Computer has become a part of our life. Today along with calculations, their work area is very wide-supermarket scanners scan and calculate our grocery bill and also keep store inventory, automatic teller machines(ATM) helps us in banking transaction how the technology has developed and what its future course is To understand this first we should know about the different generations of computers.
The First electronic computer was designed and built at the university of pennsylvania based on vaccum tube technology. Vaccum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units.
The History of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operates, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
The Five Generations of Computers
Computer generations
Generations of Computer
First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Third Generation Computers(1964-1971)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-present)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Fifth Generation Computers(present and beyond)
Advantages
Disadvantages
The Five Generations of Computers
Computer generations
Generations of Computer
First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Third Generation Computers(1964-1971)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-present)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Fifth Generation Computers(present and beyond)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Computers can be classified into five types according to the generations i.e. time period:
First Generation Computers: vacuum tubes
Second Generation Computers: transistors
Third Generation Computers: integrated circuits (ICs)
Fourth Generation Computers: large scale integration (LSI)
Fifth Generation Computers: very large scale integration (VLSI)
Computers can be classified into five types according to the generations i.e. time period:
First Generation Computers: vacuum tubes
Second Generation Computers: transistors
Third Generation Computers: integrated circuits (ICs)
Fourth Generation Computers: large scale integration (LSI)
Fifth Generation Computers: very large scale integration (VLSI)
Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the
computer. Computers are such an integral part of our everyday
life now most people take them and what they have added to life
totally for granted. Even more so the generation who have grown
from infancy within the global desktop and laptop revolution
since the 1980s. The history of computer development is often
referred to in reference to the different generations of computing
devices. A generation refers to the state of improvement in the
product development process. This term is also used in the
different advancements of new computer technology. As new
technology was emerging, it was being used in the making of
computer. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten
smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before
it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, and com-
puter memory has proportionally increased. New discoveries are
constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and
play.
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
The proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties.
It is used for decoration for its bright gold like appearance.
It has also been widely used for all sorts of utensils due to many properties, such as low melting point, workability (both with hand tools and with modern turning and milling machines), durability, electrical and thermal conductivity. It is still commonly used in applications where low friction and corrosion resistance is required, such as locks, hinges, gears, bearings, ammunition casings, zippers, plumbing, hose couplings, valves, and electrical plugs and sockets.
Plastic pollution is when plastic has gathered in an area and has begun to negatively impact the natural environment and create problems for plants, wildlife, and even the human population.
In total, half of all plastic produced is designed to be used only once — and then thrown away. Plastic waste is now so ubiquitous in the natural environment that scientists have even suggested it could serve as a geological indicator of the Anthropocene era.
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices
Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before it.
As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power, efficiency, reliabilty and memory of computers has proportionally increased.
Know all about Antione Lavoisier :
EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION
EARLY SCIENTIFIC WORK AND AS A PUBLIC REFORMER
Discoveries
Awards and Achievements
Important Inventions including Forms of Carbon, The Conservation of Mass, Combustion and respiration, Water is not an element, Oxygen and Combustion, Sulfur is an element, Lavoisier’s list of elements and Chemical nomenclature and Metric System,
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
An Innovative Project on Emergency Medical Services in Covid Era. This can be used as college projects when the task is to theorize an idea for healthcare.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. INTRODUCTION
Computer has become a part of our life. Today along with calculations, their
work area is very wide-supermarket scanners scan and calculate our grocery bill and also
keep store inventory, automatic teller machines(ATM) helps us in banking transaction how the
technology has developed and what its future course is To understand this first we should
know about the different generations of computers.
The First electronic computer was designed and built at the university of
pennsylvania based on vaccum tube technology. Vaccum tubes were used to perform logic
operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according
to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units.
The History of computer development is often referred to in reference to the
different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by
a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operates,
resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable
devices.
3. FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
(1942-1955)
o The computers of first generation used vaccum tubes as basic component for memory And circuitry
for CPU, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These tubes , like
Electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat which was often the cause of malfunctions, therefore
they were expensive.
o 1ST generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest level programming language
understood by computers, to perform operations and they could only solve one problem at a time.
o Input was based on punched cards, magnetic tape and output was displayed on printout.
o The 1ST generation computer used the concept ‘stored
program’.
o The computer of this generation were very large in size
and their programming was a difficult task.
4. General characteristics :
oThis computers could calculate in milliseconds.
oThese were very big in size, weight was about 30 tonnes.
oComputers were very costly.
o It could store only a small amount of information due to the presence of magnetic
drums.
oThese computers were based on vaccum tubes hence it needs large cooling system.
oVery less working efficiency and language used were symbolic.
o Limited programming capabilities and punch cards were used to take inputs.
oLarge amount of energy consumption.
oNot reliable and constant maintenance is required.
EXAMPLES :
oENIAC
oEDVAC
oUNIVAC
oIBM-701
oIBM-650
5. SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
(1956-1964)
◦ A transistor computer, now often called a second generation computer, is a computer which uses
discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. A second generation of computers through the late
1950s and 1960s feature circuit boards filled with individual transistors and magnetic core memory.
◦ The second generation also witnessed the development of two supercomputers - i.e. the most
powerful devices amongst the peers. These two were the Liverpool Atomic Research Computer
(LARC) and IBM7030.
transistor IBM 1620
6. General characteristics:
◦ Second generation computer machines were based on transistor technology.
◦ These computers were smaller as compared to the first generation computers.
◦ The computational time of second generation computers was reduced from microseconds to milliseconds.
◦ These were more reliable and less prone to hardware failure. Hence, such computers require less
maintenance.
◦ These computers were more portable and generated less amount of heat.
◦ Assembly language was used to program second generation computers. Hence, programming became
more time efficient and less cumbersome.
Magnetic disc and tape were often used for data storage.
EXAMPLES :
◦ IBM 1620
◦ IBM 1794
◦ CDC 1604
◦ CDC 3600
◦ UNIVAC 1108
7. THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
(1965-1975)
◦ The period of third generation was from 1965-1975. The computers of third generation used
Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and
capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
◦ The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable,
and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating
system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC,
ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
integrated circuit minicomputer
8. General characteristics:
◦ IC’s with SSI and MSI technologies came into use.
◦ Magnetic tapes and disks of larger capacity as compared to 2nd generation were used
◦ Keyboards and monitors were used for the first time.
◦ Minicomputers was accessible and considered upward compatible family of computers at that time.
◦ Multi-programming and volatile.
◦ High level languages used.
◦ Reduced computational time due to time sharing operating system.
◦ Smaller in size , easier to use , faster and reliable than the previous generations.
◦ Commercially easier to produce and hence cheaper than 1st and 2nd generation computers.
◦ Generate less heat but still need an AC.
EXAMPLES :
◦ IBM 360 – introduced by IBM Inc.
◦ PDP 8 - 1st computer to use IC’s successfully which was smaller and cheaper and of high memory space.
◦ HP-2115 – invented by HEWLETT PACKARD.
◦ PDP 11 – developed by DEC.
9. FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
(1976-1989)
◦ The period of fourth generation was from 1976-1989. Computers of fourth generation
used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000
transistors and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made
it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.
◦ Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.
As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time
sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level
languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
EXAMPLES:
◦ IBM PC and its clones
◦ TRS -80
◦ VAX 9000
◦ CRAY-X/MP
10. ◦ In 1975, Intel developed a chip known as “The Intel 4004 chip”, took the IC one step
further by locating all the components of a computer (memory, central processing unit,
and input and output controls) on a minuscule chip. Whereas the IC used in previous
computer generations, the IC had had to be manufactured to serve a special purpose,
now a single microprocessor could be manufactured & then programmed to meet any
number of demands.
4th generation pc microprocessor TRS-80
11. General Characteristics:
◦ Fourth generation computers are microprocessor – based systems.
◦ These computers are very small and cheapest among all other computer
generations.
◦ These computers are portable and quite reliable.
◦ These computers do not require air conditioning since they generate negligible
amount of heat.
◦ Minimum maintenance is required for Fourth generation computers since hardware
failure is negligible for them.
◦ GUI and pointing devices enables users to learn to use the computer quickly.
◦ Interconnections of computers leads to better communication and resource sharing.
◦ They are very powerful than previous generations and can easily do more
calculation or can run more programs at a time and for more hours.
12. FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
(1989-PRESENT)
Aim
To develop the device which
could respond to natural
language input and capable of
learning and self-organisation.
Use
Use of ULSI instead of VLSI
13. Hardware technologies
Production of Integrated circuits
Larger capacity main memory portable storage media
Cluster computing
Powerful clusters, supercomputers
Software technologies
Based on parallel programming libraries and artificial intelligence
High level languages are used in this program.
World Wide Web, multimedia, internet applications
Microkennel based multi-threading distributed OS
14. Benefits
Powerful, cheaper, reliable and easier to use
Easier to produce commercially, easier to upgrade
Rapid software development possible
Total general purpose machine
Portable
More eco-friendly interfaces with multimedia
Expert system to make decisions
Development of natural language processing