The document discusses the five generations of computers based on their underlying technologies. The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors, the third used integrated circuits, the fourth used very large scale integrated circuits and microprocessors, and the fifth generation uses artificial intelligence techniques. Each generation brought improvements in size, reliability, speed, cost and capabilities over previous generations as technologies advanced over time.
The modern computer took its shape with the arrival of your time. It had been around 16th century when the evolution of the computer started. The initial computer faced many changes, obviously for the betterment. It continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the fashionable day computer. This long period is often conveniently divided into the subsequent phases called computer generations:
First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)
Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)
Before there are graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and computer algebra systems, mathematicians and inventors searched for solutions to ease the burden of calculation.
Below are the 8 mechanical calculators before modern computers were invented.
1. Abacus (ca. 2700 BC)
2. Pascal’s Calculator (1652)
3. Stepped Reckoner (1694)
4. Arithmometer (1820)
5. Comptometer (1887) and Comptograph (1889)
6. The Difference Engine (1822)
7. Analytical Engine (1834)
8. The Millionaire (1893)
First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)
The technology behind the primary generation computers was a fragile glass device, which was called vacuum tubes. These computers were very heavy and really large in size. These weren’t very reliable and programming on them was a really tedious task as they used low-level programming language and used no OS. First-generation computers were used for calculation, storage, and control purpose. They were too bulky and large that they needed a full room and consume rot of electricity.
Main first generation computers are:
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly was a general-purpose computer. It had been very heavy, large, and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.
EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer was designed by von Neumann. It could store data also as instruction and thus the speed was enhanced.
UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was developed in 1952 by Eckert and Mauchly.
Main characteristics of first generation computers are:
Main electronic component Vacuum tube.
Programming language Machine language.
Main memory Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.
Input/output devices Paper tape and punched cards.
Speed and size Very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).
Examples of the first generation IBM 650, IBM 701, ENIAC, UNIVAC1, etc.
Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)
Second-generation computers used the technology of transistors rather than bulky vacuum tubes. Another feature was the core storage. A transistor may be a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a sign or opens or closes a circuit.
Transistors were invented in Bell Labs. The use of transistors made it possible to perform powerfully and with due speed.
Computer has become a part of our life. Today along with calculations, their work area is very wide-supermarket scanners scan and calculate our grocery bill and also keep store inventory, automatic teller machines(ATM) helps us in banking transaction how the technology has developed and what its future course is To understand this first we should know about the different generations of computers.
The First electronic computer was designed and built at the university of pennsylvania based on vaccum tube technology. Vaccum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units.
The History of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operates, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
The modern computer took its shape with the arrival of your time. It had been around 16th century when the evolution of the computer started. The initial computer faced many changes, obviously for the betterment. It continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the fashionable day computer. This long period is often conveniently divided into the subsequent phases called computer generations:
First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)
Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)
Before there are graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and computer algebra systems, mathematicians and inventors searched for solutions to ease the burden of calculation.
Below are the 8 mechanical calculators before modern computers were invented.
1. Abacus (ca. 2700 BC)
2. Pascal’s Calculator (1652)
3. Stepped Reckoner (1694)
4. Arithmometer (1820)
5. Comptometer (1887) and Comptograph (1889)
6. The Difference Engine (1822)
7. Analytical Engine (1834)
8. The Millionaire (1893)
First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)
The technology behind the primary generation computers was a fragile glass device, which was called vacuum tubes. These computers were very heavy and really large in size. These weren’t very reliable and programming on them was a really tedious task as they used low-level programming language and used no OS. First-generation computers were used for calculation, storage, and control purpose. They were too bulky and large that they needed a full room and consume rot of electricity.
Main first generation computers are:
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly was a general-purpose computer. It had been very heavy, large, and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.
EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer was designed by von Neumann. It could store data also as instruction and thus the speed was enhanced.
UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was developed in 1952 by Eckert and Mauchly.
Main characteristics of first generation computers are:
Main electronic component Vacuum tube.
Programming language Machine language.
Main memory Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.
Input/output devices Paper tape and punched cards.
Speed and size Very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).
Examples of the first generation IBM 650, IBM 701, ENIAC, UNIVAC1, etc.
Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)
Second-generation computers used the technology of transistors rather than bulky vacuum tubes. Another feature was the core storage. A transistor may be a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a sign or opens or closes a circuit.
Transistors were invented in Bell Labs. The use of transistors made it possible to perform powerfully and with due speed.
Computer has become a part of our life. Today along with calculations, their work area is very wide-supermarket scanners scan and calculate our grocery bill and also keep store inventory, automatic teller machines(ATM) helps us in banking transaction how the technology has developed and what its future course is To understand this first we should know about the different generations of computers.
The First electronic computer was designed and built at the university of pennsylvania based on vaccum tube technology. Vaccum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units.
The History of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operates, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
it is all about the generation of computer. explained in a detailed way. helpful for those students who is seeking information about computer generation.it is available in one place
These Notes from the class of BS EDUCATION 1st Semester (Spring) Session 2023-2027 Teacher :Ch Naveed Afzal
semester started in march 2023 and end in july 2023
Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange all kinds of data[1] and information. IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT).[2] An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system, or, more specifically speaking, a computer system — including all hardware, software, and peripheral equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users.
Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed,[3] the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."[4] Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.[4]
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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it is all about the generation of computer. explained in a detailed way. helpful for those students who is seeking information about computer generation.it is available in one place
These Notes from the class of BS EDUCATION 1st Semester (Spring) Session 2023-2027 Teacher :Ch Naveed Afzal
semester started in march 2023 and end in july 2023
Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange all kinds of data[1] and information. IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT).[2] An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system, or, more specifically speaking, a computer system — including all hardware, software, and peripheral equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users.
Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed,[3] the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."[4] Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.[4]
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. The Generation of computer is also known as Evolution of computers as
the technology advances and some of the technology being rejected
after some of the draw backs then some addition of new components.
As we are moving to advancement our technology also goes beyond as we
are advanced in every field of life computer and its related technologies
are or need and passion for the welfare of our society
Here we will discuss about the evolution of Computers according to
technology and some advanced features
INTRODUCTION
6. 1ST GENERATION(1946-59) VACUUM
TUBE
The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and
magnetic drums for main memory, and they were often enormous,
taking up entire rooms. These computers were very expensive to
operate, and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first
computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions. The maximum internal storage capacity was 20,000
characters.
First-generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level
programming language understood by computers, to perform
operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. It would
take operators days or even weeks to set up a new problem. Input
was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts.
7. It was in this generation that the Von Neumann architecture was
introduced, which displays the design architecture of an electronic
digital computer. Later, the UNIVAC and ENIAC computers, invented
by J. Presper Eckert, became examples of first-generation computer
technology. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer
delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
ENIAC, EDVAC, IBM-701, and IBM-650 are the common first
generation
Computers.
8. ADVANTAGES/MERITS
• First generations of computer used vacuum tubes in their hardware
circuit.
• They used magnetic drums for memory.
• They used low level programming languages like assembly and
machine.
• They used to solve any operation and problem in milliseconds.
• They were the first machine used to solve complex problem with
great speed and accuracy.
• They used binary language which is based on 0s and 1s.
• The first generation of computer was the foundation for the
development of more advanced and next generation computer
system.
• They were manufactured and designed for commercial purpose.
9. DISADVANTAGES/DEMERITS
• These systems used to produce more heat and power and hence they
required air conditioner.
• They are huge in size.
• They are costly compared to other devices.
• They are very slow to operate.
• They only used low level language.
• They are not portable as they are huge in size therefore unable to move from
one place to another.
• As they produce lots of heat therefore air conditioner are required for cooling.
• They had small data storage capacity.
• They consume lots of power and electricity.
• They can handle single instruction at single time.
10. • They are not that much reliable.
• Constant maintenance is needed.
• Due to their size they needed large space for installation and
accommodation.
• The used magnetic drum for memory which are low storage medium.
12. 2ND GENERATION(1956-63)
TRANSISTOR
Computers developed between 1959-1965 the second generation
computers. These computers were more reliable and in place of
vacuum tubes, used transistors. This made them far more compact
than the first generation computers. The input for these computers
were higher level languages like COBOL, FORTRAN etc. In these
computers, primary memory was stored on the magnetic cores and
magnetic tape and they used magnetic disks as secondary storage
devices.
Examples of the second generation computers include IBM 1620, IBM
7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, UNIVAC 1108. As a result, they
worked on AC and therefore were faster than their predecessors.
13. ADVANTAGES/MERITS
• Smaller in size as compared to the first generation computer.
• Second-generation computers were more reliable.
• Used less energy and were not heated as much as a first-generation
computer.
• Wider commercial use.
• Better portability as compared to the first-generation computers.
• Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds.
• Used faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic disks, etc…
• Used assembly language as well as machine language.
• Accuracy improved.
14. DISADVANTAGES/DEMERITS
• A cooling system was required.
• Constant maintenance is required.
• Commercial production was difficult.
• Only used for specific purposes.
• Costly and not versatile.
• Punch cards were used for input.
16. Computers developed during the period of 1965 – 1971, are the third
generation of computers. These computers differed from the first and
the second generations simply by the fact that a new circuit element
like IC’s (Integrated Circuits) was used. An integrated circuit is a
small device that can contain thousands and thousands of devices
like transistors, resistances and other circuit elements that make up
a computer. Jack Kilby is credited with the invention of the
Integrated Circuit or the IC chips. With the invention of IC’s, it
became possible to fit thousands of circuit elements into a small
region and hence the size of the computers eventually became
smaller and smaller.
3RD GENERATION(1965-71) RESISTORS
17. Another salient feature of these computers was that they were much
more reliable and consumed far less power. The input languages for
such computers were COBOL, FORTRAN-II up to FORTRAN-IV,
PASCAL, ALGOL-68, BASIC, etc. These languages were much
better and could represent more information. Consequently more
and more complex calculations are possible
Examples of the third generation computers include IBM-360 series,
Honeywell-6000 series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), and
IBM-370/168.
18. ADVANTAGES/MERITS
• Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.
• More reliable.
• Used less energy.
• Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of
computers. (First Generation, Second Generation Computer)
• Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds.
• Used fan for head discharge to prevent damage.
• Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is rare.
• Totally general purpose.
• Could be used for a high-level language.
• High storage capacity than the previous generation’s computer.
19. • Versatile to an extent.
• Less expensive.
• More accurate than previous.
• Used mouse and keyboard for input.
22. 4TH GENERATION (1971-80) VLSI
TECHNOLOGY
Fourth Generation of computers was between 1971 – 1980. These
computers used the VLSI technology or the Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits technology. Therefore they were also known
as the microprocessors. Intel was the first company to develop a
microprocessor. The first “personal computer” or PC developed by IBM,
belonged to this generation. VLSI circuits had almost about 5000
transistors on a very small chip and were capable of performing many
high-level tasks and computations. These computers were thus very
compact and thereby required a small amount of electricity to run.
Examples are STAR 1000, CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer), DEC 10, PDP
11, CRAY-1. This generation of computers had the first “supercomputers”
that could perform many calculations accurately. They were also used in
networking and also used higher and more complicated languages as
their inputs. The computer languages like languages like C, C+, C++,
DBASE etc. were the input for these computers.
23. ADVANTAGES/MERITS
• They were developed for totally general purpose use (general-purpose
computers).
• Smaller in size and much more reliable than other generations of computers.
• The heat generation was negligible.
• No cooling system is required in many cases of the fourth-generation
computer.
• Portable and cheaper than the older versions.
• Fourth-generation computers were much faster than the older generations.
• Graphics User Interface (GUI) technology was exploited to offer more comfort
to users. PCs became more affordable and widespread during this period.
• Less repair time and maintenance cost.
• They were developed for commercial production as well.
• All types of High-level languages can be used in this type of computers
24. DISADVANTAGES/DEMERITS
• Very advanced technology was required to fabricate the ICs
(Integrated Circuits).
• A high-quality and reliable system or technology can only make the
ICs.
• Cooler is required (Fan)
• The latest technology is required for the manufacturing of
Microprocessors.
26. 5TH GENERATION(1980….)ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
This is the present generation of computers and is the most advanced
one. The generation began somewhere around 1981 and is the
present generation of computers. The methods of input include the
modern high-level languages like Python, R, C#, Java etc. These
are extremely reliable and employ the ULSI or the Ultra Large
Scale Integration technology. These computers are at the frontiers
of the modern scientific calculations and are used to develop the
Artificial Intelligence or AI components that will have the ability to
think for themselves.
Examples include: Intel P 4, i 3 – i10, AMD Athlon, etc.
27. ADVANTAGES/MERITS
• It has made our life very easy in nowadays.
• We can store and secure data easily.
• We can analyze and also visualize the data.
• Weather prediction.
• Sports prediction
• Best communication services.
• Bioinformatics field.
• It has also made crippled people life easy like neuron chairs etc.
• Robotics is also common.
• Tracking devices and embedded computers etc…..
28. DISADVANTAGES/DEMERITS
• It is much expensive.
• It can also used to steal the data easily.
• Much servers and devices are required for your work.
• It can hijack your privacy easily.
• Deep-fake technologies(Photoshop, reface app and fake scanners
etc…).
29. CONCLUSION
From all of these we concluded that as we move to advancement the
technology advances as well and when we got advantages from one
side we also got some disadvantages due to the systematic
problems. Many ways computer and its relevant technologies made
our life easy and convenient but it also becomes harmful because of
some drawbacks and some of our misuse. It’s on us either we use it
or misuse it…
