does socioeconomic status determine family functioning?
2- What is the role and effect of cultural values and public policies on the overall well-being of children and the
family?
Criteria/ 300 Level Forum Rubric
Possible Points
Student Points
Initial post
Analyzed the question(s), fact(s), issue(s), etc. and provided well-reasoned and substantive answers.
20
Supported ideas and responses using appropriate examples and references from texts, professional and/or academic websites, and other references. (All references must be from professional and/or academic sources. Websites such as Wikipedia, about.com, and others such as these are NOT acceptable.)
20
Post meets the 300 word minimum requirement and is free from spelling/grammar errors
10
Timeliness: initial post meets the Wed deadline
10
Replies
Participated in the discussion by replying to a minimum of 2 classmates, asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with rationale, challenging a point of discussion, or making a relationship between one or more points of the discussion. Each reply post is unique and original in nature and meets the required minimum word count of 150 words
Reply #1
20
Reply #2
20
100
READING
CHFD 308 | WEEK 2
Nature and Nurture: Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Child Development
Child development is impacted by both genetic or inherited factors and environmental factors. Genetic factors are inherited from both parents at the time of conception, but can be the result of different types of gene interactions. Environmental factors impact different ways families function and children develop. Environmental factors include the ecological systems that may alter family function, socio-economic status and cultural values and public policy.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Genetics
· Family functioning from an ecological systems perspective
· The impact of
socioeconomic status
· Cultural values and public policies
“
Toddler hopscotch
” by
Ilya Haykinson
is licensed under
CC BY 2.0
The Influence of Alleles
In the argument over nature versus nurture in child development, nature is determined by genes passed down from parent to child during conception. Both parents pass genetic traits to their offspring, but different offspring may acquire different traits from each parent. Why do some children in one family have similar characteristics or appearances and yet other children in the same family look very different? The answer lies in the interaction of genes inherited from the mother and father.
Genes and alleles influence the inheritance of traits, through dominant–recessive inheritance, incomplete dominance, X-linked inheritance, genomic imprinting,
mutation
, and
polygenic inheritance
. In order to understand genetic inheritance, you need to understand ...
This document discusses heredity and inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. It explains that traits are passed down through genes located on chromosomes. Parents each contribute half of their child's genes through sperm and egg cells during fertilization. The combination of these genes from both parents leads to variation among offspring. Traits can be dominant or recessive and influence phenotypes. Non-Mendelian inheritance like incomplete dominance and multiple alleles are also discussed. The environment can impact how genes are expressed.
This document discusses genetics and orthodontics. It defines basic genetic terminology and describes modes of inheritance such as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked recessive. It discusses methods used to study the heritability of malocclusion, including familial studies, twin studies, and the classifications of concordant and discordant twins. The document also covers genetics influences on craniofacial development, skeletal malocclusions, dental anomalies, and the heritability and functional components of occlusion.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in Mendelian genetics. It discusses Mendel's laws of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance. It also summarizes exceptions to Mendelian ratios, including lethal alleles, incomplete dominance, codominance, and other factors like epistasis, pleiotropy, genetic heterogeneity, variable expressivity, and incomplete penetrance.
Lec 02 Factors influencing Human Growth and DevelopmentDr. Imran A. Sajid
These slides are prepared for students of BS Social Work. Social Workers come across clients in different age groups and categories. This subject helps them put the client into social, physical, psychological, and emotional perspectives.
Dr. Imran A. Sajid
Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Pedigrees are diagrams used to visualize family relationships and genetic inheritance patterns. They use symbols to represent individuals and lines to show genetic relationships. Pedigrees allow doctors to determine if a disease runs in families and what type of inheritance it follows, such as dominant, recessive, or X-linked. Traits are determined to be dominant or recessive based on patterns observed in the pedigree, such as whether affected individuals always have an affected parent for dominant traits. Pedigrees are a key tool for genetic analysis of diseases and determining recurrence risks.
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance. It discusses genes, chromosomes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Specific genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease are described. The document also covers sex determination, genetic testing, gene therapy, cloning, and stem cells.
The document summarizes key concepts about genetics and heredity, including:
1) Genes are sections of DNA that code for the production of proteins and are the basic units of heredity. Genes influence many human traits but development is also shaped by environment.
2) Life begins at conception when a sperm and egg fuse to form a single cell called a zygote containing genetic material from both parents. This cell divides and differentiates through gene expression and interaction with the environment to form a complete organism.
3) Traits can be influenced by single genes in dominant, recessive, or additive patterns or by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Studies of twins provide insights into nature vs nurture influences on
Genetic and Environmental FoundationsChapter 2.docxbudbarber38650
Genetic and Environmental Foundations
Chapter 2
Where do we start? What is inherited from our parents and their ancestors and what role does environment contribute? These are but a few of the questions that this chapter will explore.
1
Heredity
DNA
Chromosomes
Genes
Meiosis
Mitosis
Heredity defines one’s nature – which based on the biological transmission of traits and characteristics from one generation to another. The structures we inherit both make our behaviors possible and places limits on them.
Genetic (inherited) influences are fundamental in the transmission of physical traits, such as height, hair texture, and eye color. Genetics also appears to be a factor in intelligence and in the origins of personality traits such as activity level, sociability, shyness, fearfulness etc. Genetic influences are also implicated in psychological problems and disorders such as anxiety and depression, dependence on nicotine and alcohol etc.
Chromosomes and genes – rod shaped structures found in cells. A normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs. Each chromosome contains thousands of segments called genes. Genes carry the biochemical materials that regulate the development of traits. Polygenic – some traits are determined by the combination of pairs of genes.
We begin life as a single cell or zygote. There are 2 types of cell division.
Mitosis – cell division process by which growth occurs and tissues are replaced. Through mitosis, genetic code is carried into new cells in our bodies.
Sperm and ova are produced through meiosis, or reduction division. In meiosis the 46 chromosomes within the cell first line up into 23 pairs. The DNA ladders then unzip, leaving unpaired chromosome halves. As a consequence each new cell only contains 23 chromosomes.
2
Fertilization
Union of egg and sperm
Zygote
Union of egg and sperm - please note sperm with y sex chromosomes seem to swim faster then x one of the reason more boys are conceived then girls. Male fetuses suffer higher rate of spontaneous abortion usually during the first month of pregnancy. Boys also higher rate of infant mortality
The resulting fertilized egg is called a zygote.
3
Male or Female
Autosomes
Twenty-third pair (sex chromosomes)
XX
XY
When a sperm cell fertilizes an ovum we receive 23 from each which combine for the 23 pairs. Twenty-two of the pairs are autosomes – pair that look alike and possess genetic information concerning the same set of traits.
The 23rd pair consists of the sex chromosomes which look different and determine our sex. Males are XY and females are XX
4
Multiple Births
How they occur
Dizygotic twins
Monozygotic twins
Monozygotic or identical twins – one egg fertilized and then the zygote divides into 2.
Dizygotic twins – two eggs fertilized by different sperm.
MZ twins occur with equal frequency in all ethnic groups – but for DZ incidence does vary. European Americans.
This document discusses basic concepts in human genetics including genes, chromosomes, DNA, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and genetic disorders. It covers key topics like the human genome, inheritance from parents, genetic testing methods like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, influences on prenatal development, and genetic counseling.
This document discusses heredity and genetics. It explains that all babies are born with genetic characteristics transmitted from their parents through a process called heredity. Behavioral characteristics like abilities and temperament can also be inherited. Hereditary information is contained within chromosomes and genes and is transmitted from parents to offspring at conception. Both heredity and environment influence traits.
This document discusses patterns of single gene disorders and inheritance. It covers key terminology like genotype, phenotype, allele, locus, dominant and recessive traits. The major patterns of single gene inheritance are autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, and X-linked dominant. Factors like age of onset, new mutations, family size, diagnostic difficulties, and genetic heterogeneity can complicate interpreting inheritance patterns from pedigrees.
This document provides an overview of genetics and its relevance to orthodontics. It begins with definitions of key genetic terms like gene, DNA, genotype and phenotype. It describes Mendel's foundational work in genetics and the discovery of the DNA double helix structure. The document outlines different modes of inheritance and methods for studying the role of genes, including twin and familial studies. It discusses genetic mutations, homeobox genes, and the influence of genetics on dental traits and conditions. The document provides a comprehensive introduction to medical genetics and its practical applications in orthodontics.
This document provides an overview of genetics and heredity. It discusses DNA and chromosomes, how genes determine traits (phenotype) from our genetic code (genotype), how a single cell develops into a full organism through cell differentiation and gene interactions, and different patterns of inheritance such as dominant/recessive genes. It also covers genetic abnormalities like Down syndrome and how nature and nurture both influence traits and conditions over one's lifetime. Genetic counseling and testing are discussed as ways to learn about genetic risks but also have uncertainties.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts including:
- Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through pea plant experiments including dominant and recessive traits.
- Genetic crosses can be used to determine the likelihood of offspring inheriting certain traits based on the parents' genotypes.
- Additional concepts covered include independent assortment, polygenic inheritance, sex determination, and sex-linked inheritance.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts including:
- Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through pea plant experiments and developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
- Genetic crosses can be used to determine the possible outcomes and traits of offspring. Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses examine one or two trait pairs.
- Genes exist in alleles that are dominant or recessive and determine an organism's genotype and phenotype. Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes.
Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments in the mid-19th century laid the groundwork for genetics by demonstrating that traits are passed from parents to offspring via discrete units of inheritance called genes. The document defines genetic terminology like alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant/recessive traits, and describes Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It also discusses sex-linked inheritance and variations like incomplete dominance and polygenic traits. Common human genetic disorders are reviewed including examples like sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Final cloning endangered species 1 main presentationsomsscience7
Cloning endangered or extinct species could help protect biodiversity by preventing further species loss. The process would involve extracting DNA from preserved cells of an extinct animal and inserting it into an egg cell of a closely related living species. This technique has already been used to clone the Pyrenean ibex, an extinct subspecies of wild goat, in 2009. While cloning could boost wild populations, it also raises ethical concerns about interfering with nature. Public opinion on cloning animals is mixed, with some viewing it as morally acceptable and others seeing it as morally wrong. The likelihood of successfully cloning an extinct species in the next 40 years is debated, with opinions ranging from definite to unlikely.
Nicks final cloning endangered species 1 main presentationsomsscience7
Cloning endangered or extinct species could help protect biodiversity by preventing further species loss. The cloning process involves transferring the nucleus of a donor somatic cell into an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed. The resulting embryo would develop and could be used for captive breeding programs to boost wild populations. While cloning animals is technically possible, there are ethical concerns about interfering with nature and cloned animals may face health issues. Public opinion on animal cloning is mixed, with some seeing benefits to conservation but others believing it is morally wrong to clone animals. The likelihood of successfully cloning an extinct species in the next 40 years is debated but seen by many as possible or probable.
Genetic counseling helps prospective parents with genetic disorders by advising them on the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of transmitting it to children, and options to prevent or ameliorate it. Karyotypes, which show full chromosome sets, can predict genetic disorders by identifying extra or missing chromosomes. While cloning may help endangered species, reproductive cloning raises issues regarding an individual's psychological well-being.
The document summarizes key concepts about genetics and heredity, including:
- Genes contain DNA instructions that determine traits like appearance and behavior. Humans have about 25,000 genes across 46 chromosomes.
- Development begins at conception when sperm and egg fuse to form a single cell called a zygote containing a full set of genes. This cell then differentiates and multiplies to form all the body's cells and tissues.
- Genes interact with each other and the environment to determine a person's phenotype, or observable characteristics. While genes influence traits, environmental factors also play a role.
Genetics dentistry inheritance patterns or modes of inheritanceLama K Banna
This document discusses different patterns of inheritance for genetic traits and disorders, including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked inheritance. It provides examples of pedigrees that illustrate each pattern of inheritance and describes key characteristics such as whether a trait is expressed in the heterozygous or homozygous state, risks of inheriting a trait, and the frequency of traits being passed down through generations. The document also discusses concepts like pseudodominance, locus heterogeneity, and how pedigree analysis is used to determine a trait's mode of inheritance.
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pag.docxrock73
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pages), explain the purpose of an income statement and how it reflects the firm’s financial status. Include important points that an analyst would use in assessing the financial condition of the company. Also, analyze Ford Motor Company’s income statement from its
2012 Annual Report
.
Your paper must be formatted according to APA style, and must include citations and references for the text and at least two scholarly sources.
.
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following qu.docxrock73
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following questions:
1.) Choose one source of energy, explain its origins, how does it impact our Earth, and what effect does it have on our planet?
OR
2.) Explain, with details, how geology influences the distribution of natural resources.
NO MINIMUM WORD LENGTH REQUIRED.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Assignment DetailsOpen DateApr 2, 2018 1205 AMGradedYes.docx
Pedigrees are diagrams used to visualize family relationships and genetic inheritance patterns. They use symbols to represent individuals and lines to show genetic relationships. Pedigrees allow doctors to determine if a disease runs in families and what type of inheritance it follows, such as dominant, recessive, or X-linked. Traits are determined to be dominant or recessive based on patterns observed in the pedigree, such as whether affected individuals always have an affected parent for dominant traits. Pedigrees are a key tool for genetic analysis of diseases and determining recurrence risks.
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance. It discusses genes, chromosomes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Specific genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease are described. The document also covers sex determination, genetic testing, gene therapy, cloning, and stem cells.
The document summarizes key concepts about genetics and heredity, including:
1) Genes are sections of DNA that code for the production of proteins and are the basic units of heredity. Genes influence many human traits but development is also shaped by environment.
2) Life begins at conception when a sperm and egg fuse to form a single cell called a zygote containing genetic material from both parents. This cell divides and differentiates through gene expression and interaction with the environment to form a complete organism.
3) Traits can be influenced by single genes in dominant, recessive, or additive patterns or by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Studies of twins provide insights into nature vs nurture influences on
Genetic and Environmental FoundationsChapter 2.docxbudbarber38650
Genetic and Environmental Foundations
Chapter 2
Where do we start? What is inherited from our parents and their ancestors and what role does environment contribute? These are but a few of the questions that this chapter will explore.
1
Heredity
DNA
Chromosomes
Genes
Meiosis
Mitosis
Heredity defines one’s nature – which based on the biological transmission of traits and characteristics from one generation to another. The structures we inherit both make our behaviors possible and places limits on them.
Genetic (inherited) influences are fundamental in the transmission of physical traits, such as height, hair texture, and eye color. Genetics also appears to be a factor in intelligence and in the origins of personality traits such as activity level, sociability, shyness, fearfulness etc. Genetic influences are also implicated in psychological problems and disorders such as anxiety and depression, dependence on nicotine and alcohol etc.
Chromosomes and genes – rod shaped structures found in cells. A normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs. Each chromosome contains thousands of segments called genes. Genes carry the biochemical materials that regulate the development of traits. Polygenic – some traits are determined by the combination of pairs of genes.
We begin life as a single cell or zygote. There are 2 types of cell division.
Mitosis – cell division process by which growth occurs and tissues are replaced. Through mitosis, genetic code is carried into new cells in our bodies.
Sperm and ova are produced through meiosis, or reduction division. In meiosis the 46 chromosomes within the cell first line up into 23 pairs. The DNA ladders then unzip, leaving unpaired chromosome halves. As a consequence each new cell only contains 23 chromosomes.
2
Fertilization
Union of egg and sperm
Zygote
Union of egg and sperm - please note sperm with y sex chromosomes seem to swim faster then x one of the reason more boys are conceived then girls. Male fetuses suffer higher rate of spontaneous abortion usually during the first month of pregnancy. Boys also higher rate of infant mortality
The resulting fertilized egg is called a zygote.
3
Male or Female
Autosomes
Twenty-third pair (sex chromosomes)
XX
XY
When a sperm cell fertilizes an ovum we receive 23 from each which combine for the 23 pairs. Twenty-two of the pairs are autosomes – pair that look alike and possess genetic information concerning the same set of traits.
The 23rd pair consists of the sex chromosomes which look different and determine our sex. Males are XY and females are XX
4
Multiple Births
How they occur
Dizygotic twins
Monozygotic twins
Monozygotic or identical twins – one egg fertilized and then the zygote divides into 2.
Dizygotic twins – two eggs fertilized by different sperm.
MZ twins occur with equal frequency in all ethnic groups – but for DZ incidence does vary. European Americans.
This document discusses basic concepts in human genetics including genes, chromosomes, DNA, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and genetic disorders. It covers key topics like the human genome, inheritance from parents, genetic testing methods like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, influences on prenatal development, and genetic counseling.
This document discusses heredity and genetics. It explains that all babies are born with genetic characteristics transmitted from their parents through a process called heredity. Behavioral characteristics like abilities and temperament can also be inherited. Hereditary information is contained within chromosomes and genes and is transmitted from parents to offspring at conception. Both heredity and environment influence traits.
This document discusses patterns of single gene disorders and inheritance. It covers key terminology like genotype, phenotype, allele, locus, dominant and recessive traits. The major patterns of single gene inheritance are autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive, and X-linked dominant. Factors like age of onset, new mutations, family size, diagnostic difficulties, and genetic heterogeneity can complicate interpreting inheritance patterns from pedigrees.
This document provides an overview of genetics and its relevance to orthodontics. It begins with definitions of key genetic terms like gene, DNA, genotype and phenotype. It describes Mendel's foundational work in genetics and the discovery of the DNA double helix structure. The document outlines different modes of inheritance and methods for studying the role of genes, including twin and familial studies. It discusses genetic mutations, homeobox genes, and the influence of genetics on dental traits and conditions. The document provides a comprehensive introduction to medical genetics and its practical applications in orthodontics.
This document provides an overview of genetics and heredity. It discusses DNA and chromosomes, how genes determine traits (phenotype) from our genetic code (genotype), how a single cell develops into a full organism through cell differentiation and gene interactions, and different patterns of inheritance such as dominant/recessive genes. It also covers genetic abnormalities like Down syndrome and how nature and nurture both influence traits and conditions over one's lifetime. Genetic counseling and testing are discussed as ways to learn about genetic risks but also have uncertainties.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts including:
- Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through pea plant experiments including dominant and recessive traits.
- Genetic crosses can be used to determine the likelihood of offspring inheriting certain traits based on the parents' genotypes.
- Additional concepts covered include independent assortment, polygenic inheritance, sex determination, and sex-linked inheritance.
This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts including:
- Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through pea plant experiments and developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
- Genetic crosses can be used to determine the possible outcomes and traits of offspring. Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses examine one or two trait pairs.
- Genes exist in alleles that are dominant or recessive and determine an organism's genotype and phenotype. Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes.
Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments in the mid-19th century laid the groundwork for genetics by demonstrating that traits are passed from parents to offspring via discrete units of inheritance called genes. The document defines genetic terminology like alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant/recessive traits, and describes Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It also discusses sex-linked inheritance and variations like incomplete dominance and polygenic traits. Common human genetic disorders are reviewed including examples like sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Final cloning endangered species 1 main presentationsomsscience7
Cloning endangered or extinct species could help protect biodiversity by preventing further species loss. The process would involve extracting DNA from preserved cells of an extinct animal and inserting it into an egg cell of a closely related living species. This technique has already been used to clone the Pyrenean ibex, an extinct subspecies of wild goat, in 2009. While cloning could boost wild populations, it also raises ethical concerns about interfering with nature. Public opinion on cloning animals is mixed, with some viewing it as morally acceptable and others seeing it as morally wrong. The likelihood of successfully cloning an extinct species in the next 40 years is debated, with opinions ranging from definite to unlikely.
Nicks final cloning endangered species 1 main presentationsomsscience7
Cloning endangered or extinct species could help protect biodiversity by preventing further species loss. The cloning process involves transferring the nucleus of a donor somatic cell into an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed. The resulting embryo would develop and could be used for captive breeding programs to boost wild populations. While cloning animals is technically possible, there are ethical concerns about interfering with nature and cloned animals may face health issues. Public opinion on animal cloning is mixed, with some seeing benefits to conservation but others believing it is morally wrong to clone animals. The likelihood of successfully cloning an extinct species in the next 40 years is debated but seen by many as possible or probable.
Genetic counseling helps prospective parents with genetic disorders by advising them on the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of transmitting it to children, and options to prevent or ameliorate it. Karyotypes, which show full chromosome sets, can predict genetic disorders by identifying extra or missing chromosomes. While cloning may help endangered species, reproductive cloning raises issues regarding an individual's psychological well-being.
The document summarizes key concepts about genetics and heredity, including:
- Genes contain DNA instructions that determine traits like appearance and behavior. Humans have about 25,000 genes across 46 chromosomes.
- Development begins at conception when sperm and egg fuse to form a single cell called a zygote containing a full set of genes. This cell then differentiates and multiplies to form all the body's cells and tissues.
- Genes interact with each other and the environment to determine a person's phenotype, or observable characteristics. While genes influence traits, environmental factors also play a role.
Genetics dentistry inheritance patterns or modes of inheritanceLama K Banna
This document discusses different patterns of inheritance for genetic traits and disorders, including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked inheritance. It provides examples of pedigrees that illustrate each pattern of inheritance and describes key characteristics such as whether a trait is expressed in the heterozygous or homozygous state, risks of inheriting a trait, and the frequency of traits being passed down through generations. The document also discusses concepts like pseudodominance, locus heterogeneity, and how pedigree analysis is used to determine a trait's mode of inheritance.
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pag.docxrock73
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pages), explain the purpose of an income statement and how it reflects the firm’s financial status. Include important points that an analyst would use in assessing the financial condition of the company. Also, analyze Ford Motor Company’s income statement from its
2012 Annual Report
.
Your paper must be formatted according to APA style, and must include citations and references for the text and at least two scholarly sources.
.
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following qu.docxrock73
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following questions:
1.) Choose one source of energy, explain its origins, how does it impact our Earth, and what effect does it have on our planet?
OR
2.) Explain, with details, how geology influences the distribution of natural resources.
NO MINIMUM WORD LENGTH REQUIRED.
.
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic,.docxrock73
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic, physical, and emotional challenges of providing chronic care for a family member have not produced more salient political demands for aggressive policy intervention (Hudson, 2014).
Discuss her findings as well as your own theory on why there has not been a stronger demand from the public for policy intervention to assist caregivers.
Support your statements with evidence from the Required Studies and your research. Cite and reference your sources in APA style.
References
Hudson, R. (Ed). (2014).
The new politics of old age policy
(3rd ed.). Baltimore, John Hopkins.
.
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation o.docxrock73
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation of the steps you took to rewrite the Romantic poem you selected. Your explanation should point out at least three typically modernist qualities in your work with regard to elements such as
language, style, literary elements, and themes. Here, as an example, is a brief explanation of the modernist rewrite of the first stanza of Wordsworth
’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”:
.
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is Americas past .docxrock73
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is America's past time. As part of your paper you can share some of your memories of baseball. How did baseball mirror society(good and bad?) as a reflection of American society. Be sure to cite all of your sources and you must show direct evidence of integrating your textbook once per chapter as part of your final exam. Your paper should at include at least one resource from the library.
.
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public .docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public has responded to the October 2001 USA Patriot Act. Has the public’s response been positive or negative? What are some pros and cons of the USA Patriot Act with the American public? Explain your answer.
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 213-214).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a weekly coordination meeting, several senior investigators from .docxrock73
Senior investigators from a state crime lab requested that AB Investigative Services create standard operating procedures for processing computer evidence, as recent investigators have not properly understood how computer data works and technical issues related to evidence processing. ABIS was asked to provide 4 general guidelines for processing evidence to ensure investigators follow standard procedures.
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the e.docxrock73
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the engineering phenomenon – a substantial paragraph for each. You will need to research both the art and engineering, so each section of the memo should include citations from credible sources.
i need to wrote two paragraph also incloude two citation for each one
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforce.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforcement officials have faced regarding the issues of federal, state, and local jurisdictions attempting to intervene in tribal policing. How has this issue contributed to confusion and discontent with law enforcement? Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 22-25). Police. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in the context of span of control, it is more beneficial to
limit the number of officers reporting to one supervisor.
What factors can affect how many employees are supervised at one time?
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg.
Pg. 35-40
).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to1. Summarize the ar.docxrock73
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to:
1. Summarize the article (include all necessary background information);
2. Identify, discuss and analyze the main issue covered in the article, making links to all secondary
issues, theories and concepts;
3. Critique the actions taken by management and the union, (i.e., what did each do particularly
well or poorly); and
4. Discuss how the event in the article affects the lives of people other than those in management
or the union
.
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and referenc.docxrock73
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and reference pages), explain how Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) would cause an increase in the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) countries’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Your paper must be formatted according to APA Style and include at least two scholarly sources to support your assertions.
.
In a two- to three-page paper (not including the title and reference.docxrock73
A balance sheet shows a company's financial position at a point in time by listing its assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity. It reflects a company's financial status by indicating what it owns, owes, and the portion owned by shareholders. An analysis of Ford Motor Company's 2012 balance sheet from its Annual Report shows its assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at the end of 2012.
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this f.docxrock73
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this folder. For each of these essays: (1) outline the organization of the components, (2) label the components, (3) name the audience and purpose, (4) decide if you found the organization of the components to be effective, and if the components themselves were well written or poorly written. You'll type your notes into a Microsoft Word document, include the names of all group members, and then upload the document individually to your own iLearn dropbox.
.
BASEBALLRuns Scored (X)Wins (Y)7086987590654797048078795730716678661963867976457455667707918559674381731946418965471735797357361556
Develop a position paper on best practices for teaching English Learners. This paper should contain the student’s personal beliefs about and the best models to practice. Statements must be supported with research data. There must be at least THREE references. The textbook may serve as ONE reference (Education English Learners for a Transformed World) The paper must be typed using APA style, double spaced, and with a title page and a reference page. The paper should be no less than three pages in length.
The positon paper: why two way is the best method in Bilingual Education
1) Please explain the components of the Prism Model and why these components are important in creating a welcoming school that promotes success for English Learners.
2) There have been many programs and ideas in the US Public schools for how best to serve English Learners and close the gap between those who enter school speaking English and those who have to learn English along the way.
Following is a list of Bilingual Education Models that have been tried. According to the text book and the research of Virginia Collier and Wayne Thomas, please rate the following programs from 1-6 with 1 being the most effective program for student success and 6 being the least effective program for learning English:
__________Maintenance Bilingual Ed., Self-Contained
__________Transitional Bilingual Ed.
__________One-way Dual Language
__________Pull-out Bilingual Ed.
__________Two-way Dual Language
__________Enrichment Bilingual Education (30 min. per day)
The following programs are designed for ELs who do not live in an area where bilingual ed. is available or do not qualify for bilingual education due to the language they speak. Please rate the following ESL programs on a scale of 1-4 with 1 being the most successful way to teach English and 4 being the least effective program:
__________ESL Pull-out
__________Sheltered Instruction in the regular classroom
__________Total emersion with no language support
__________English enrichment, 30 minutes per day, by classroom teacher
3) Please explain the difference between a 50/50 model and a 90/10 model of Dual Language Education.
4) Why does 2-way Dual Language Education usually have better results than 1-way Dual Language Education?
5) In order to have an effective Dual Language program, there are two important things teachers should not do. What are they?
6) What does it mean to see other cultures not as a deficit but as a difference? Why is this idea important to your classroom?
7) We are required to have many formal assessments in our educational curriculum. However, informal assessment can be much more informative to the teacher of language learners. Please explain why Informal Assessments might be a better way for the teacher to know the true level of the student.
...
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics DialogueEthics .docxrock73
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics Dialogue
Ethics case studies
This is an extra credit assignment that I am offering for the first time this term. In this booklet, you will find 38 separate case studies. You are free to respond to any or all of these cases.
You may earn up to 5 extra credit points per question, based on the complexity of the case and the logic of your response. You may not earn more than 100 points (10 percent of your final grade).
You may find it helpful to read the paper “Four Tough Ethical Dilemmas” prior to responding.
While these are your opinions, citations are not expected; however, if you make use of the work of others, include APA style citations for complete credit.
Either cut and paste the cases you select to a separate file or use this file for your submission. If you use this file to submit a response, please delete those cases to which you are not responding.
Dr. Frick
Case 1: Family Loyalty vs. Meritocracy
A man was appointed president of the newly-acquired Philippine subsidiary of a large American company. He was reviewing the organization with the company's head of human resources. One thing the president noted was that the same names reoccurred frequently in several departments. "It is our tradition," commented the HR head. "Families take care of their own. If one family member gets a good job in a Philippine company, other members of the family apply to join that company and the first member there can help the whole family become successful by helping them get hired and by coaching them to be successful. The company benefits. Our costs of recruiting are lower, we know more about the people we hire, and the commitment to family success results in fewer performance and discipline problems because family members want to please their older relatives."
The president wondered how these practices would be regarded in a large American firm, and whether or not he should take action to change them.
1. Nepotism is not illegal, but is it ethical?
2. If the business is family-owned, does that make a difference?
3. How does national culture affect this discussion?
Case 2: Is the Two-Tier System Ethically Problematic
Employees at a cereal makers plant were “locked-out” from their jobs producing cereal for over 3 months. Company management and the union representing the employees reached a stalemate in negotiations resulting in the lockout. The union claims that the primary issue is the company’s demand of dramatically increasing the number of temporary workers, who would earn $6 less per hour and receive fewer benefits. Critics claim this effectively creates a two-tier system at the plant. Under the current agreement, the company may use temporary workers for up to 30% of the workforce, but the union claims the company is now pushing for 100%. The workers, who have had their health insurance suspended, fear that their jobs will either be replaced entirely by temporary workers, or they will be f ...
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires In her.docxrock73
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires
In her hilarious and lighthearted book, Shark Tales: How I Turned $1,000 Into a
Billion Dollar Business, Barbara Corcoran demonstrates the importance of knowing what
you really want out of life (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011). As her title suggests, Barbara
founded her real estate company, The Corcoran Group, with only $1,000 and some big
dreams. Shortly after founding the company, Barbara took out a piece of paper and wrote
down some big goals for herself and the company. In 1978, she had only 14 sales agents
working for her, who earned a total of $250,000 in commissions. She set a goal of
doubling the number of agents and the commissions every year. So she put down 28 sales
people for 1979, 56 for 1980, and so on, all the way up to 1,792 salespeople in 1985 with
total commissions of $32,000,000. Barbara was amazed when she saw the fantastic sums
projected for 1985, and of course many people, when they see such amazing sums, would
dismiss the calculations as fantasy But as Barbara put it, she went to work the next day
hustling hard for her $32 million.
Real estate agents are paid largely by commission, which is about as close as you
can get to a pure form of contingent reward for performance. However, Barbara didn’t
rely solely on the commissions to motivate her workers. She threw theme parties and held
numerous social events to build a committed workforce. Good sales agents could always
move to another firm, but not every firm had Barbara’s positive attitude and fun-filled
atmosphere. In the early years of the firm, when money was tight, Barbara and her
relatives did the cooking for the outings and parties, and she found clever ways to
entertain people with skating parties and other lively activities. As the firm became larger
and more profitable, she even hired professional entertainers for the company’s midweek
picnics, which included elephant shows, daring rides on hot air balloons, horses, or
Harley Davidsons, etc. Barbara stated “I built my company on pure fun, and believe that
fun is the most underutilized motivational tool in business today. All of my best ideas
came when I was playing outside the office with the people I worked with” (Corcoran &
Littlefield, 2011, p. 283). What did she get in return for the fun atmosphere? She had the
“most profitable real estate company per person in the United States” (p. 284). By the
time she sold her agency in 2001, she had 1,000 agents working for her, and she had the
largest real estate agency in New York – clearly her motivational strategies attracted a
large number of productive employees.
Barbara Corcoran had sold her firm for $66 million. She thought that would make
her happy, but instead, it made her sad. Although she pretended to be happy with her new
wealth and freedom, she was “secretly miserable” (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011, p. 232).
She had lost her purpose ...
This document provides context and summaries about Bapsi Sidhwa's novel Cracking India and Deepa Mehta's film adaptation Earth. It discusses the characters and plot of Earth, focusing on the abduction of Ayah. It analyzes themes in the novel like the child narrator, fallen women, masculinity, and the metaphor of India cracking. It also discusses the film adaptation and historical context of violence against women during the 1947 Partition of India and Pakistan, including government estimates of abductions.
Barriers of therapeutic relationshipThe therapeutic relations.docxrock73
Barriers of therapeutic relationship:
The therapeutic relationship between patient and nurse is often filled with barriers that can generate obstacles for the relationship and, in the end, the health system as a whole (Sfoggia et al.,2014). There are many factors that hinder building a therapeutic relationship: language, professional jargon, communication impairment, and cultural diversity (ibid).
Language:
Language can be an obstacle to nurse-patient communication because a patient may not be able to speak the same language and therefore communication is not possible (Levin,2006). The best way to overcome this barrier is providing a translator who can explain a professional facilitator's message easily to the patient(ibid). For instance, if the nurse only speaks English but the patient is only able to speak Arabic, a translation to the patient of what the professional facilitator is saying leads to less chance of misunderstanding (ibid). Translation also allows a patient to feel comfortable through being able to speak in their own language (ibid).
Medical jargon:
Jargon is a technical language that is comprehended by people in a specific industry or area of work (Leblanc et al.,2014). Health professionals often use jargon to communicate with each other(ibid). For example, T.B. disease stands for tubercle bacillus and HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus (Mccrary & Christensen,1993). Jargon often makes sense to health professionals but a patient who does not understand these acronyms will not understand such communication, leading to a barrier in therapeutic relationship between patient and health professional (Leblanc et al.,2014).
Communication impairment:
Patients with communication impairment such as blindness, deafness and speech impairment often feel isolated, frustrated and self-conscious (O’Halloran et al.,2009). Some patients are born with such disabilities or have developed them as a result of disease (ibid). Therefore, nurses should provide enough time in order to describe any issue to such patients so that they do not feel uncomfortable or censured by health professionals, who must remain impartial (ibid).
Cultural diversity:
Patients often have various differences (Leblanc et al.,2014).Some of these differences are due to a patient's illness, social status, economic class, education and personality(ibid). However, according to Kirkham (1998), the deepest differences might be cultural diversity. Beheri (2009) points out that many nurses believe if they just treat patients with respect, they will avoid most cultural issues. Nevertheless, avoiding misunderstanding can be achieved through some knowledge of cultural customs, which might help and enable nurses to provide better health care to patients (ibid).
Facilitators of therapeutic relationship:
UNCRPD (2006) states that the most fundamental human right in hospital is communication. Patients are required to be provided with an effective communication method by nurs ...
Barada 2Mohamad BaradaProfessor Andrew DurdinReligions of .docxrock73
Barada 2
Mohamad Barada
Professor Andrew Durdin
Religions of the World Hum 201-02
March 23rd, 2018
References:
1. Rachel. Rachel’s Musings: Buddhism is a Religion. Retrieved from https://www.rabe.org/thoughts-on-buddhism/buddhism-is-a-religion/
2. Winfield, Pamela. The Conversation: Why so many Americans think Buddhism is just a philosophy. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-so-many-americans-think-buddhism-is-just-a-philosophy-89488
Critical Analysis of the religious nature of Buddhism
The religious community often debates on whether Buddhism is categorized as a religion or as philosophical teaching. The answer to the question varies depending on an individual’s point of view. There are three main types of Buddhism practices across the world with each of them having smaller branches with slights variances in their teachings and beliefs. The different styles of Buddhist mainly encompass Theravada Buddhism, Vajrayana Buddhism, and Mahayana Buddhism. The various forms often have deities that are worshipped while others do not. Some often have scriptures while others do not usually believe in any physical form of the Buddhist teachings. The first article is authored by Rachel, a blogger, presenting the argument that Buddhism is a religion (Rachel, 1). On the other hand, the second article authored by Pamela Winfield recognizes Buddhism as a philosophy. Analyzing and comparing the two pieces having divergent views on the religious nature of Buddhism is crucial for understanding whether it is a religion or philosophy.
Summary of the articles
Rachel in her article considers Buddhism as a religion. The author acknowledges the fact that Mahayana Buddhism which is often found in greater part of Asia that includes Japan, Korea, and China often teaches on attaining enlightenment (Rachel, 1). The Mahayana often accept that every individual wishes to ensure the effective attainment of enlightenment and thus end the cycle of rebirth which others recognize as “Karma.” The article proceeds to state that Buddha is the greatest of the deities but is not worshipped. Instead, Buddha often inspires all those who practice doing as he once did. The author states that Buddhism often requires that the individuals that choose the wrong path attempt to re-accomplish these tasks in their next life alongside other punishments imposed on them by karma. The characteristics of this type of Buddhism thus often play a significant role in showing the religious nature of Buddhism. The author concludes by stating that Buddhism often contains all the different elements of a religion. Moreover, the article associates Buddhism with fallacies that characterize other religions and just as dangerous as other religions as well. A quote proves the claim on the dangerous nature of Buddhism that the author uses to summarize the teachings of Buddhism.
On the other hand, Winfield tends to focus on enlightening the readers on some of the aspects of Buddhism that ensures its a ...
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. Assignment Details
Open Date
Apr 2, 2018 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
Develop a chart or diagram that will illustrate how prenatal
development is influenced by environmental or genetic factors.
Creativity is strongly suggested. There is no requirement for
APA format in this assignment. There is no requirement of
references for this assignment.
Supporting Materials
· 308 Assignment 2. Rubric.doc (50 KB)
Bottom of Form
Nature and Nurture: Genetic and Environmental Foundations of
Child Development
Child development is impacted by both genetic or inherited
factors and environmental factors. Genetic factors are inherited
from both parents at the time of conception, but can be the
result of different types of gene interactions. Environmental
factors impact different ways families function and children
develop. Environmental factors include the ecological systems
that may alter family function, socio-economic status and
2. cultural values and public policy.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Genetics
· Family functioning from an ecological systems perspective
· The impact of socioeconomic status
· Cultural values and public policies
“Toddler hopscotch” by Ilya Haykinson is licensed under CC
BY 2.0
The Influence of Alleles
In the argument over nature versus nurture in child
development, nature is determined by genes passed down from
parent to child during conception. Both parents pass genetic
traits to their offspring, but different offspring may acquire
different traits from each parent. Why do some children in one
family have similar characteristics or appearances and yet other
children in the same family look very different? The answer lies
in the interaction of genes inherited from the mother and father.
Genes and alleles influence the inheritance of traits, through
dominant–recessive inheritance, incomplete dominance, X-
linked inheritance, genomic imprinting, mutation, and polygenic
inheritance. In order to understand genetic inheritance, you
need to understand the basics of how genes work, and how they
work together with one another.
Fundamental Definitions
Understanding the basic structures and elements of genetics is
essential to recognize how various traits are inherited, from
appearance to intelligence.
GENE
The basic building block of the study of genetics is the gene; a
gene is a single unit of genetic information.
CHROMOSOME
A chromosome is a threadlike strand of DNA encoded with a
large number of genes. Humans receive 23 chromosomes from
each parent, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
ALLELE
3. An allele is one of a pair of genes that appear at a particular
location on a particular chromosome and control the same
characteristics in the individual. Humans have two alleles, one
from each parent, at each genetic locus, or position, on a
chromosome.
GENOTYPE
The entire genetic makeup of an individual is called
the genotype. The genotype can refer to the genetic makeup of
an organism with reference to a single trait, set of traits, or an
entire complex of traits. It can also refer to the sum total of
genes transmitted from parent to offspring.
PHENOTYPE
The phenotype is the appearance of an individual resulting from
the interaction of the genotype and the environment, or the
expression of the individual’s genes. You can see the phenotype
when you look at someone--the phenotype includes expressed
and observed traits. The genotype can include a range of traits
that are not expressed or observable.The phenotype is
determined by the a variety of factors, including how genes
relate to one another in the individual, and how environmental
factors impact the expression of various genes.
Patterns of Gene-Gene Interactions
Blue eyes are an example of a recessive trait
Genes interact with one another in a variety of different ways to
produce genetic traits, ranging from eye color or height to a
variety of genetic diseases. Genetic expression and inheritance
is not simple. In this lesson, you will learn about some of the
ways genes interact with one another and how their interactions
define and change the expression of genetic traits.
Dominant-Recessive Pattern
The expression of many genes is defined by whether or not a
gene is dominant or recessive. These terms describe how likely
or unlikely it is for the offspring to express this gene, or for the
4. genetic phenotype to appear in the offspring. Differences in the
alleles can lead to different visible traits in the individual.
‹1/7›
· The differences in the alleles can cause variations in the
protein that’s produced by the gene, or they can change protein
expression, including when, where, and how much protein is
made. Proteins affect the expression of different traits, so
variations in protein activity or expression can produce
different phenotypes.
Incomplete Dominance Pattern
· Alleles are defined as dominant or recessive. If a dominant
allele is present, that allele will be expressed. If a recessive
allele is present, it will not be expressed if there is a dominant
allele. Dominant and recessive genes were first identified by
Gregor Mendel in the 19th century. While studying pea plants,
Mendel recognized that the color of the flowers was determined
by a dominant or a recessive gene.
The second allele in the pair of genes may be dominant as well,
if two of the dominant genes are inherited, or it can be
recessive. Think about eye color--while this is a simplified
example, many people are familiar with it and it’s a relatively
easy one to understand.
In eye color, brown eyes are dominant and blue eyes are
recessive. If one parent has two dominant brown genes,
represented by BB, all offspring will be brown eyed. If both
parents have blue eyes or bb, offspring will be blue eyed. If one
parent has brown eyes, but carries a recessive blue eye gene or
has the genotype Bb, and the other parent is blue eyed or bb, the
parents have a 50 percent chance of having a blue eyed child
and a 50 percent chance of having a brown eyed child.
While eye color really doesn’t have a significant impact, other
dominant and recessive traits can have a much greater impact on
the individual’s life and well being. Some genetic illnesses are
typically recessive traits. A healthy individual can carry the
5. recessive gene without expressing signs of the illness. These
individuals are called carriers. They do not express the gene,
but carry it to the next generation and may pass it to their
children. The child is only at risk if each parent carries a
recessive gene that codes for the illness. Cystic fibrosis is a
common example. If both parents have a recessive gene, the
child may be born with cystic fibrosis, even though both parents
appear healthy.
In some cases, the genetics associated with an illness of this
sort provide other benefits. For instance, sickle cell anemia is a
recessive disease that damages red blood cells. For individuals
with two recessive sickle cell genes, the illness can be
devastating. Individuals with only one copy to the recessive
sickle cell gene, however, have a much lower risk of contracting
malaria. Being a carrier offers benefits, but having two copies
of the recessive gene causes illness.
In these examples, the dominant trait, if present, will be the one
expressed. The recessive trait will only be expressed if the
individual contains two recessive alleles. While some alleles are
dominant and recessive, other alleles show different dominance
patterns, including co-dominance and incomplete dominance.
Incomplete Dominance Pattern
· INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ALLELES
· CO-DOMINANCE
· INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
· RECOGNIZING INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
While some alleles are dominant and recessive, other alleles
interact differently with one another. Where there are several
different allele types for a single gene, they may interact
differently with one another. They may not be dominant or
recessive, but co-dominant.
Alleles that are co-dominant produce a different phenotype than
dominant or recessive phenotypes. Blood type presents an
effective way to consider co-dominance. You’re probably aware
that there are several different blood types: A, B, O and AB. A
6. and B are codominant types, while O is recessive. If you have a
type O parent and a type A parent, you will be type A, as O is
recessive. If you have a type A and a type B parent, you could
end up type AB, if you inherit one type A allele and one type B
allele. Co-dominant alleles are alleles that are both expressed in
the phenotype-they are neither dominant or recessive.
Incomplete dominance allows aspects of both alleles to be
expressed in the phenotype of the individual. For instance, a red
flower that cross-breeds with a white flower might produce a
white flower, a red flower, or a pink flower. The pink flower
would be an example of incomplete dominance. If a black cat
and a white cat produced black, white and gray kittens, this
would also be an example of incomplete dominance, when the
gray kittens show traits of both the black and the white parent.
When incomplete dominance occurs, aspects of both alleles will
be expressed. Incomplete dominance may be recognized when
the offspring shows a phenotype different from both parents;
however, this is not an entirely accurate test for incomplete
dominance. The different phenotype must show traits of both
parental phenotypes.
X-linked pattern inheritance is another type of genetic
inheritance and expression. X-linked traits are found on the X
chromosome, one of two sex chromosomes. Females have two X
chromosomes, while males have one X chromosome and one Y
chromosome. X-linked traits are typically expressed only in
males, rather than females.
‹1/2›
· In females, the presence of one healthy functional gene and
one unhealthy, missing or defective gene on the X chromosomes
allow the healthy trait to be expressed or minimize the impact
of the unhealthy gene. In a male, the defective x-linked genes
are the only ones present, since the Y chromosome is different.
In this case, the male may present with the X-linked
inheritance.
A number of genetic disorders are x-linked, including
hemophilia, a bleeding and clotting disorder, and Fragile-X, a
7. disorder which causes developmental delays. Because of the X-
linked inheritance, these disorders are prevalent and more
severe in boys than in girls.
Genomic Imprinting
We inherit two copies of most genes and both genes are
working, functional copies. Epigenetics defines how genes are
expressed. In most cases, all epigenetic changes are stripped out
of the genes soon after conception; the parental expression of
genes does not therefore impact the offspring.
GENETIC IMPRINTING
Some genes imprint or keep the epigenetic tags during the
process of conception. Imprintation occurs in the genes found in
the egg and sperm cells before conception occurs. The imprinted
gene typically remains active, while the allele that is not
imprinted will be inactive. When this process occurs normally,
genetic development is typical.
When there is a problem in the inheritance of imprinted genes,
significant genetic disorders may result. These can be the result
of two active imprinted genes or two inactive imprinted genes.
Health issues associated with gene imprintation include cancer
and a number of severe health conditions. Diseases directly
connected to gene imprinting include Prader-Willi Syndrome
and Angelman Disease. Prader-Willi is associated with learning
difficulties and uncontrollable eating, while Angelman Disease
is linked to learning difficulties and an unusually happy
disposition.
Epigenetic information is responsible for many of the
challenges associated with cloning mammals. Some scientists
believe that gene imprinting is the result of evolutionary
competition among males for maternal resources; or the survival
of their young over the young of other males.
Mutation
· MUTATIONS
· HERITABILITY
· LIKELIHOOD OF MUTATIONS
8. Mutations are changes in the genetic sequence of an organism,
and they are a main cause of diversity among organisms,
particularly as expressed over time. Most mutations impact the
nucleic acids, or acids that form DNA. These changes occur at
many different levels, and they can have a range of different
consequences. Some of these mutations may be positive or
beneficial to the organism. Others may be negative, or
damaging to the organism.
For organisms that reproduce, it is essential to classify
mutations as heritable, or able to be passed down to the
offspring and descendants or not heritable. Mutations that do
not impact reproductive cells or hereditary material have little
relevance overall, but can be responsible for individual
differences. These are called somatic mutations, and do not
impact the offspring or descendants of the individual or
organism. An albino deer, for example, can be the same as other
deer except for color.
· MUTATIONS
· HERITABILITY
· LIKELIHOOD OF MUTATIONS
Mutations are difficult to predict; however, certain types of
mutations are more likely than others in some organisms.
Mutation rates, overall, are very low--in many cases, mutation
does not benefit the organism.
Polygenic inheritance is the interaction of different genes to
produce a single phenotype. Skin color is an example of
polygenic inheritance. Parents can pass on three different alleles
controlling skin color and the amount of melanin present in the
skin. In total, six different alleles work together to produce a
single phenotype in the individual, or to determine how light or
dark the individual’s skin is.
Some diseases are also the result of polygenic inheritance.
These are genetic illnesses, apparent at birth. Cleft palate, a
deformity in the palate of the mouth that creates an opening
between the mouth and sinuses, and spina bifida, a deformity in
9. the spinal development of the fetus, are the result of polygenic
inheritance.
Unlike more direct forms of inheritance, environmental issues
can directly impact polygenic inheritance. For instance, spina
bifida is a neural tube defect. The risk of this defect is lowered
if the mother has adequate supplies of folic acid in early
pregnancy.
Ecological Systems and Family Functioning
The Ecological Systems Theory, also called the Human Ecology
Theory, was formulated by psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner.
This theory addresses the difference between behavior at home,
with family, and outside of the family. This theory strives to
explain why individuals behave differently with family than
they do at work or at school.
There are five environmental systems. Each of these involves
different environments encountered during daily life. All
environmental systems impact the child and the child’s ongoing
development.
The kindergarten classroom is an example of a microsystem
FIVE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
· Microsystem
· Mesosystem
· Exosystem
· Macrosystem
· Chronosystem
Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory
Bronfenbrenner believed that the child was at the center of this
progressive network of ecosystems, moving further than further
out from the child. In order to understand the child’s
development, psychologists must consider how the child
functions and interacts with each of these individual
ecosystems.
SYSTEMS OF A SIX-YEAR-OLD
For a child of six years, microsystems might include home,
school, a sports team, and after-school child care. The
mesosystem includes the interactions between those different
10. microsystems. The exosystems in the child’s life might include
the parents’ workplaces. The macrosystem is the child’s culture,
determined by their socioeconomic status, ethnicity and other
factors. The chronosystem could be a variety of life events, like
the birth of a sibling.
ROLE OF THE FAMILY
The family, for Bronfenbrenner, plays the most critical role in
the development of the child. In the family, children learn
language, culture and values. They form lifelong bonds and
attachments in the family, and when the family is healthy, are
more capable of functioning in a healthy way in other
relationships and environments.
Parents have a direct influence on children’s behavior,
depending upon how they parent and structure the child’s
environment. Indirect influences on children are interactions
between two individuals that are impacted by an outside force
or third party. Children can experience internal or external
barriers to their relationships with different ecosystems.
Internal barriers cause worry and fear, while external barriers
are expressed as anger or aggression.
OTHER FACTORS
While Bronfenbrenner believed in the importance of these
ecosystems in child development, genetics still played a role in
the child’s overall experiences. Personality and other factors are
influenced by genetics. In fact, two children can experience the
same microsystem or family context in very different ways.
Awareness of the contexts in which children develop and grow
can help to understand those children, their behavior and their
development.
The Ecological Systems Theory has been key to the work of
many later psychologists, including their understanding of how
various parts of life relate to one another.
Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning
· SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
· INCOME, EDUCATION, AND OCCUPATION
· MIXED INFLUENCES
11. · COMPARISON OF TWO FAMILIES
The socioeconomic status of the family significantly impacts
the physical, psychological, social and intellectual development
of children. According to the American Psychological
Association, “Socioeconomic status (SES) is often measured as
a combination of education, income and occupation. It is
commonly conceptualized as the social standing or class of an
individual or group. When viewed through a social class lens,
privilege, power and control are emphasized.”
Imagine a pair of young parents, both still in college or
graduate school. They have a very low income, but would not be
of low socioeconomic status because of their education and
occupation. They may have limited financial resources, but the
children likely experience some of the benefits common to
children from families with more resources. For instance, these
parents likely understand the importance of early childhood
literacy. Compare those parents to a young couple who dropped
out of high school and work menial jobs; they may have the
same approximate income as the first family, but their lives and
socioeconomic status are very different.
Socioeconomic status is not just the result of income, but of a
combination of income, education and occupation. Higher
socioeconomic status is associated with higher levels of
education, technical or white-collar jobs, and higher incomes.
Lower socioeconomic status is closely associated with reduced
education, unskilled or semi-skilled labor, and lower incomes.
Each of the three factors that define socioeconomic status are
relevant to determining the socioeconomic status of a family.
The differences can impact children in other ways as well. For
instance, two families of a similar income, for instance
comfortably middle class, can be very different depending upon
the parents’ occupation, experiences and education. One family
might believe it is essentially important for their children to
develop a good work ethic, while the other might be more
12. concerned with appearances. These differences are also the
result of socioeconomic status.
Factors Linked to Low Economic Status
Several factors are specifically linked to low socioeconomic
status. These include psychological, physical, educational, and
familial issues.
· Psychological Impact
· Physical Impact
· School Performance
· Risk of Violence and Neglect
· Relationship Stress and Divorce
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC
STATUS AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Why does socioeconomic status have such an impact on
children’s development and well-being? What mechanisms can
help to alleviate that impact? Research since the 1930s has
clearly shown a connection between family stress and economic
hardship or low socioeconomic status. Current research findings
have consistently shown connections between lower
socioeconomic status and developmental issues for children.
EXTREME POVERTY AND HOMELESSNESS
EXTREME POVERTY AND HOMELESSNESS
Today, some 46 million Americans, or 15 percent of the
population, live below poverty level. Extreme poverty,
including homelessness, can impact a large number of children.
Some 40 percent of the homeless population is made up of
homeless youth and children; these children often suffer
extreme stress, do poorly in school, and lack adequate access to
health care and other resources.
Intervention Can Make a Positive Difference
In addition to recognizing correlation and causation between
socioeconomic issues and child development, researchers also
look at ways to address those disparities. While some steps, like
working to increase education and improve a family’s
socioeconomic status, address the cause, many interventions are
13. designed to reduce the impact of low socioeconomic status,
without changing the family’s socioeconomic status.
‹1/8›
· Several key differences are noted between higher and lower
socioeconomic status families.
· Higher status is associated with older parents, increased
interest in learning and cognitive development, and increased
support for curiosity.
· Lower status is associated with younger parents, increased
emphasis on obedience, and reduced access to cognitive
learning.
· Affluence, or wealth, may also be associated with poor child
outcomes, including poor grades and increased risk of drug and
alcohol abuse.
Early childhood interventions of different types have shown
significant improvements in outcomes for children. This
supports the causal link between low socioeconomic status and
difficulties in children. Improvements in family income
consistently improve conditions for children in those families;
however, other types of interventions can also impact children’s
well-being.
Two different theoretical concepts are applied to explain the
changes observed in children as the result of increased
socioeconomic status or early childhood intervention. The first
of these is the Family Stress Model. The Family Stress Model
suggests that children benefit from improved relationships and
reduced family stress as a result of improved family income.
In the Family Stress Model, poor outcomes associated with low
socioeconomic status are the result of increased parental stress.
Stress causes the parents to parent less effectively, damaging
their relationship with the children. Parents experiencing stress
are likely to be harsh, uninvolved, and to lack the emotional
resources necessary. As a result, the children struggle with a
variety of psychological and educational issues. The Family
Stress Model shows a direct path from indicators of economic
14. hardship to economic pressure, then from economic pressure to
parent emotional distress, from parent emotional distress to
conflicts between parents, from conflicts between parents to
disruptions in effective parenting behaviors, and finally from
disruptions in parenting to child maladjustment.
The second of these is the Investment Model. The Investment
Model suggests that increased economic resources allow
families to increase their investment, both financially and in
terms of time, in their children. Increased investment provides
benefits to the children, physically, psychologically,
intellectually and emotionally. These investments in children
involve multiple dimensions of family support including parent
interaction and support of learning, access to adequate food,
housing and medical care, and improved surroundings,
including living in a safe neighborhood with accessible
resources. Children have access to more resources, including
parental time, as the family’s socioeconomic status improves.
Interventions in early childhood often rely upon the Investment
Model. In this case, resources are provided to parents or
children to increase the investment in the child’s learning
experiences. For instance, children might be provided with free
pre-school, increased access to books and learning materials, or
parents might have access to parenting classes and educational
resources.
Early access to learning materials, including books, is closely
correlated with educational success. Improvements in
neighborhoods and schools can also help to alleviate issues
associated with low socioeconomic status. Schools can work to
involve parents, and communities can work together to create
safe and supportive spaces.
Today, both the Family Stress Model and the Investment Model
are considered valid. The Family Stress Model may have an
increased impact on children’s emotional development and well-
being. The Investment Model appears to be more relevant with
regard to children’s cognitive development. Regardless of
socioeconomic status, families that are involved, affectionate
15. and warm produce healthier and happier children. This can take
many forms, but the family dinner is a popular indicator for
family closeness. Socioeconomic status can also have an impact
on family culture, and how public policies impact that culture.
Influence of Family Values and Policies
While socioeconomic status and ecological systems of family
functioning impact children, children are also impacted in a
variety of ways by the values and culture of the family, as well
as public policies regarding children. Each of these impact and
change how children develop and how they experience the world
around them.
Culture can determine how much parents value curiosity and
experimentation.
PARENTS PASS ON CULTURE, VALUES, BELIEFS
When parents interact with children, they do more than develop
relationships. They also pass down information about culture,
values and beliefs. In addition, other adults also pass down
similar information, including teachers, care providers, doctors,
friends and family. Policymakers also have their own values,
beliefs and cultural preferences. This can cause conflicts
between parents and caregivers, as well as confusion for
children. In addition, policymakers may have different beliefs
and values than families, particularly families of lower
socioeconomic status.
CULTURE
A number of different factors can impact cultural values. What
is culture? The definition adopted by the early childhood
organization, Zero to Three is, “Culture is a shared system of
meaning, which includes values, beliefs, and assumptions
expressed in daily interactions of individuals within a group
through a definite pattern of language, behavior, customs,
attitudes, and practices”. This definition specifies several key
factors. First, culture is shared among individuals; it is not the
beliefs of a single person.
CULTURE’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Culture provides tools for individuals to create scripts that they
16. use to engage with and understand their environment and others
in their environment. These cultural scripts become fully
ingrained; they are not conscious, but rather considered, by the
individual, to be simply the way things are. Culture is
changeable, and may develop and adapt over time. While
culture develops from interactions with the environment,
including interactions with parents and caregivers, culture is not
the same as ethnicity
IMPACT OF CAREGIVER’S CULTURE
First and foremost, individuals, particularly teachers,
caregivers, and therapeutic professionals should recognize their
own cultural perspective. For many professionals, their “culture
of origin” or culture they grew up in and perspective that they
developed is largely European American. There may be clashes
and confusion between the values of the caregiver’s culture of
origin and the parents’ and child’s culture of origin.
Subcultures
· CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
· CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
Parents and caregivers may, as the result of differing cultures of
origins, have different beliefs about many aspects of child
rearing.
· They may have a different vision of what success looks like
for the child.
· They may have differing views on well-being for the child.
· They can have varied views on behavior and discipline, and
therefore, different expectations of children’s behaviors and
interactions.
· Caregivers, teachers, and others who associate with children
and families can increase their cultural sensitivity in a number
of different ways. First and foremost, caregivers can familiarize
themselves with other cultural scripts than their own. One way
to do this is to speak to parents about the type of adult they
envision their child becoming. The individual they describe will
help caregivers to recognize parents values.
17. · Individualist versus Independent Culture
· Some broad terms can be used to define cultures. Cultures are
defined as individualist or interdependent.Culture’s Impact on
Development
Culture can also impact language development in young
children. Multiple studies have shown that young children
develop language through exposure. Language exposure has
been linked to both culture and socioeconomic status. The
sequence of language development is the same in all languages;
however, the further development of language can depend upon
access to various resources, including conversation, books and
other learning materials. Access to language impacts children’s
vocabulary growth, vocabulary use, and IQ scores at age three.
‹1/4›
·
The cultural values of the dominant culture impact the
development and priorities of public policy, including
government funding for various issues that impact children and
often, research into child development. Many different types of
public policy impact children’s health, well-being and
development, including funding for anti-poverty programs,
access to early childhood education, and even health care
policy. Voters are predominantly older, white and economically
successful, leading to reduced access to these aid and support
for childhood programs.
Programs that provide access to job training and higher
education, improve access to food and safe housing, and that
enable regular access to healthcare can all have a beneficial
impact on child development. As noted, children in more
financially stable homes show improved intellectual and
emotional development. Programs that increase financial
stability for families with children can benefit the overall
development of those children. Cuts to these programs can
damage families and the development of children. For instance,
cuts to welfare programs and work requirements may limit
18. access to food and resources and increase familial stresses.
Other examples of programs like these include the school
breakfast and lunch programs. Providing free or reduced cost
meals to children at school provides them with access to
adequate and healthy food and is another example of social
welfare programs designed to address the needs of children
Government policy also impacts the availability of early
childhood education. Childhood advocates typically recommend
broad access to early childhood education for children of all
social classes. For children of a higher socioeconomic status,
these programs have relatively little impact. These children
have access to early childhood education resources, regardless
of public policy. For children of lower socioeconomic status,
public funding for early childhood education can have a
dramatic impact on their later educational success. Federal
funding for early childhood education pays for child care
assistance, Early Head Start and Head Start preschool programs
for children of lower income families, and improvements in
elementary and secondary education.
Public Policies
· PUBLIC POLICIES ADDRESS SOCIAL PROBLEMS
· FINANCIAL HELP
· CIVIL RIGHTS OF CHILDREN
When public policy values child development and the well-
being of children, some of the differences associated with both
genetics and environmental factors can be alleviated. Good
quality childcare and early childhood education can provide
children from different cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds
with improved access to a wide variety of learning resources.
Anti-poverty programs of various sorts can reduce financial
stresses for families, and help to improve the family and child’s
socioeconomic status. Various organizations continue to work
for the well-being of children, including the Children’s Defense
Fund. This non-profit organization works for the good of
children by funding research, community activity, and
19. legislative activity
The International Convention on the Rights of the Child is an
international agreement supporting basic rights of all children.
These include the right to freedom of thought and religion,
access to free and appropriate education, a loving family life,
and access to good health and an adequate standard of living.
The United States is one of only two developed countries which
have not ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in
part because of the belief in individualism and rejection of legal
controls on parenting.
Sources
· American Psychological Association. (2016) Children, Youth,
Families and Socioeconomic Status. Retrieved
from http://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/children-
families.aspx.
· Khan Academy. (n.d.). Polygenic Inheritance. Retrieved
from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-
genetics/variations-on-mendelian-genetics/a/polygenic-
inheritance-and-environmental-effects.
· Learn Genetics.(2016). Genomic Imprinting. Retrieved
from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/.
· Learn Genetics.(2016) What Are Dominant and
Recessive? Retrieved from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/.
· Loewe, L. (2008). Genetic mutation. Retrieved
from http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-
mutation-1127.
· Maschinot, Beth. (January 2008) The Changing Face of the
United States: The Influence of Culture on Early Child
Development. Retrieved
from http://www.buildinitiative.org/TheIssues/DiversityEquity/
Toolkit/ToolkitResourceList/ViewToolkit/tabid/224/ArticleId/9
3/The-Changing-Face-of-the-United-States-The-Influence-of-
Culture-on-Early-Child-Development.aspx
· New Health Advisor. (July 1, 2016). Incomplete Dominance
Examples. Retrieved
from http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Incomplete-Dominance-
20. Examples.html
· The Psychology Notes HQ. (November 2013). What Is
Brofenbrunner’s Ecological Systems Theory? Retrieved
from http://www.psychologynoteshq.com/bronfenbrenner-
ecological-theory/.
· Science Museum. (n.d.). What Is X-Linked
Inheritance? Retrieved
from http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/whoami/findoutmore/yo
urgenes/whatcausesgeneticconditions/whatisx-linkedinheritance.
· Scitable. (n.d.) Allele. Retrieved
from http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/allele-48.
· Sincero, Sarah May. (n.d.). Ecological Systems Theory.
Retrieved from https://explorable.com/ecological-systems-
theory.
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Retrieved
from http://www.whatisepigenetics.com/fundamentals/.
1
The Prejudice of Minority Groups
Minority groups encounter prejudices whenever they engage in
illegal behaviors even if their conduct enhances their well-being
and are both natural and cultural. Stereotypes are driven by
people’s intolerance to the things that they are unfamiliar with.
NOTE Consequently, people treat each other on the basis of
their skin color, ethnicity, and nationality. Accordingly,
individual’s behaviors are assessed from their physical
appearances instead of their impact on the society. This is the
reason why law enforcement officers react differently to crime
21. scenes involving suspects from majority and minority groups.
The attitudes and perceptions that the majority groups in the
society have towards the minority compromises how they view
their activities, both legal and illegal.
TS
One of the ways through which minority groups are denigrated
in the societies, such as the American is through racial
profiling.
NOTE This is common in the U.S. where minority groups,
particularly the African American and Hispanic suspects are
treated differently from the whites. The law enforcement
officers use more force on the minority group suspects than the
whites. The outlook is supported by the recent incidents where
police officers shot unarmed black Americans, hence prompting
demonstrations across the nation. However, these incidents are
driven by the perception of majority groups on minority ones.
Over the years, the people of color have been viewed as being
violent and criminals. These viewpoints have been driven by the
involvement of a few of them in criminal activities.
Consequently, the members of the majority groups develop
beliefs that all persons who belong to minority groups are
criminals.
SIM For this reason, they minimize their engagements with
them and monitor their movements more than the other groups.
For instance, the traffic officers tend to stop and search the
vehicles being driven by African Americans and Hispanics than
whites. [Did you mean to write more often?]
Members of the majority groups tend to engage
dele react negatively to the cultural activities of the minority
groups even if they enhance their welfare. A good example is
the stereotype labeled against the Asian American students as
being studious despite their excellent academic performances.
The outlook has led to white students believing that their
classmates with Asian backgrounds are cold despite their
22. competency in the classroom. The outlook leads to them
believing that all Asians are not social, thus unable to interact
with them. Consequently, the Asian Americans struggle to have
white friends as the latter refuse to engage with them at
personal levels. The position can be supported by the fact that
the Asians who move to the U.S. prefer to live in neighborhoods
that have Asians to have persons to interact with.
awk Moving into white neighborhoods can have devastating
effects on their welfare, as they would be forced to live in
solitude. They encounter the same experience at their
workplaces where their colleagues from the majority groups do
not engage
prep them besides on work related issues. They believe that
all Asians are geeks, thus only relevant on issues concerning
their jobs.
Also, white students and professors believe that the Hispanic
and African American learners are average, hence need to work
harder for their performances to match those of whites (Bender
& New York University, 2003). The outlook can be traced back
to the slavery era when whites [A word is missing here.]
believed to be the superior race. At the same time, the belief
that the Latinos and people of color are not academically
competent is driven by the high school dropout rate of students
from these communities. Nonetheless, the whites fail to
understand that most students are unable to continue with their
studies because of financial reasons. There is no evidence
showing that a certain race is more intelligent than the others.
The reason why the number of white students who graduate with
college degrees is higher than that of minority groups is because
of economic reasons, and not intellectual abilities. The belief
that the Hispanics and African Americans are less intelligent
that whites leads to them being denigrated in several ways. One
of the ways through which the minority students are denigrated
is through being denied admission to top institutions of higher
23. learning in the nation.
SIM For instance, the Latino and African American learners
tend to struggle to get the opportunity to join the colleges in the
Ivy League. The other way these learners are denigrated is
through being denied academic grants and loans. The boards and
organizations that award the funds are usually reluctant to
award these scholars the capital they need to further their
studies. In the instances where they award students from
minority groups with grants, they tend to scrutinize their
academic performances thoroughly. These aspects imply that the
students from minority groups are denied academic
opportunities because of the stereotypic belief that they are not
as intelligent as the whites.
Over the recent years, the U.S. has experienced several
incidents of mass shootings orchestrated by persons from
different racial and ethnic groups. However, the public’s
reactions to these incidents have been different. The differences
have been facilitated by the persons who conduct the crime. If
the shooter is white, the American society blames the
individual. Here, the suspect is treated as an isolated case of
mental disorder. At the same time, the public does not call upon
the law enforcement officers, particularly the Homeland
Security Department to establish measures to protect the nation
from attacks. However, the reaction is different when the
shooting is done by persons from minority groups. A good
example is the Orlando night club shooting that took place on
12 June 2016, which was conducted by a son of Afghanistan
immigrants, Omar Mateen, a condition that led to the event
being treated as a terrorist attack. For this reason, they
WC were numerous calls to the security agencies to develop
initiatives to deal with domestic terrorism. However, such calls
were not seen after the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School
shooting in Florida, which occurred on 14 February 2018 and
left seventeen persons dead and fourteen hospitalized. In this
24. case, the incident was perpetrated by a white, Nikolas Cruz,
hence viewed as a normal crime.
awk Therefore, whites were not labeled as being violent and
terrorists as was the case during the Orlando incident where the
immigrants from the Middle East were treated as terrorists. The
outlook has compromised the relations between the migrants
from the Arab nations and other Americans (Hartlep, 2015). The
former are associated with terrorism because of the conduct of a
few persons. For this reason, they struggle to move freely
across the nation as the law enforcement officers and the public
are always monitoring their movements. For instance, they are
searched more than the other persons whenever they enter social
joints,
inf such as shopping malls and hotels.
In the healthcare sector, the situation is not any different.
Although many bodies have tirelessly improved on healthcare
delivery, differences in geography, patient and provider
communication difficulties, cultural barriers, low income, lack
of access to provider and provider stereotyping have
continuously increased healthcare disparities. These differences
can be overcome by a complete change in the structure of power
where the minorities are involved in the State’s
C decision making. It means that any effort to end health
inequities will require changing the entire distribution of power
within the society to the advantage of the disadvantaged or the
minority groups. Efforts to have an equal distribution of health
care service in all parts encounter many barriers. Racial and
ethnic minorities receive more inferior quality health care than
the non-minorities. All people regardless of their ethnic origin,
gender, language, race, cultural background, disability, religion
or age deserve high-quality healthcare. [As the sociology tutor
pointed out, this paragraph seems off topic. Once you have a
solid thesis in place, you will be better able to go through your
paper and eliminate information which is unrelated to your
topic.]
25. The cultural values of minority groups also lead to the members
of the majority groups stereotyping them. For example, the
modes of dressing differ across the different religions. In the
U.S., people have a choice to wear anything they believe to be
decent because of their Christianity
WF values. The outlook is different in Islam which has a
different dress code. For instance, women are required to cover
most parts of their bodies, thus wear hijabs and niqabs. In the
U.S., the whites stereotype these women as being primitive
because they have refused to embrace modernity. Consequently,
they believe that all Muslims are not civilized because of their
religious practices. On the other hand, Americans who live in
Muslim societies, but do not adhere to the dressing mode
WC of the surrounding environments are viewed to be immoral
and unbelievers. Consequently, members of such societies
perceive all Americans to lack moral values.
The behavior of persons from minority groups will in
entertainment joints affects how the majority groups perceive
them.
awk For instance, the English soccer fans are perceived to be
violent because of the conducts
s/pl of a few of them during major tournaments. During these
occasions which are hosted in other nations, some of the fans
engage in violent behavior while in bars and night clubs after
being intoxicated. Accordingly, their local
WC tend to perceive them as being violent. The outlook played
a crucial role in the violence witnessed between the English and
Russian fans during the 2016 European Cup competition.
Therefore, the majority groups in a society tend to denigrate the
minority ones because of the behaviors of a few that contravene
the established social order.
References
26. Bender, S. W., & New York University. (2003). Greasers and
gringos: Latinos, law, and the
American imagination. New York ; London: New York
University Press.
Hartlep, N. D. (2015). Modern Societal Impacts of the Model
Minority Stereotype. Hershey, PA:
Information Science Reference.
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��In your academic writing, do not
use a preposition at the end of a phrase or sentence. For
example, instead of writing “He wants to come in;” write “He
wants to enter.” This rule also induces you to be more verbal in
your writing.
NOTE
�
�
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��The thesis statement is
underdeveloped. It should give a single, focused, and specific
idea which directly responds to the prompt. TS
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��To improve sentence clarity, use
active voice and eliminate unnecessary words. What is the main
subject of the sentence? For example, beginning with the main
subject f the sentence, this could be rewritten as:
27. Minority groups are denigrated through racial profiling. NOTE
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Make this easier to understand by
eliminating unnecessary words and repitition. This section
could be condensed into a single, stronger sentence. SIM
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��For clarity, delete the highlighted
text. dele
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��This idea is not clear due to
awkward sentence structure. Rewrite it. awk
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��A preposition needs to be added.
prep
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Make this easier to understand by
eliminating unnecessary words. These two sentences could be
condensed into one. SIM
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Your choice of word(s) is
inappropriate. WC
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��This idea is not clear. Rewrite it.
awk
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Avoid using informal language in
your academic writing. inf
28. � PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��There is a capitalization problem
here. C
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��This form of this word does not fit
the structure of your sentence. WF
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Your choice of word(s) is
awkward. Typically, the proper term to use here would be, dress
code. WC
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��This idea is not clear. Rewrite it.
awk
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��This word is plural when it should
be singular. s/pl
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Your choice of word(s) is
awkward. WC
1
The Prejudice of Minority Groups
Minority groups encounter prejudices whenever they engage in
29. illegal behaviors even if their conduct enhances their well-being
and are both natural and cultural. Stereotypes are driven by
people’s intolerance to the things that they are unfamiliar with.
NOTE Consequently, people treat each other on the basis of
their skin color, ethnicity, and nationality. Accordingly,
individual’s behaviors are assessed from their physical
appearances instead of their impact on the society. This is the
reason why law enforcement officers react differently to crime
scenes involving suspects from majority and minority groups.
The attitudes and perceptions that the majority groups in the
society have towards the minority compromises how they view
their activities, both legal and illegal.
TS
One of the ways through which minority groups are denigrated
in the societies, such as the American is through racial
profiling.
NOTE This is common in the U.S. where minority groups,
particularly the African American and Hispanic suspects are
treated differently from the whites. The law enforcement
officers use more force on the minority group suspects than the
whites. The outlook is supported by the recent incidents where
police officers shot unarmed black Americans, hence prompting
demonstrations across the nation. However, these incidents are
driven by the perception of majority groups on minority ones.
Over the years, the people of color have been viewed as being
violent and criminals. These viewpoints have been driven by the
involvement of a few of them in criminal activities.
Consequently, the members of the majority groups develop
beliefs that all persons who belong to minority groups are
criminals.
SIM For this reason, they minimize their engagements with
them and monitor their movements more than the other groups.
For instance, the traffic officers tend to stop and search the
30. vehicles being driven by African Americans and Hispanics than
whites. [Did you mean to write more often?]
Members of the majority groups tend to engage
dele react negatively to the cultural activities of the minority
groups even if they enhance their welfare. A good example is
the stereotype labeled against the Asian American students as
being studious despite their excellent academic performances.
The outlook has led to white students believing that their
classmates with Asian backgrounds are cold despite their
competency in the classroom. The outlook leads to them
believing that all Asians are not social, thus unable to interact
with them. Consequently, the Asian Americans struggle to have
white friends as the latter refuse to engage with them at
personal levels. The position can be supported by the fact that
the Asians who move to the U.S. prefer to live in neighborhoods
that have Asians to have persons to interact with.
awk Moving into white neighborhoods can have devastating
effects on their welfare, as they would be forced to live in
solitude. They encounter the same experience at their
workplaces where their colleagues from the majority groups do
not engage
prep them besides on work related issues. They believe that
all Asians are geeks, thus only relevant on issues concerning
their jobs.
Also, white students and professors believe that the Hispanic
and African American learners are average, hence need to work
harder for their performances to match those of whites (Bender
& New York University, 2003). The outlook can be traced back
to the slavery era when whites [A word is missing here.]
believed to be the superior race. At the same time, the belief
that the Latinos and people of color are not academically
competent is driven by the high school dropout rate of students
from these communities. Nonetheless, the whites fail to
31. understand that most students are unable to continue with their
studies because of financial reasons. There is no evidence
showing that a certain race is more intelligent than the others.
The reason why the number of white students who graduate with
college degrees is higher than that of minority groups is because
of economic reasons, and not intellectual abilities. The belief
that the Hispanics and African Americans are less intelligent
that whites leads to them being denigrated in several ways. One
of the ways through which the minority students are denigrated
is through being denied admission to top institutions of higher
learning in the nation.
SIM For instance, the Latino and African American learners
tend to struggle to get the opportunity to join the colleges in the
Ivy League. The other way these learners are denigrated is
through being denied academic grants and loans. The boards and
organizations that award the funds are usually reluctant to
award these scholars the capital they need to further their
studies. In the instances where they award students from
minority groups with grants, they tend to scrutinize their
academic performances thoroughly. These aspects imply that the
students from minority groups are denied academic
opportunities because of the stereotypic belief that they are not
as intelligent as the whites.
Over the recent years, the U.S. has experienced several
incidents of mass shootings orchestrated by persons from
different racial and ethnic groups. However, the public’s
reactions to these incidents have been different. The differences
have been facilitated by the persons who conduct the crime. If
the shooter is white, the American society blames the
individual. Here, the suspect is treated as an isolated case of
mental disorder. At the same time, the public does not call upon
the law enforcement officers, particularly the Homeland
Security Department to establish measures to protect the nation
from attacks. However, the reaction is different when the
32. shooting is done by persons from minority groups. A good
example is the Orlando night club shooting that took place on
12 June 2016, which was conducted by a son of Afghanistan
immigrants, Omar Mateen, a condition that led to the event
being treated as a terrorist attack. For this reason, they
WC were numerous calls to the security agencies to develop
initiatives to deal with domestic terrorism. However, such calls
were not seen after the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School
shooting in Florida, which occurred on 14 February 2018 and
left seventeen persons dead and fourteen hospitalized. In this
case, the incident was perpetrated by a white, Nikolas Cruz,
hence viewed as a normal crime.
awk Therefore, whites were not labeled as being violent and
terrorists as was the case during the Orlando incident where the
immigrants from the Middle East were treated as terrorists. The
outlook has compromised the relations between the migrants
from the Arab nations and other Americans (Hartlep, 2015). The
former are associated with terrorism because of the conduct of a
few persons. For this reason, they struggle to move freely
across the nation as the law enforcement officers and the public
are always monitoring their movements. For instance, they are
searched more than the other persons whenever they enter social
joints,
inf such as shopping malls and hotels.
In the healthcare sector, the situation is not any different.
Although many bodies have tirelessly improved on healthcare
delivery, differences in geography, patient and provider
communication difficulties, cultural barriers, low income, lack
of access to provider and provider stereotyping have
continuously increased healthcare disparities. These differences
can be overcome by a complete change in the structure of power
where the minorities are involved in the State’s
C decision making. It means that any effort to end health
inequities will require changing the entire distribution of power
within the society to the advantage of the disadvantaged or the
33. minority groups. Efforts to have an equal distribution of health
care service in all parts encounter many barriers. Racial and
ethnic minorities receive more inferior quality health care than
the non-minorities. All people regardless of their ethnic origin,
gender, language, race, cultural background, disability, religion
or age deserve high-quality healthcare. [As the sociology tutor
pointed out, this paragraph seems off topic. Once you have a
solid thesis in place, you will be better able to go through your
paper and eliminate information which is unrelated to your
topic.]
The cultural values of minority groups also lead to the members
of the majority groups stereotyping them. For example, the
modes of dressing differ across the different religions. In the
U.S., people have a choice to wear anything they believe to be
decent because of their Christianity
WF values. The outlook is different in Islam which has a
different dress code. For instance, women are required to cover
most parts of their bodies, thus wear hijabs and niqabs. In the
U.S., the whites stereotype these women as being primitive
because they have refused to embrace modernity. Consequently,
they believe that all Muslims are not civilized because of their
religious practices. On the other hand, Americans who live in
Muslim societies, but do not adhere to the dressing mode
WC of the surrounding environments are viewed to be immoral
and unbelievers. Consequently, members of such societies
perceive all Americans to lack moral values.
The behavior of persons from minority groups will in
entertainment joints affects how the majority groups perceive
them.
awk For instance, the English soccer fans are perceived to be
violent because of the conducts
s/pl of a few of them during major tournaments. During these
occasions which are hosted in other nations, some of the fans
34. engage in violent behavior while in bars and night clubs after
being intoxicated. Accordingly, their local
WC tend to perceive them as being violent. The outlook played
a crucial role in the violence witnessed between the English and
Russian fans during the 2016 European Cup competition.
Therefore, the majority groups in a society tend to denigrate the
minority ones because of the behaviors of a few that contravene
the established social order.
References
Bender, S. W., & New York University. (2003). Greasers and
gringos: Latinos, law, and the
American imagination. New York ; London: New York
University Press.
Hartlep, N. D. (2015). Modern Societal Impacts of the Model
Minority Stereotype. Hershey, PA:
Information Science Reference.
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��In your academic writing, do not
use a preposition at the end of a phrase or sentence. For
example, instead of writing “He wants to come in;” write “He
wants to enter.” This rule also induces you to be more verbal in
your writing.
NOTE
�
�
35. � PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��The thesis statement is
underdeveloped. It should give a single, focused, and specific
idea which directly responds to the prompt. TS
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��To improve sentence clarity, use
active voice and eliminate unnecessary words. What is the main
subject of the sentence? For example, beginning with the main
subject f the sentence, this could be rewritten as:
Minority groups are denigrated through racial profiling. NOTE
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Make this easier to understand by
eliminating unnecessary words and repitition. This section
could be condensed into a single, stronger sentence. SIM
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��For clarity, delete the highlighted
text. dele
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��This idea is not clear due to
awkward sentence structure. Rewrite it. awk
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��A preposition needs to be added.
prep
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Make this easier to understand by
eliminating unnecessary words. These two sentences could be
condensed into one. SIM
36. � PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Your choice of word(s) is
inappropriate. WC
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��This idea is not clear. Rewrite it.
awk
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Avoid using informal language in
your academic writing. inf
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��There is a capitalization problem
here. C
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��This form of this word does not fit
the structure of your sentence. WF
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Your choice of word(s) is
awkward. Typically, the proper term to use here would be, dress
code. WC
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��This idea is not clear. Rewrite it.
awk
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��This word is plural when it should
be singular. s/pl
� PAGE # "'Page: '#'�'" ��Your choice of word(s) is
awkward. WC
37. THE PREJUDICE OF MINORITY GROUPS 8
Prejudice of Minority Groups
[Please keep in mind you are asked to discuss “illegal
behavior”. The ideas related to healthcare, entertainment,
dressing., and various stereotypes are not considered illegal
behavior. Please revisit your paper and focus on the topic.]
Minority groups encounter prejudices whenever they
engage in illegal behaviors even if their conduct enhances their
well-being and are both natural and cultural. Stereotypes are
driven by people’s intolerance to the things that they are
unfamiliar with. Consequently, people treat each other based on
their skin color, ethnicity, and nationality. Accordingly,
individual’s behaviors are assessed from their physical
appearances instead of their impact on the society. This is the
reason why law enforcement officers react differently to crime
scenes involving suspects from majority and minority groups.
The attitudes and perceptions that the majority groups in the
society have towards the minority compromises how they view
their activities, both legal and illegal. [What is your thesis
statement? In this essay, I will discuss….]
One of the ways through which minority groups are
denigrated in the societies, such as the American is through
racial profiling. This is common in the U.S. where minority
groups, particularly the African American and Hispanic suspects
are treated differently from the whites. The law enforcement
officers use more force on the minority group suspects than the
whites [Any data or number to support the statement?]. The
outlook is supported by the recent incidents where police
officers shot unarmed black Americans, hence prompting
demonstrations across the nation. However, these incidents are
driven by the perception of majority groups on minority ones.
Over the years, the people of color have been viewed as being
38. violent and criminals [Any study or research to support your
idea?]. These viewpoints have been driven by the involvement
of a few of them in criminal activities. Consequently, the
members of the majority groups develop beliefs that all persons
who belong to minority groups are criminals. For this reason,
they minimize their engagements with them and monitor their
movements more than the other groups. For instance, the traffic
officers tend to stop and search the vehicles being driven by
African Americans and Hispanics than whites. [It will be more
convincing if you can find data or numbers to support your
ideas.]
Members of the majority groups tend to engage [and?]
react negatively to the cultural activities of the minority groups
even if they enhance their [are you referring “their” to majority
groups?] welfare. A good example is the stereotype labeled
against the Asian American students as being studious despite
their excellent academic performances [I am not sure how being
studious is related to excellent academic performance]. The
outlook [Is outlook another stereotype besides being studious?]
has led to white students believing that their classmates with
Asian backgrounds are cold despite their competency in the
classroom. The outlook leads to them believing that all Asians
are not social, thus unable to interact with them. Consequently,
the Asian Americans struggle to have white friends as the latter
refuse to engage with them at personal levels. The position
[What position?] can be supported by the fact that the Asians
who move to the U.S. prefer to live in neighborhoods that have
Asians to have persons to interact with. Moving into white
neighborhoods can have devastating effects on their welfare, as
they would be forced to live in solitude [Are you talking about
cultural assimilation?]. They encounter the same experience at
their workplaces where their colleagues from the majority
groups do not engage them besides on work related issues. They
believe that all Asians are geeks, thus only relevant on issues
concerning their jobs.
Also, white students and professors believe that the
39. Hispanic and African American learners are average, hence
need to work harder for their performances to match those of
whites (Bender & New York University, 2003). The outlook can
be traced back to the slavery era when whites believed to be the
superior race. At the same time, the belief that the Latinos and
people of color are not academically competent is driven by the
high school dropout rate of students from these communities.
Nonetheless, the whites fail to understand that most students are
unable to continue with their studies because of financial
reasons [Are the ideas from the source Bender and New York
University ? Otherwise, you need to find more sources to
support your ideas. ]. There is no evidence showing that a
certain race is more intelligent than the others. The reason why
the number of white students who graduate with college degrees
is higher than that of minority groups is because of economic
reasons, and not intellectual abilities. The belief that the
Hispanics and African Americans are less intelligent that whites
leads to them being denigrated in several ways. One of the ways
through which the minority students are denigrated is through
being denied admission to top institutions of higher learning in
the nation. For instance, the Latino and African American
learners tend to struggle to get the opportunity to join the
colleges in the Ivy League [Any data or numbers to support
your statement?]. The other way these learners are denigrated is
through being denied academic grants and loans. The boards and
organizations that award the funds are usually reluctant to
award these scholars the capital they need to further their
studies. In the instances where they award students from
minority groups with grants, they tend to scrutinize their
academic performances thoroughly. These aspects imply that the
students from minority groups are denied academic
opportunities because of the stereotypic belief that they are not
as intelligent as the whites. [I really encourage you to find
sources to support your ideas and statements.]
Over the recent years, the U.S. has experienced several
incidents of mass shootings orchestrated by persons from
40. different racial and ethnic groups. However, the public’s
reactions to these incidents have been different. The differences
have been facilitated by the persons who conduct the crime. If
the shooter is white, the American society blames the
individual. Here, the suspect is treated as an isolated case of
mental disorder. At the same time, the public does not call upon
the law enforcement officers, particularly the Homeland
Security Department to establish measures to protect the nation
from attacks. However, the reaction is different when the
shooting is done by persons from minority groups. A good
example is the Orlando night club shooting that took place on
12 June 2016, which was conducted by a son of Afghanistan
immigrants, Omar Mateen, a condition that led to the event
being treated as a terrorist attack. For this reason, they were
numerous calls to the security agencies to develop initiatives to
deal with domestic terrorism. However, such calls were not seen
after the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in
Florida, which occurred on 14 February 2018 and left seventeen
persons dead and fourteen hospitalized. In this case, the
incident was perpetrated by a white, Nikolas Cruz, hence
viewed as a normal crime. Therefore, whites were not labeled as
being violent and terrorists as was the case during the Orlando
incident where the immigrants from the Middle East were
treated as terrorists. The outlook has compromised the relations
between the migrants from the Arab nations and other
Americans (Hartlep, 2015). The former are associated with
terrorism because of the conduct of a few persons. For this
reason, they struggle to move freely across the nation as the law
enforcement officers and the public are always monitoring their
movements. For instance, they are searched more than the other
persons whenever they enter social joints, such as shopping
malls and hotels [How do you know they are searched more?
You need number to back up your statement.].
In the healthcare sector, the situation is not any different.
Although many bodies have tirelessly improved on healthcare
delivery, differences in geography, patient and provider
41. communication difficulties, cultural barriers, low income, lack
of access to provider and provider stereotyping have
continuously increased healthcare disparities. These differences
can be overcome by a complete change in the structure of power
where the minorities are involved in the State’s decision
making. It means that any effort to end health inequities will
require changing the entire distribution of power within the
society to the advantage of the disadvantaged or the minority
groups. Efforts to have an equal distribution of health care
service in all parts encounter many barriers. Racial and ethnic
minorities receive more inferior quality health care than the
non-minorities. All people regardless of their ethnic origin,
gender, language, race, cultural background, disability, religion
or age deserve high-quality healthcare [Is the whole paragraph
your own idea? If not, you need to provide citation].
The cultural values of minority groups also lead to the
members of the majority groups stereotyping them. For
example, the modes of dressing differ across the different
religions. In the U.S., people have a choice to wear anything
they believe to be decent because of their Christianity values [I
am not sure if that is the Christianity value.]. The outlook is
different in Islam which has a different dress code. For
instance, women are required to cover most parts of their
bodies, thus wear hijabs and niqabs. In the U.S., the whites
stereotype these women as being primitive because they have
refused to embrace modernity. Consequently, they believe that
all Muslims are not civilized because of their religious
practices. On the other hand, Americans who live in Muslim
societies, but do not adhere to the dressing mode of the
surrounding environments are viewed to be immoral and
unbelievers. Consequently, members of such societies perceive
all Americans to lack moral values. [Try to avoid
overgeneralization by using the words, such as “all” everyone“,
and etic]
The behavior of persons from minority groups will in
entertainment joints affects how the majority groups perceive
42. them. For instance, the English soccer fans are perceived to be
violent because of the conducts of a few of them during major
tournaments. During these occasions which are hosted in other
nations, some of the fans engage in violent behavior while in
bars and night clubs after being intoxicated. Accordingly, their
local tend to perceive them as being violent. The outlook played
a crucial role in the violence witnessed between the English and
Russian fans during the 2016 European Cup competition.
Therefore, the majority groups in a society tend to denigrate the
minority ones because of the behaviors of a few that contravene
the established social order.
[Please keep in mind you are asked to discuss “illegal
behavior”. The ideas related to healthcare, entertainment,
dressing., and various stereotypes are not considered illegal
behavior. Please revisit your paper and focus on the topic.]
References
Bender, S. W., & New York University. (2003). Greasers and
gringos: Latinos, law, and the American imagination. New York
; London: New York University Press.
Hartlep, N. D. (2015). Modern Societal Impacts of the Model
Minority Stereotype. Hershey, PA: Information Science
Reference.