Mummies can be studied using modern techniques like radiology, MRI, CT scans, mass spectroscopy, DNA analysis and proteomics. These techniques provide valuable information about the individual's health, diseases, gender, family relationships and causes of death. X-rays of mummies have revealed dental problems, bone fractures, infections and other health issues. DNA analysis helps determine genetic relationships between mummies. Proteomics provides insights into ancient diseases and infections plaguing the individual. Overall, these studies deepen understanding of ancient lives and deaths.

5.  A mummy is the body of a person or animal that has
been preserved after death.
 A withered, shrunken, or well-preserved body that
resembles an embalmed body
 “Mummy” comes from the Persian and Arabic words
that describe bitumen
Bitumen a black substance that comes from the Mumya
Mountain in Persia
Arabs first saw mummies named them bitumen due to
black waxy looking substance on mummies

6. Mummification was a feature of ancient cultures in
areas of South America and Asia
The oldest known naturally mummified human corpse is
a severed head mummy which is 6,000 years old in South
America.
Mummies of humans and other animals have been
found on every continent, both as a result of natural
preservation through unusual conditions, and as
cultural artifacts
Mummies were formed due to environmental conditions
like lack of air, heat, cold and dry sand in which body was
buried

7. Most of the mummy discoveries are in Egypt
A few discoveries about mummies were also in areas of
South America, Africa, Asia.
Discovered mummies are mostly artificially
mummified

8. Nicknamed for its red hair, “Ginger”
The most famous of six naturally mummified
bodies
Excavated in the late 19th century from shallow
graves in the Egyptian desert
On display at the British Museum from 1901
The first mummy to be exhibited in public
Ginger is the oldest known mummies in existence,
dating back to about 3400 B.C.
 Its body was naturally dried and preserved by the
warm sand in which it was buried

10. Female pharaoh, Hatshepsut reigned over Egypt for
two decades
 died in 1458 B.C.
The archaeologist Howard Carter discovered her
royal tomb in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings in 1902
Molar tooth found in a wooden box bearing
Hatshepsut’s name showed her queen

11. Ancient Egypt’s “boy king”
Became pharaoh at the age of nine and ruled for 10 years
Was known as Tutankhamen–or “King Tut”
in 1922, archaeologist Howard Carter found his tomb in
Egypt’s Valley of the Kings
The tomb was crammed with a wealth of ancient treasures
including jewelry, gilded shrines and a solid gold funerary
mask

13.  Egypt’s most powerful pharaoh
Ramesses II reigned for six decades
Lived to be over 90 years old
 He is said to have 100 children
His body was originally entombed in the Valley of the
Kings
 In 1881, Ramesses II’s mummy was discovered in a
secret royal cache
In 1974, archeologists noticed its deteriorating condition
and flew it to Paris, where it was treated for a fungal
infection
Ramesses II was issued an Egyptian passport, which
listed his occupation as “King (deceased).”

15. Located in Egypt’sWestern Desert
The Bahariya Oasis was a major agricultural center
during ancient times
In 1996, a guard was riding his donkey on the temple’s
grounds. Suddenly, the donkey’s leg stumbled into a
hole, revealing an opening in the desert floor and the
edge of a tomb
A team of archaeologists led by Dr. Zahi Hawass began
excavations there, known as the Valley of the Golden
Mummies

16. This uncovered several hundred mummies as well as
a treasure
The diversity of the mummies showed that the site
served as the final resting place for every level of
society
(including wealthy merchants, members of the middle
class and poor inhabitants)
Archeologists believe that as many as 10,000
additional mummies may be lying under the sand.

19.  Egyptians began to burry their dead ones in coffins.
Body decomposed in coffin.
Here arouse the concept of artificial mummification
Egyptians practiced mummification for nearly 2,000
years
In start, mummification was only for the rich people
With passage of time, mummification became less
expensive.

20. Mummification started naturally and
spontaneously
Bodies were placed in shallow oval graves
Heat and dryness of sands dehydrated the body
Majority of natural mummified bodies were found
as skeletonized bodies

21. There were several reasons for which
Egyptians and others nations of past started
mummification.
These are:
Life after death
False believes
Religion
Immortality

22. Egyptians believed that after death, their soul left their
body.
The soul then would return and be reunited with the
body after it was buried.
However, the soul needed to be able to find and to
recognize the body in order to live forever.
Therefore, it was necessary to preserve the body.

23. Egyptians believe that death was not the end of one’s
life as there is a life called after life
The afterlife was prettier than life on earth so they
preserve the bodies
They also used to mummify them with all the jewelry,
and weapons that they would need in the afterlife

24. Religion was important basic of the mummification
process
Most who were mummified were kings and pharaohs
who were thought to be most religious
Religious people had to preserved after death to get
their blessings
So, mummifying them was much important

25.  It was believed that the Pharaoh would go into the
heavens and join his father
His family and high ranking officers could also attain
immortality
 It was through the favor of the Pharaoh, that people of
the Old Kingdom had a chance at immorality.
Pharaho Mummy

27. Involves the procedure to make a mummy of dead person.
It involves the following steps:
Cleaning Process
Removal Of Internal Organs
Drying Process
Oiling Of Body
Stuffing Of Body
Wrapping Of Body
Final Wrapping Of Body
Funeral
Religious Rituals

28. First, his body was taken to the tent known as 'ibu' or the
'place of purification'. There the embalmers washed his
body with good-smelling palm wine

29. One of the embalmer’s men made a cut in the left
side of the body and removed many of the internal
organs. It was important to remove these because
they are the first part of the body to decompose.
.

30. The liver, lungs, stomach and intestines were washed and
packed in natron (A natural salt used to dry out dead
bodies and internal organs in the mummification process)

31. The heart was not taken out of the
body because it was the centre of
intelligence and feeling and the man
would need it in the afterlife.
A long hook was used to smash the brain and to pull it
out through the nose.

32. The body was then covered and stuffed with natron
which would dry it out.
All of the fluids, and
rags from the
embalming process were
saved and buried along
with the body.

33. After forty days the body was washed again with water.
Then it was covered with oils to help the skin stay
elastic.

34.  The dehydrated internal organs were wrapped in linen and
placed in the canopic jars.
The body was stuffed with dry materials such as sawdust,
leaves and linen so that it looks lifelike.
Finally the body was covered again with good-smelling
oils.
It was now ready to be wrapped in linen.

35. Imsety the human-headed god looks after the
liver.
Hapy the baboon-heded god looks after
the lungs.
Duamutef the jackal-headed god looks
after the stomach
Qebehsenuef the falcon-headed god looks
after the intestines.

36. First the head and neck were wrapped with strips
of fine linen. Then the fingers and the toes were
individually wrapped.
The arms and legs were wrapped
separately. Between the layers of
wrapping, the embalmers used to
place amulets to protect the body
in its journey through the
underworld.

37. This was the 'Isis knot' amulet which would
protect the body
This was the 'Plummet' amulet
which would keep the person
balanced in the next life.

38. The arms and legs
were tied together.
More linen strips were
wrapped around the body.
At every layer, the
bandages were painted
with liquid resin that
helped to glue the
bandages together.

39. A priest read holy verses loudly while the mummy was
being wrapped.
These spells would help ward off evil spirits and help the
deceased made his journey to the afterlife.

40. Finally, a large cloth was
wrapped around the entire
mummy. It was attached with
strips of linen that run from
the top to the bottom of the
mummy, and around its
middle.

41. A ritual called the 'Opening of the Mouth' was
performed, allowing the deceased to eat and drink
again.
Finally, the body and its coffins were placed inside a
large stone sarcophagus in the tomb. Furniture,
clothing, valuable objects, food and drink were
arranged in the tomb for the deceased.

42. The funeral was held for the deceased and
his family used to mourn his death.

43. Now his body is ready for its journey through the
underworld. There his heart will be judged by his good
deeds on earth.

45. Mummies are typically divided into one of two distinct
categories:
Anthropogenic Mummies
Spontaneous Mummies
Spontaneous Mummy Anthropogenic Mummy

46. Created by the living for any number of reasons, the
most common being for religious purposes
Mummification of bodies was a natural process used
in Egypt and other cultures
Where the dryness of the sand or salts in which the
body was buried, the heat or coldness of the climate,
or the absence of air in the burial helped preserve the
body

47. Natural
Conditions
Embalming

48. Created unintentionally or due to natural conditions such
as extremely dry heat or cold, or anaerobic conditions
An example of spontaneous mummification is the 1950's
discovery of the Tollund Man who was buried in a peat
bog in Europe. The natural acid of the bog along with
other natural elements caused the body to become
mummified

49. After complete wrapping of Mummy, it is preserved in
different ways but four methods were prominent.
After wrapping they bury the mummy in soil and
mark them.
Sometime after wrapping the mummy they used to
kept in a coffin and bury whole of the coffin in soil.

50. They also bury the
coffin amongst stones in
a pyramid.
The coffins of Kings
were not buried. They
illustrate in a pyramid
for the worship.

52. Mummies discovered from different areas of world
are kept in museums of different countries e.g.
1. Egyptian Museum, Egypt
2. British Museum, London
3. Penn Museum
4. Brooklyn Museum, Egypt
5. World Museum, Egypt

53. Mummification investigated through objects
display in ROOM 62-63
1300 year old mummies are present.
Age range at the time of death: 2-50 year.
2004: unique project to unlock the secret of 3000 year
old mummies

55. Was Established in 1891
Contains12,000 items
During Egyptian revolution (2012) two mummies
were reported to be destroyed
Museum mainly have 2 floors

58. Establish in 1887
 It has 5500 year old mummies

59. Exhibition feature of humen and animal mummies

61. A few years before, mummification was thought
specific for the people of old centuries.
21st century, a few people wished to be mummified
after their death.
Old time mummies formed due to religious as well as
cultural reasons

62. Wished to be mummified after his death
Founder of utilitarianism
His body ,out fitted with wax head created
because of problems preparing it as Bentham
requested

63. His Mummified Dead Body

64. Died in January, 2008
In 1975 , an organization by the name of
SUMMUM introduced “Modern Mummification”.
 First person undergo “SUMMUM Process Of
Modern Mummification” was the founder of
SUMMUM.

65. His Mummified Dead Body

66. Died in 2010
Mummified using techniques based on 19 year of
research
He made the decision after being diagnosed with
cancer in 2009
 His body present at “London's Gordon” museum

68. Mummies are well-preserved bodies
Ingredients used for mummification preserved the body
for a long time
Mummies are studied in detail by using modern technique
which are:
 Radiology
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging-MRI
 Computed Tomography-CT Scan
 Mass Spectroscopy
 DNAAnalysis
 Proteomics

69. X-rays discovery by W. Roentgen
X-rays imaging (X-I) of mummies
X-I revealed
Wrapping clothes or linen of mummy
kinds of health problems the person
Diseases
Dental Issues
Fractures
Traumatic Wounds

70. The mummy of a 7th century B.C.
It’s a Egyptians boy with
Irregular bone development
Dental problems

71. Started a few years ago
Results suggested:
Periodontal diseases
Dental Cavities
Evidence of numerous other health issues
Bone disorders
Infections
Traumas
Antherosclerosis

73. Chemical analysis technique used to sort out types of
atoms and molecules in sample
Mostly applied to hair samples of mummies
Samples may be clothes, tissues, etc.
Provides information about
Specific molecules & their concentration in body e.g.
narcotics.
Clothing of the very well studied Iceman Ötzi ’s
mummy
His coat and pants were made of sheepskin

74. Provide a wealth of information about:
Diseases
Gender
Family relationships
Genetic correlation between individuals

75. Mainly used to know about diseases and infections
Proteomics of a woman’s mummy showed that she
had severe lung infection

76. A process used to make the faces of mummies
 Plastic is used as alternative of water and fats

77. Other techniques used to study mummies
Endoscopy (the study of the internal body using a
flexible tube)
Histology (microscopic study of tissues)
Imunocytochemistry (a method to look for antigens
associated with particular parasites).