This document provides information about general translation and examples of where it is used. It begins by defining general translation as the most common type of translation, which involves ordinary day-to-day speech and does not require specialized expertise. However, professional translators with postgraduate backgrounds in the target language are still recommended. General translations include documents like newspaper articles, emails, letters, CVs, brochures, and reviews. The document then provides more details on translating different types of newspaper articles and headlines, including differences in style between English, American, and Polish headlines. It also discusses techniques used in headline writing like omitting verbs and abbreviations.
Translation is as old as language. Different language communities considered translation necessary for their interaction. With translation as an important activity, there emerged diverse theories to guide it.
Catford defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). A Formal Correspondence is any TL category which may be said to occupy the same place in the economy of TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.
A Textual Equivalent is any TL text or portion of text which is to be equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text.The small linguistic changes that occur between ST and TT are known as translation shifts.A level shit would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another.These shifts are from one part of speech to another.
When a SL item is translated with TL item which belongs to a different class. A verb may be translated as a noun.
Translation is as old as language. Different language communities considered translation necessary for their interaction. With translation as an important activity, there emerged diverse theories to guide it.
Catford defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). A Formal Correspondence is any TL category which may be said to occupy the same place in the economy of TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.
A Textual Equivalent is any TL text or portion of text which is to be equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text.The small linguistic changes that occur between ST and TT are known as translation shifts.A level shit would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another.These shifts are from one part of speech to another.
When a SL item is translated with TL item which belongs to a different class. A verb may be translated as a noun.
Vinay and Darblernet's Model of Translation.pptPariNaz10
Since 1950s there has been a wide variety of linguistics approaches to the analysis of translation that has proposed a detailed list of taxonomies to categories the translation process.
The book has presented a small number of best known and most representative models.
Vinay and Darblenet’s taxonomy in Stylistique
Catford’s linguitics approach.
They carried out comparative stylistics analysis of English-French.
Noted the differences between the languages and noted the strategies and procedures in translation.
Vinay and Darblenet’s
Two main strategies are
Direct and Oblique translation also known as Literal vs. Free translation.
The two comprised of seven out of which Direct covers three .Borrowing.
The SL word is transferred directly to the TL.
Word originated in one language is also used in another language.
Reasons:
Sometimes borrowings are employed to add local colour (pétanque, armagnac and bastide in a tourist brochure about south west France, for instance)
No existing word or concept in the target language.
Examples:
Internet, Jalebi, Piano etc.
Also known as loan translation.
Alternative of borrowing.
Phrase borrowed from another language and literally translated from word for word. 4. Transposition.
This is a change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense
Operates at grammatical level.
Replacement of word class by another word class without changing the meaning.
Within the same language:
Reconstruction of the city is very important.
Reconstructing the city is very important.
To reconstruct the city is very important.
In different language.
He writes neatly وہ صفا ي سے لکھتا ہے۔ (Adjective صفا ي is converted into Adverb neatly).
This changes the semantics and point of view of the SL
tries to maintain naturalness by using various form the message done by changing the point of view
chosen when translators find that literal translation would result in awkward or unnatural translation. Vinay and Darblenet regarded modulation as “the touchstone of a good translator” whereas transposition ‘simply shows a very good command of the target language
This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture.
Adaptations, also known as “Free Translations” are when the translator substitutes cultural realities or scenarios for which there is no reference in the target language.
This slide provides useful information about a controversial issue in translation concerning domestication and foreignization in translation practice and how the functionalist approach tried to solve this issue through suggesting the Skopos Theory.
You can find the high-quality with most accurate translation services from Turkish translation office by their highly trained and experienced translation professionals.
Vinay and Darblernet's Model of Translation.pptPariNaz10
Since 1950s there has been a wide variety of linguistics approaches to the analysis of translation that has proposed a detailed list of taxonomies to categories the translation process.
The book has presented a small number of best known and most representative models.
Vinay and Darblenet’s taxonomy in Stylistique
Catford’s linguitics approach.
They carried out comparative stylistics analysis of English-French.
Noted the differences between the languages and noted the strategies and procedures in translation.
Vinay and Darblenet’s
Two main strategies are
Direct and Oblique translation also known as Literal vs. Free translation.
The two comprised of seven out of which Direct covers three .Borrowing.
The SL word is transferred directly to the TL.
Word originated in one language is also used in another language.
Reasons:
Sometimes borrowings are employed to add local colour (pétanque, armagnac and bastide in a tourist brochure about south west France, for instance)
No existing word or concept in the target language.
Examples:
Internet, Jalebi, Piano etc.
Also known as loan translation.
Alternative of borrowing.
Phrase borrowed from another language and literally translated from word for word. 4. Transposition.
This is a change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense
Operates at grammatical level.
Replacement of word class by another word class without changing the meaning.
Within the same language:
Reconstruction of the city is very important.
Reconstructing the city is very important.
To reconstruct the city is very important.
In different language.
He writes neatly وہ صفا ي سے لکھتا ہے۔ (Adjective صفا ي is converted into Adverb neatly).
This changes the semantics and point of view of the SL
tries to maintain naturalness by using various form the message done by changing the point of view
chosen when translators find that literal translation would result in awkward or unnatural translation. Vinay and Darblenet regarded modulation as “the touchstone of a good translator” whereas transposition ‘simply shows a very good command of the target language
This involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture.
Adaptations, also known as “Free Translations” are when the translator substitutes cultural realities or scenarios for which there is no reference in the target language.
This slide provides useful information about a controversial issue in translation concerning domestication and foreignization in translation practice and how the functionalist approach tried to solve this issue through suggesting the Skopos Theory.
You can find the high-quality with most accurate translation services from Turkish translation office by their highly trained and experienced translation professionals.
Overview mary massoud's translate to communicateImad Hassanein
An overview of Massoud's “Translate to Communicate, a Guide for Translators”, a quick introduction to the field of translation. The overview offers a brief summary of problems translators face, obstacles that must be overcome, and the basic qualifications for anyone hoping to succeed in this area of expertise.
English-Spanish translation of the chapter Analyzing Business Goals and Const...Enrique Zurita-Guitar
Abstract
"Translation is that which transforms everything so that nothing changes." - Grass Günter. Doing that requires a high skills and it might be hard but not impossible. A translation is the reflection of its author, it shows the knowledge and background of the translator. This work aims to offer the reader a trustworthy translation of the text “Analysing Business Goals and Constraints” which shows us how to use a systematic, top-down process when designing computer networks. The main purpose for this monographic study is to be analysed using the techniques proposed by Molina and Hurtado Albir as well as reading material for Network Design students.
Abstracts are important because they give a first impression of the document that follows, letting readers decide whether to continue reading and showing them what to look for if they do. Though some abstracts only list the contents of the document, the most useful abstracts tell the reader more.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. What Is General Translation
and Where Is It Used
One of the most common types of translation and the one that is
most used today is general translation. This is the simplest type of
translation as it implies only ordinary, day to day speech.
This type of translation does not usually demand a specific
expertise or a specialized background for a translator. However, to
do this type of translation, a translator still needs to be an expert in
linguistics, the local market, and the customs. Professional
translators who have postgraduate background and who reside in the
area where the target language is used are the best choice.
Moreover, general translations are about translating documents and
texts that are not technical.
https://www.usatranslate.com/types-of-translation-i-what-is-general-translation/
4. Types of Newspaper Articles
News articles: inform readers about things that are happening in the world or in
the local area.
Feature articles: these explore news stories in more depth. They may be
triggered by a story that has been in the news for a while. The purpose of a
feature is not just to tell you what has happened, but to explore or analyse
the reasons why.
Editorials, columns and opinion pieces: these are pieces by 'personality'
writers. They might be there to inform (because the writer's expert opinion is
valued), or they might be there to entertain (because the writer has a comic
or interesting way of describing everyday life).
Online article: pay additional attention to the interactive aspects (hyperlinks)
SKOPOS: Remember - all writing tasks are about understanding genre, audience,
purpose, and style).
5. Translating Articles
Translating newspapers presents its own unique challenges. Much of it has to do with the
fact that newspapers are made up of different sections and types of articles, each
with their own style and language. What works for one section or article may not
work for all of them. Here are the most challenging things about translating
newspapers:
1. Style
Every newspaper, no matter what country it comes from or what language it is published in, is made
up of different sections. To translate everything in a newspaper effectively, each of
different styles needs to be considered and used.
2. Terminology
Each country has its own slang and different types of jargon that is used only in certain contexts.
When used out of context, these words might not even make sense. The target culture may not
include this political concept, either, so an explanation or footnote might be needed.
3. Cultural context
The context of each newspaper is the country where it is published and circulated. The information
presented may not be complete or very clear to someone who hasn’t been keeping up with the
news in the area, and that is exactly the point. This presents a huge challenge for a
translator, however, as they have to make sure they are educated and informed on the topic
and provide any necessary clarification and explanation without bulking up the article too
much or straying from the subject.
6. Headlines
In English and American press a special style of newspaper
headlines was formed which has a characteristic feature of
great expressiveness of lexical and grammar means.
The headlines are usually written in "telegraphic language",
i.e. they are written maximally brief and laconic phrases
where all the semantically inessential components are
dropped.
At the same time, for the aim of securing of maximal
understandability headlines are constructed on the basis of
common lexis and the simplest grammar means.
http://antario.kiev.ua/en/main/5/8
9. Words to Capitalize in Titles and
Headings
1) All words of four or more letters, no matter
what or where the words are;
2) The first word of the title and of the subtitle;
3) The last word of the title;
4) ALL OTHER WORDS except conjunctions
(and, or, but, nor, yet, so, for), articles (a, an,
the), and short prepositions (in, to, of, at, by,
up, for, off, on).
http://www.businesswritingblog.com/business_writing/2010/02/words-to-
capitalize-in-titles-and-headings.html
10. Decide What to Capitalize (AmE)
1) made to stick: why some ideas survive and others die
2) the story factor: inspiration, influence, and persuasion through the art
of storytelling
3) fierce conversations: achieving success at work and in life, one
conversation at a time
4) a funny thing happened on the way to the boardroom: using humor in
business speaking
HINT: Remember, first you can capitalize any word of four or more letters. Then
capitalize the first word of the title and the subtitle, and the last word of the title.
Then you have to think about whether the remaining short words are
conjunctions, articles, or prepositions. If they are, they are lower case.
1) Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die (to is a short1) Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die (to is a short
preposition; and is a conjunction)preposition; and is a conjunction)
2) The Story Factor: Inspiration, Influence, and Persuasion Through the2) The Story Factor: Inspiration, Influence, and Persuasion Through the
Art of StorytellingArt of Storytelling
3) Fierce Conversations: Achieving Success at Work and in Life, One3) Fierce Conversations: Achieving Success at Work and in Life, One
Conversation at a Time (one is capitalized because it is an adjective)Conversation at a Time (one is capitalized because it is an adjective)
4) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Boardroom: Using4) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Boardroom: Using
Humor in Business SpeakingHumor in Business Speaking
11. Headlinese
An abbreviated form of news writing style used in newspaper headlines.
Because space is limited, headlines are written in a compressed
telegraphic style, using special syntactic conventions, including:
Forms of the verb "to be" and articles (a, an, the) are usually
omitted.
Most verbs are in the simple present tense, e.g. "Governor signs
bill", while the future is expressed by an infinitive, with to followed by
a verb, as in "Governor to sign bill".
conjunctions are often replaced by a comma, as in "Bush, Blair
laugh off microphone mishap" [more common in North American than
British publications]
Country names are often used instead of their adjective forms, e.g.
"Russia fires warning shot at Turkey boat", rather than "... Turkish
boat".
Individuals are usually specified by surname only, with no honorifics.
12. Headlinese
An abbreviated form of news writing style used in newspaper headlines.
Because space is limited, headlines are written in a compressed
telegraphic style, using special syntactic conventions, including:
Forms of the verb "to be" and articles (a, an, the) are usually
omitted.
Most verbs are in the simple present tense, e.g. "Governor signs
bill", while the future is expressed by an infinitive, with to followed by
a verb, as in "Governor to sign bill".
conjunctions are often replaced by a comma, as in "Bush, Blair
laugh off microphone mishap" [more common in North American than
British publications]
Country names are often used instead of their adjective forms, e.g.
"Russia fires warning shot at Turkey boat", rather than "... Turkish
boat".
Individuals are usually specified by surname only, with no honorifics.
13. Headlinese
Organizations and institutions are often indicated by metonymy:
"Wall Street" for "the financial industry", "Whitehall" for the UK
government administration, "Madrid" for "the government of Spain",
"Davos" for "World Economic Forum", and so on.
Many abbreviations, including contractions and acronyms, are
used: in the US, some examples are Dems (for "Democrats") and
GOP (for the Republican Party from the nickname "Grand Old
Party"); in the UK, Lib Dems (for the Liberal Democrats), Tories (for
the Conservative Party). The period (full point) is usually omitted
from these abbreviations, though U.S. may retain them, especially in
all-caps headlines to avoid confusion with the word us.
Lack of a terminating full stop (period) even if the headline forms a
complete sentence.
Some periodicals have their own distinctive headline styles