The document outlines the evolution of computers through five generations, highlighting key technological advances and characteristics of each generation. Starting from vacuum tubes in the first generation to ULSI and AI applications in the fifth generation, it explains how each evolution has led to smaller, more efficient, and powerful computing devices. Additionally, it provides examples and specifics about programming languages, maintenance needs, and user interfaces related to each generation.

1. GENERATION
OF
COMPUTERS
PRESENTED BY N1 GROUP
(DIVISION 14)

2. INTRODUCTION
Computer has become a part of our life. Today along with calculations, their
work area is very wide-supermarket scanners scan and calculate our grocery bill and also
keep store inventory, automatic teller machines(ATM) helps us in banking transaction how the
technology has developed and what its future course is To understand this first we should
know about the different generations of computers.
The First electronic computer was designed and built at the university of
pennsylvania based on vaccum tube technology. Vaccum tubes were used to perform logic
operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according
to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units.
The History of computer development is often referred to in reference to the
different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by
a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operates,
resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable
devices.

3. FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
(1942-1955)
o The computers of first generation used vaccum tubes as basic component for memory And circuitry
for CPU, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These tubes , like
Electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat which was often the cause of malfunctions, therefore
they were expensive.
o 1ST generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest level programming language
understood by computers, to perform operations and they could only solve one problem at a time.
o Input was based on punched cards, magnetic tape and output was displayed on printout.
o The 1ST generation computer used the concept ‘stored
program’.
o The computer of this generation were very large in size
and their programming was a difficult task.

4. General characteristics :
oThis computers could calculate in milliseconds.
oThese were very big in size, weight was about 30 tonnes.
oComputers were very costly.
o It could store only a small amount of information due to the presence of magnetic
drums.
oThese computers were based on vaccum tubes hence it needs large cooling system.
oVery less working efficiency and language used were symbolic.
o Limited programming capabilities and punch cards were used to take inputs.
oLarge amount of energy consumption.
oNot reliable and constant maintenance is required.
EXAMPLES :
oENIAC
oEDVAC
oUNIVAC
oIBM-701
oIBM-650

5. SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
(1956-1964)
◦ A transistor computer, now often called a second generation computer, is a computer which uses
discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. A second generation of computers through the late
1950s and 1960s feature circuit boards filled with individual transistors and magnetic core memory.
◦ The second generation also witnessed the development of two supercomputers - i.e. the most
powerful devices amongst the peers. These two were the Liverpool Atomic Research Computer
(LARC) and IBM7030.
transistor IBM 1620

6. General characteristics:
◦ Second generation computer machines were based on transistor technology.
◦ These computers were smaller as compared to the first generation computers.
◦ The computational time of second generation computers was reduced from microseconds to milliseconds.
◦ These were more reliable and less prone to hardware failure. Hence, such computers require less
maintenance.
◦ These computers were more portable and generated less amount of heat.
◦ Assembly language was used to program second generation computers. Hence, programming became
more time efficient and less cumbersome.
Magnetic disc and tape were often used for data storage.
EXAMPLES :
◦ IBM 1620
◦ IBM 1794
◦ CDC 1604
◦ CDC 3600
◦ UNIVAC 1108

7. THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
(1965-1975)
◦ The period of third generation was from 1965-1975. The computers of third generation used
Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and
capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
◦ The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable,
and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating
system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC,
ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
integrated circuit minicomputer

8. General characteristics:
◦ IC’s with SSI and MSI technologies came into use.
◦ Magnetic tapes and disks of larger capacity as compared to 2nd generation were used
◦ Keyboards and monitors were used for the first time.
◦ Minicomputers was accessible and considered upward compatible family of computers at that time.
◦ Multi-programming and volatile.
◦ High level languages used.
◦ Reduced computational time due to time sharing operating system.
◦ Smaller in size , easier to use , faster and reliable than the previous generations.
◦ Commercially easier to produce and hence cheaper than 1st and 2nd generation computers.
◦ Generate less heat but still need an AC.
EXAMPLES :
◦ IBM 360 – introduced by IBM Inc.
◦ PDP 8 - 1st computer to use IC’s successfully which was smaller and cheaper and of high memory space.
◦ HP-2115 – invented by HEWLETT PACKARD.
◦ PDP 11 – developed by DEC.

9. FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
(1976-1989)
◦ The period of fourth generation was from 1976-1989. Computers of fourth generation
used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000
transistors and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made
it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.
◦ Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.
As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time
sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level
languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
EXAMPLES:
◦ IBM PC and its clones
◦ TRS -80
◦ VAX 9000
◦ CRAY-X/MP

10. ◦ In 1975, Intel developed a chip known as “The Intel 4004 chip”, took the IC one step
further by locating all the components of a computer (memory, central processing unit,
and input and output controls) on a minuscule chip. Whereas the IC used in previous
computer generations, the IC had had to be manufactured to serve a special purpose,
now a single microprocessor could be manufactured & then programmed to meet any
number of demands.
4th generation pc microprocessor TRS-80

11. General Characteristics:
◦ Fourth generation computers are microprocessor – based systems.
◦ These computers are very small and cheapest among all other computer
generations.
◦ These computers are portable and quite reliable.
◦ These computers do not require air conditioning since they generate negligible
amount of heat.
◦ Minimum maintenance is required for Fourth generation computers since hardware
failure is negligible for them.
◦ GUI and pointing devices enables users to learn to use the computer quickly.
◦ Interconnections of computers leads to better communication and resource sharing.
◦ They are very powerful than previous generations and can easily do more
calculation or can run more programs at a time and for more hours.

12. FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
(1989-PRESENT)
Aim
 To develop the device which
could respond to natural
language input and capable of
learning and self-organisation.
Use
 Use of ULSI instead of VLSI

13. Hardware technologies
 Production of Integrated circuits
 Larger capacity main memory portable storage media
 Cluster computing
 Powerful clusters, supercomputers
Software technologies
 Based on parallel programming libraries and artificial intelligence
 High level languages are used in this program.
 World Wide Web, multimedia, internet applications
 Microkennel based multi-threading distributed OS

14. Benefits
 Powerful, cheaper, reliable and easier to use
 Easier to produce commercially, easier to upgrade
 Rapid software development possible
 Total general purpose machine
 Portable
 More eco-friendly interfaces with multimedia
 Expert system to make decisions
 Development of natural language processing

15. :Research By-
Soumyashri singa
Dibyanshi Tripathy
Kshitija Supekar
Akshaya Thakare
Adhiraj Singh
:Ppt Making done by-
Dibyanshi Tripathy
Srija Sriram
Sakshi Shrikhande
Apurva Shirode
Kushal Singhal
:Presentation done by-
Saahil Singh
Soumyashri Singha
Kushal Singhal
Akshaya Thakare
Sara Turkey
Thank You