The document summarizes key aspects of families and marriage. It defines the family as a social institution that functions as part of society. It discusses functions of the family like socialization and economic support. It also describes characteristics of families like universality and limited size. Regarding marriage, it discusses types like monogamy, polygamy, and patterns such as exogamy and endogamy. It provides classifications of families based on factors like structure, lineage, and place of residence. Joint families are defined as having common residence, property, kitchen and religious worship under the rule of the head.
Edward Westermark. “Marriage is a relation of one or more men to one or more women which is recognised by custom or law and involves certain rights and duties both in the case of the parties entering the union and in the case of the children born of it.
As B. Malinowski defines, “Marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children”.
According H.M. Johnson, “Marriage is a stable relationship in which a man and a woman are socially permitted without loss of standing in community, to have children”.
Ira L. Reiss writes, “Marriage is a socially accepted union of individuals in husband and wife roles, with the key function of legitimating of parenthood”.
Edward Westermark. “Marriage is a relation of one or more men to one or more women which is recognised by custom or law and involves certain rights and duties both in the case of the parties entering the union and in the case of the children born of it.
As B. Malinowski defines, “Marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children”.
According H.M. Johnson, “Marriage is a stable relationship in which a man and a woman are socially permitted without loss of standing in community, to have children”.
Ira L. Reiss writes, “Marriage is a socially accepted union of individuals in husband and wife roles, with the key function of legitimating of parenthood”.
This is our report for Anthropology 1 and our Topic was Marriage
Marriage: definition, Types of marriage (how does one marry), economic aspects of marriage, theories on incest tabboo, Whom Should One marry?, Family
There is no doubt that only Allah is the creator and he knows the needs of His creation. However, all rulings and orders are to achieve his servants to prosperity. This paper is not put together in defence of polygamy for Allah has already confirmed its validity as clearly stated in the Noble Quran: “Marry of the women that please you, two, three or four, but if you fear that you will not be able to deal justly with them, then only one.” Moreover, the Prophet (PBUH) demonstrated in detail how polygamy should be put into practice by his divinely guided lifestyle. Nowadays, polygamy is usually viewed as a right that man has but should not take, or as a law that is outmoded and in need of being abolished.
Nasir Ahmad yousefi
Report ON Arrange Marriage
Introduction: In an arranged marriage, the bride and groom are selected by a third party rather than by each other. It is especially common in royal families around the world. Today, arranged marriage is largely practiced in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka)Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia and East Asia to some extent.
As we Known, Arranged marriages are usually seen in Indian, Southeast Asian and African cultures, especially among royalty, and are usually set up by the parents or an older family member. The match could be selected by parents, a matchmaking agent, matrimonial site, or a trusted third party. In many communities, priests or religious leaders as well as relatives or family friends play a major role in matchmaking.
Process Of arrange marriage:
In an "introduction only" arranged marriage, the parents may only introduce their son or daughter to a potential spouse. From that point on, it is up to the children to manage the relationship and make a final choice. There is no set time period. This is common in the rural parts of South America and especially in India and Pakistan. The same also occurs in Japan. This type of arranged marriage is very common in Iran under the name of khastegari.
“An arranged marrige is a marrige that is arranged by someone other than those who are marrying”.
History In india:
1. History of Arranged Marriage in India “First comes marriage, then comes love.” Esthela Caito History 141 Arguello.
2. - The concept of arranged marriage in India has gone through many changes over time. Arranged marriages have been important in Indian culture since the fourth century. Arranged marriages are marriages that are set up by people other than those who are getting married. -The individuals who set up the marriage may be the parents, match making agents, matrimonial websites, or a trusted third party.
3. -Early in history, girls were married before they even reached puberty. -This was so that the girl would be married before she’d lose her virginity. Classical orthodox Hinduism came about in ca. 500 BC and this was a time when there was great emphasis on patriarchy and caste rules. Arranged marriages took place so that women would be placed under theauthority of a male. When a girl is a child, the father has authority over her, when the woman is married, the husband has authority over her, and when she is of old age, her sons have authority over her.
4. - In the modern period, the number of arranged marriages has lessened a little as social reforms have taken place & love marriages have become more popular. These days, Indian women can do well economically after independence of their parents. They are also well educated. A love marriage is one in which two people will decide to get married because they both have love and affection for one another and feel a sense of commitment and attraction. The partner does not have to be Indian in a love marriage.
KAMRAN ISHFAQ, PHD SCHOLAR SOCIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN, SOCIAL WELFARE OFFICER, CHILDREN HOSPITAL AND THE INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH MULTAN PAKISTAN.
Family as a Social Institution A family can be defined as group of .pdfapleathers
Family as a Social Institution: A family can be defined as group of two or more people living in
a household and connected to each other by blood or adoption or marriage. Family as social
constitution serves to create and maintain the family life in correct ways which are considered
good by a society. It is not an objective institution as it serves to give shape to feeling and
emotions of family memberns in fundamental ways.
Predominance of nuclear families: Smaller sized nuclear families indulge individualism in its
members. These small families are supported by increasingly reducing sized homes and are
easier to relocate. Further, small sized nuclear families can support the expensive education,
medication and other services to their children in a much better way as compared to the large
sized joint families.
Existence and characteristics of family structures: Some of the common family structures with
their characteristic features are as follows:
1: Nuclear family: The family with two generations i.e. parents and their children
2: Extended family: The family with three generations i.e. grandparents, parents and their
children constitutes an extended family.
3: Single parent family: The family in which one parent and children are residing in same
household is called as single parent family.
4: Reconstituted family: The family in which either or both of the parents have children from
their previous marriage living together are called as reconstituted family.
Characters of a family: A family is established by mating relation between man and woman
through marriage institution. Marriage is foundation of family irrespetive of mating relationship
without marriage. A family always resides in a common household wherein each family member
has his own name. Hence, marriage, common household, nomenclature of family members,
mode of interaction and communication and an economic provision are some of the
characteristics of a family.
Solution
Family as a Social Institution: A family can be defined as group of two or more people living in
a household and connected to each other by blood or adoption or marriage. Family as social
constitution serves to create and maintain the family life in correct ways which are considered
good by a society. It is not an objective institution as it serves to give shape to feeling and
emotions of family memberns in fundamental ways.
Predominance of nuclear families: Smaller sized nuclear families indulge individualism in its
members. These small families are supported by increasingly reducing sized homes and are
easier to relocate. Further, small sized nuclear families can support the expensive education,
medication and other services to their children in a much better way as compared to the large
sized joint families.
Existence and characteristics of family structures: Some of the common family structures with
their characteristic features are as follows:
1: Nuclear family: The family with two generations i.e. parents and t.
Lec vii Family as Social Institution - Imran Ahmad SajidDr. Imran A. Sajid
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Studetnts of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
Family and marriage...their types.
1. P R E S E N T E D TO :
MA’AM SIBGHA
P R E S E N T E D B Y:
ZAHRA NAZ
ROLL NO. 04
BS-BIOTECHNOLOGY
(IV-SEMESTER)
Presentation on:
1.Family & types of family
2.Marriages & types of marriage
2. What is “the family”?
The family is a critical social institution that functions as
part of society.
The family is also a distinct social group with its own
roles, patterns, and behaviors.
Family is a cultural universal, though its structure varies
across time and space.
Social unit of people related through marriage, birth, or
adoption who reside together in sanctioned relationships,
engage in economic cooperation, socially approved sexual
relations, and reproduction and child rearing.
2
3. Functions of the Family
A functional family is one in which family members:
o fulfill their agreed upon roles and responsibilities;
o treat each other with respect and affection; and
o meet each other’s needs.
Six Functions of the Family are
1. Socialization
o The process by which children learn to become human
and adopt certain behaviour.
o Children learn from what they see and experience in
their developing years.
4. 2. Rules of behaviour
o These types of cases show that human interaction is required
for children to acquire human behaviour.
o The family teaches appropriate behaviour, what to expect, and
how to interact in everyday life.
3. Patterns of interaction
o Studies also show that children that have been deprived of
close family relationships which lead to emotional problems as
adults.
o This forms a cycle as these adults may have trouble meeting
the emotional needs of their future families.
4. Emotional support
o Students from parents that have a loving relationship, and are
supportive, have a more positive self image and were also more
confident.
o Students from families that have distrust and hostility are
5. 5. Reproductive Function
o In order for a society to continue to exist it must replace
those people that die.
o The family is responsible for raising children to become
contributing members of society.
o In many advanced countries, families are choosing to have
less children.
6. Economic Function
o Families are the means whereby children are supplied with
the necessities – food, shelter and clothing.
o In the past, children were needed to work on farms and help
provide for the family at an early age.
o Today children are normally dependant on the family until
after high school.
6. Characteristics of family
Universality: There is no human society in which
some form of the family does not appear.Malinowski
writes the typical family a group consisting of mother,
father and their progeny is found in all
communities,savage,barbarians and civilized.
Emotional basis: The family is grounded in
emotions and sentiments. It is based on our impulses of
mating, procreation, maternal devotion, fraternal love
and parental care.
Limited size: The family is smaller in size. As a
primary group its size is necessarily limited. It is a
7. Formative influence: The family welds an
environment which surrounds trains and educates the
child. It shapes the personality and moulds the
character of its members.
Nuclear position in the social structure: The
family is the nucleus of all other social organizations.
The whole social structure is built of family units.
Responsibility of the members: The members
of the family has certain responsibilities, duties and
obligations.
Social regulation: The family is guarded both by
social taboos and by legal regulations..
8. 1.Who Holds Power?
A patriarchy is a society or group where men have
power over women.
In a matriarchy women hold power.
In egalitarian societies men and women share power
equally, are equally valued by all societal members,
have equal access to resources, and share decision
making.
In patrilocal family systems, after marriage, a
woman is separated from her own family and resides
with the husband and his family.
In matrilocal family systems, a woman continues to
live with her family of origin.
Neolocal residence is the practice of the new couple
establishing their own residence.
2.Place of Residence
Classification of family
9. 3.According to structure
Extended families are the whole network of parents,
children, and other relatives who form a family unit.
Extended families are common among the urban
poor because they develop a cooperative system of
social and economic support.
The nuclear family is comprised of one married
couple residing together with their children.
4.According to lineage
In patrilineage family, children are reknown by the name
of their father
In mtrilinage family,children are reknown by their
mother’s name
In biletral family system,children are reknown by the
name of both parents
10. Characteristics of a joint family
1. Common residence:
It implies that all the members live together one roof.
2. Common Property:
The members hold property in common. The head of the
household also maintains a common fund, which pulls together
the earnings of all the members.
3. Joint Kitchen:
The presence of a joint family is also felt due to the existence
of a common kitchen. An aged woman of the family acts as the
supervisor of the other female members working in the kitchen.
4. Common Religious Worship:
The members of a joint family have same religion. The
younger generation learns the religious practices from the older
generation.
11. 5. Kindred Relationship:
The members of the joint family are bound together through
blood relationship.
6. Consciousness of mutual rights and obligations:
All the members of the joint family have equal rights and
obligations. The members are always conscious of these rights
and obligations.
7. Rule of the Head:
The eldest married male member of the family is the head of a
joint family. His decision is binding on all the family matters.
8. There Generation Depth:
The joint family comprises of persons belonging to at least
three generations. Many a time, it may be supplemented by
other relatives like cousins, great grandsons, uncles, aunts, etc.
12. Marriage
Marriage - a group’s approved mating
arrangements, usually marked by a ritual.
Mate selection - each human group establishes
norms to govern who marries whom.
Endogamy
Marriage between people of the same social
category
Limits marriage prospects
Exogamy
Marriage between people of different social
13. Marriage Patterns
Monogamy
Marriage that unites two partners
Permitted by law in higher-income nations
Polygamy
Marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
Permitted by many lower-income nations
1.Polyandry
One man marries to more than one women
2.Polygyny
One woman marries to several men
14. Serial monogamy
In many societies individuals are permitted to marry again
often on the death of the first spouse or after divorce but
they cannot have more than one spouse at one and the
same time.
Straight monogamy
In this remarriage is not allowed.
Group Marriage
It means the marriage of two or more women with two or
more men. Here the husbands are common husbands and
wives are common wives. Children are regarded as the
children of the entire group as a whole.