This document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, expensive, and unreliable. The second generation used transistors, which made computers smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, making computers faster, cheaper, and more versatile. The fourth generation began with microprocessors, resulting in smaller and more affordable personal computers. The fifth generation, still in development, aims to develop true artificial intelligence and natural language processing. Each generation brought improvements in size, cost, speed, and capabilities.

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SOFT GUY :-
KISHOK

2. INDEX:
• INTRODUCTION
• FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
• SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER
• THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER
• FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
• FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
• REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
• The history of computer development is often
referred to in reference to the different generations of
computing devices. Each generation of computer is
characterized by a major technological development
that fundamentally changed the way computers
operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper,
more powerful and more efficient and reliable
devices.

4. First Generation of Computers
(1945-1956)
Image courtesy: http://www.computerhistory.org/
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• The period of first generation was 1945-1956.
• In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by
Mauchly and Echert First generation of computers started
with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for
memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit).
• These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and
were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore,
were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large
organizations.
• Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape, and output was displayed on printouts
• First generation computers relied on machine language, the
lowest-level programming language understood by computers,
to perform operations.

5. The main features of First Generation are:
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• Vacuum tube technology
• Unreliable
• Very costly
• Generate lot of heat
• Slow Input/output device
• Huge size
• Need of A.C.
• Non-portable

6. Advantages
• Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component
available during those days.
• Vacuum tube technology made possible to make
electronic digital computers.
• These computers could calculate data in millisecond
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7. Disadvantages
• The computers were large in size.
• They consumed a large amount of
energy.
• They heated very soon due to
thousands of vacuum tubes.
• They were not very reliable.
• Air conditioning was required.
• Constant maintenance was required.
• Non-portable.
• Costly commercial production.
• Limited commercial use.
• Very slow speed.
• Limited programming capabilities.
• Used machine language only.
• Used magnetic drums which provide
very less data storage.
• Used punch cards for input.
• Not versatile and very faulty.
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8. Some computers of this generation were:
• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• UNIVAC
• IBM-701
• IBM-650
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9. Second Generation Computers
(1959-1965)
Image courtesy: http://www.ibm.com/us-en/
• The second generation computers used
transistors.
• The scientists at Bell laboratories developed
transistor in 1947.
• These scientists include John Barden,
William Brattain and William Shockley.
• The size of the computers was decreased
by replacing vacuum tubes with transistors.
• In this generation, magnetic cores were
used as primary memory and magnetic tape
and magnetic disks as secondary storage
devices.
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10. Advantages
• Smaller in size as compared to the first generation computers.
• The 2nd generation Computers were more reliable
• Used less energy and were not heated.
• Wider commercial use
• Better portability as compared to the first generation computers.
• Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds
• Used faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic disks, printer etc.
• Used Assembly language instead of Machine language.
• Accuracy improved.
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11. Disadvantages
• Cooling system was required
• Constant maintenance was required
• Commercial production was difficult
• Only used for specific purposes
• Costly and not versatile
• Punch cards were used for input.
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12. The main features of second generation are:
• Use of transistors
• Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
• Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
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13. Some computers of this generation were:
• Ibm 1620- for scientific purpose
• IBM 1401 – FOR business application
• Cdc 3600- for medical purpose
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14. Third Generation Computers
(1965-1971)
Image courtesy: http://www.computerhistory.org/
• The Third generation computers used
the integrated circuits (IC).
• Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrated
circuit in 1958. It was an important invention in
the computer field.
• The first IC was invented and used in 1961. The
size of an IC is about ¼ square inch.
• A single IC chip may contain thousands of
transistors. The computer became smaller in
size, faster, more reliable and less expensive.
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15. The main features of third generation are:
• IC used
• More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
• Smaller size
• Generated less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Still costly
• A.C needed
• Consumed lesser electricity
• Supported high-level language
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16. Advantages
• Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.
• More reliable.
• Used less energy
• Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers.
• Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds.
• Used fan for heat discharge to prevent damage.
• Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is rear.
• Totally general purpose
• Could be used for high-level languages.
• Good storage
• Versatile to an extent
• Less expensive
• Better accuracy
• Commercial production increased.
• Used mouse and keyboard for input.
Disadvantages
 Air conditioning was required.
 Highly sophisticated
technology required for the
manufacturing of IC chips.
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17. The examples of third generation computers are:
• IBM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series
• PDP(Personal Data Processor)
• IBM-370/168
• TDC-316
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18. Fourth Generation Computers
(1975-Present)
Image courtesy: http://www.computerhistory.org/
• The fourth generation computers started with the invention
of Microprocessor.
• The Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs. Ted
Hoff produced the first microprocessor in 1971 for Intel.
• It was known as Intel 4004. The technology of integrated
circuits improved rapidly.
• The LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuit and VLSI (Very Large
Scale Integration) circuit was designed.
• It greatly reduced the size of computer. The size of modern
Microprocessors is usually one square inch.
• It can contain millions of electronic circuits.
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19. The main features of fourth generation are:
• VLSI technology used
• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PC's
• Very small size
• Pipeline processing
• No A.C. needed
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of networks
• Computers became easily available
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20. Advantages
• More powerful and reliable than previous
generations.
• Small in size
• Fast processing power with less power
consumption
• Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold.
• No air conditioning required.
• Totally general purpose
• Commercial production
• Less need of repair.
• Cheapest among all generations
• All types of High level languages can be used in this
type of computers
•
• The latest technology is required for
manufacturing of Microprocessors.
• Very advance technology was required
to make the ICs.
• .Highly skilled staff was required for
manufacturing
Disadvantages
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21. Some computers of this generation were:
• IBM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series
• PDP(Personal Data Processor)
• IBM-370/168
• TDC-316
• Apple Macintosh
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22. Fifth Generation Computers
(Present & Beyond)
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 Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still
in development, though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today.
 The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
 Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically
change the face of computers in years to come.
 The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.

23. The main features of fifth generation are:
• ULSI technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Development of Natural language processing
• Advancement in Parallel Processing
• Advancement in Superconductor technology
• More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
• Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
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24. • Desktop
• Laptop
• NoteBook
• UltraBook
• ChromeBook
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Some computer types of this generation are:

25. Advantages
• This type of computer is versatile device by which we can perform
various types of programme.
• Low cost than first, second and third generation Computer.
• High speed than first, second and third generation Computer.
• This computer have artificial intelligence.
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26. Disadvantages
• Technology is still under process and research on its viability is going
on.
• The speed, this technology is claiming seems difficult to achieve (in
future, it might be) because of the incompetent technological support
in most parts of the world.
• Many of the old devices would not be competent to 5G, hence, all of
them need to be replaced with new one — expensive deal.
• Developing infrastructure needs high cost.
• Security and privacy issue yet to be solved.
•
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27. Reference:
• http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3401200056.html
• http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer
_first_generation.htm
• http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief%20computer%20history.html
• http://www.btob.co.nz/article/five-generations-computers
• http://wikieducator.org/History_of_Computer_Development_%26_G
eneration_of_Computer
• http://www.byte-notes.com/five-generations-computers
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