The document discusses the stylistic classification of English vocabulary. It describes how words can be classified based on their level of usage as common words, literary words, colloquial words, slang words, and technical words. Examples are provided for each classification. Additionally, it discusses how words can be divided into formal, common, and colloquial levels from a stylistic perspective. Guidelines for choosing words appropriately for different contexts are also outlined.
Stylistic classification of english vocabulary presentation transcriptjverftukli
This document discusses the stylistic classification and historical development of English vocabulary. It covers:
1. The classification of words by level of usage including common, literary, colloquial, slang, and technical words.
2. The historical development of English vocabulary over three periods - Old English, Middle English, and Modern English - and the influences of Latin, French, and other languages at different stages.
3. The rapid growth of the English vocabulary after World War II due to advances in science, technology, and socio-economic changes.
This document discusses functional styles in English, including informal, formal, and neutral styles. It defines each style and provides examples. The informal style uses colloquial, slang, and dialect words in everyday communication. The formal style uses learned, archaic, poetic, and professional words for prepared speeches. The neutral or basic vocabulary is used across situations and lacks connotations.
This document provides information about different types of words in English: simple words, complex words, and compound words. It defines each type and provides examples. Simple words consist of a single morpheme, complex words include two bound morphemes or a bound and free morpheme, and compound words have two or more free morphemes. The document also discusses distinguishing compound words from phrases, noting structural integrity, semantic meaning, and stress patterns.
"In general, usage labels provide specific information about the domain of application of the definition. In the more abstract sense ..., a usage label is to be taken as a higher-level instruction, as a meta-linguistic device. This means that it cannot be equated with a definition itself: it restricts the definition to a certain context. The definition of a word given by a dictionary entry is intended for a group of users belonging to those who speak or want to speak the standard form of the language of the dictionary in question.
This document discusses the differences between formal and informal English, including idioms, slang, euphemisms, and metaphors. It provides tables that define key terms for each category. Formal English is used for academic writing and speeches, follows standard conventions, and uses precise vocabulary. Informal English is used for everyday conversations, may violate standard rules, and incorporates contractions, slang, and familiar terms. Idioms usually have fixed meanings and cannot be literally translated, while slang terms are non-standard and specific to a group. Euphemisms substitute indirect terms for taboo concepts, and metaphors use figurative language to describe something in terms of something else.
This document discusses formal and informal language. It provides examples of words labeled as formal, informal, or slang in a dictionary. It then presents sentences using these types of words and asks the reader to identify which is which. Several exercises follow that ask the reader to rewrite sentences in a more neutral tone and choose appropriate words for different situations from a word cloud. In the final part, the reader is asked to provide their own slang words and rewrite sentences using them in a more formal way.
A jargon is characteristic language used by a specific group or profession. It originates from Old French meaning "chatter of birds". Jargons are commonly used in trades, professions, sports and casual groups to give a sense of belonging, though they can also make outsiders feel excluded. Examples of jargons include binomial nomenclature used in biology to formally name species, and chemical nomenclature used by chemists to systematically name compounds without ambiguity. While corporate jargons like "24*7" and "CxO" are sometimes criticized for obscuring meaning, they can also create shared understanding among colleagues when used effectively.
Formal and informal English can be distinguished based on grammar, vocabulary, and style. Formal English uses proper grammar, complex vocabulary, full words and sentences, and avoids slang. It is appropriate for professional settings. Informal English uses looser grammar, everyday vocabulary, and expressions like contractions, idioms, and phrasal verbs. It is suitable for interactions with friends and family.
Stylistic classification of english vocabulary presentation transcriptjverftukli
This document discusses the stylistic classification and historical development of English vocabulary. It covers:
1. The classification of words by level of usage including common, literary, colloquial, slang, and technical words.
2. The historical development of English vocabulary over three periods - Old English, Middle English, and Modern English - and the influences of Latin, French, and other languages at different stages.
3. The rapid growth of the English vocabulary after World War II due to advances in science, technology, and socio-economic changes.
This document discusses functional styles in English, including informal, formal, and neutral styles. It defines each style and provides examples. The informal style uses colloquial, slang, and dialect words in everyday communication. The formal style uses learned, archaic, poetic, and professional words for prepared speeches. The neutral or basic vocabulary is used across situations and lacks connotations.
This document provides information about different types of words in English: simple words, complex words, and compound words. It defines each type and provides examples. Simple words consist of a single morpheme, complex words include two bound morphemes or a bound and free morpheme, and compound words have two or more free morphemes. The document also discusses distinguishing compound words from phrases, noting structural integrity, semantic meaning, and stress patterns.
"In general, usage labels provide specific information about the domain of application of the definition. In the more abstract sense ..., a usage label is to be taken as a higher-level instruction, as a meta-linguistic device. This means that it cannot be equated with a definition itself: it restricts the definition to a certain context. The definition of a word given by a dictionary entry is intended for a group of users belonging to those who speak or want to speak the standard form of the language of the dictionary in question.
This document discusses the differences between formal and informal English, including idioms, slang, euphemisms, and metaphors. It provides tables that define key terms for each category. Formal English is used for academic writing and speeches, follows standard conventions, and uses precise vocabulary. Informal English is used for everyday conversations, may violate standard rules, and incorporates contractions, slang, and familiar terms. Idioms usually have fixed meanings and cannot be literally translated, while slang terms are non-standard and specific to a group. Euphemisms substitute indirect terms for taboo concepts, and metaphors use figurative language to describe something in terms of something else.
This document discusses formal and informal language. It provides examples of words labeled as formal, informal, or slang in a dictionary. It then presents sentences using these types of words and asks the reader to identify which is which. Several exercises follow that ask the reader to rewrite sentences in a more neutral tone and choose appropriate words for different situations from a word cloud. In the final part, the reader is asked to provide their own slang words and rewrite sentences using them in a more formal way.
A jargon is characteristic language used by a specific group or profession. It originates from Old French meaning "chatter of birds". Jargons are commonly used in trades, professions, sports and casual groups to give a sense of belonging, though they can also make outsiders feel excluded. Examples of jargons include binomial nomenclature used in biology to formally name species, and chemical nomenclature used by chemists to systematically name compounds without ambiguity. While corporate jargons like "24*7" and "CxO" are sometimes criticized for obscuring meaning, they can also create shared understanding among colleagues when used effectively.
Formal and informal English can be distinguished based on grammar, vocabulary, and style. Formal English uses proper grammar, complex vocabulary, full words and sentences, and avoids slang. It is appropriate for professional settings. Informal English uses looser grammar, everyday vocabulary, and expressions like contractions, idioms, and phrasal verbs. It is suitable for interactions with friends and family.
Formal, academic, standard and informal english rev june 2020RJWilks
Formal, academic, standard, and informal English have overlapping but distinct meanings. Formal English uses standard phrases commonly found in professional correspondence to establish good relationships, while academic English uses specialized language in particular fields. Standard English uses correct grammar and vocabulary that is easily understood. Informal English is only appropriate with friends and in text messaging. In this course, formal English will refer to language used in professional contexts or for management that establishes good relationships, has no contractions or slang, and is concise and precise.
The document discusses formal and informal language and how to choose the appropriate type of language for different situations. It provides examples of informal language use with friends and family, as well as formal language use with people in positions of authority or that you don't know well. The document also includes examples of conversations that demonstrate formal and informal language and asks the reader to consider what type of language would be suitable in different scenarios like speaking with a school principal or on a playground.
The document distinguishes between colloquial language, familiar language, and slang. Colloquial language refers to everyday speech and presents a moderate tone. Familiar language reflects a close relationship between speakers and allows for personal details. Slang consists of informal words restricted to particular contexts or groups. The document provides examples of colloquial and slang terms in English and Filipino. It also includes a matching exercise pairing English slang terms with their meanings.
This document discusses strategies for effective oral communication and language use. It addresses differences between oral and written language and provides tips for public speaking. Some key points covered include using familiar words and repetition to aid comprehension, being concise yet using transitions to link ideas, and avoiding jargon. The document also discusses using unbiased, non-stereotypical language and concrete words to enhance meaning. Rhetorical devices like imagery, similes, metaphors and analogies are presented as ways to make ideas more vivid and memorable.
The document discusses dictionaries and parts of speech. It provides examples of dictionary entries that show the part of speech, definition(s), synonyms/antonyms, examples of usage, pronunciation and word origin for entries. It also discusses how knowing the part of speech of a word is important for understanding its definition when looking it up in the dictionary.
This document discusses levels of formality in writing and provides guidance on choosing an appropriate level of formality. It identifies four main levels - colloquial, informal, semi-formal, and formal - and provides examples and characteristics of each. The document stresses that the appropriate level depends on factors like audience and purpose. It encourages readers to consider context when choosing language and presents scenarios to practice determining the proper level of formality.
Spelling and pronunciation by Alkhima MacarompisUntroshlich
The document discusses spelling and pronunciation in English. It provides examples of how the same sounds can be spelled differently, the same spellings representing different sounds, silent letters, and missing letters. The relationship between spelling and pronunciation has changed over time due to factors like the Great Vowel Shift not being reflected in spelling. While spelling does not always match current pronunciation, it reflects the history and structure of the language. Spelling pronunciation, where the written form influences how words are said, has occurred since the 16th century.
This document discusses English spelling myths and contains a summary of a document on the topic "Myth 5: English Spelling is 'Kattastroffik'". It includes the author's name and credentials, a brief outline of the topics covered in the summarized document, and key points about the author's perspective on English spelling and acknowledgment that dialects would emerge with phonetic spelling variations.
The document discusses different levels and contexts of language usage including register, style, formal vs informal language, and vulgar or taboo language. It notes that register and style refer to vocabulary, idioms, syntax and grammatical structures used. Spoken language tends to be more informal while written is more formal, impersonal and precise. Levels of language include formal, informal and vulgar. Formal English is used for writing and serious topics while informal English uses simpler grammar and vocabulary from Germanic roots. Vulgar language touches on taboos and is not generally used in writing.
Colloquialisms, idioms, & slang module 2 my slidejonathankunz
The document discusses colloquialisms, idioms, and slang. It notes that while ESL students can master formal English, they often struggle with informal everyday expressions. ESL classes do not adequately prepare students for the slang, idioms, and colloquialisms commonly used in casual conversation. The document provides examples of idioms like "drop the ball" and "get your feet wet" and explains what colloquialisms are. It recommends that students, especially international students, keep a vocabulary log to write down unfamiliar phrases and track how often they are used to better understand different expressions.
The document provides an overview of the Japanese language, including its origins and influences, phonology, grammar, writing system, loanwords, honorific language, names, and typing in Japanese. It notes that while Japanese syntax comes from Altaic languages, its vocabulary was influenced by Chinese and other languages, and it uses Chinese characters (kanji) along with two phonetic scripts (hiragana and katakana). Key aspects of Japanese include its subject-object-verb structure, use of particles instead of inflections, complex honorific language system, and vertical writing direction.
This document discusses different levels of formality in writing, including informal, semi-formal, and formal styles. It provides examples of how language appropriate for one context, like a text message, may be inappropriate in another, like a job application. The document emphasizes matching the level of formality to the audience and purpose of the writing.
What makes spoken English more or less formal?
Slide 28 Suggested Adjustments:
She just wanted to say, "Hey y'all!" = She simply desired to greet you.
That question is a no-brainer. = That query requires little thought to respond to.
Dude, what's up with that? = Sir, why are you doing that?
That's the boss-man calling for ya, buddy. = Your supervisor is calling you, my friend.
Suggested Adjustments for slide 29:
This vile medical concoction purportedly diminishes the required need for sleep. = This medicine is supposed to help you stay awake.
Dear Sir, I compose this letter in response to your previous solicitation via telephone. = I am writing this letter to respond to your phone call.
Madam, one might consider three potential destinations for your Caribbean excursion. = There are three options for your vacation.
Might one offer a beverage to the guests during this soiree? = Can I get a drink at this party?
The document discusses the differences between formal and informal language. Formal language is characterized by complex sentences, impersonality, learned vocabulary, and Latin-derived words. Informal language uses simpler grammar, personal evaluation, and colloquial or slang terms. Examples are given of formal versus informal letters, speech, and common word equivalents. Guidelines are provided for avoiding informal language when writing formally, such as not using contractions, first/second person pronouns, or starting sentences with conjunctions. Common colloquial words and expressions are also identified.
Formal emails use standard English words, complete sentences without contractions or abbreviations, and passive voice. Informal emails use colloquial language, contractions, abbreviations, active voice, emoticons, and informal words like "gonna" instead of formal words like "to request". The document provides examples of formal versus informal language that can be used in emails.
This document provides an overview of the translation process and the skills required of translators. It discusses key aspects of translation including understanding the meaning and intent of the original text, adapting for cultural differences between languages, addressing challenges like idioms, neologisms and stylistic elements, and producing a fluent translation in the target language. The goal of translation is effective communication to allow the reader to understand the message as intended in the original.
This document discusses contractions in English and provides examples of common contractions. It explains that contractions are two words made shorter by an apostrophe where letters have been omitted. Some common contractions include I'm, can't, we've, should've, could've, she'll, he's, they'd, won't, weren't, and wasn't. The document also discusses the differences between it's and its as well as they're, their, and there. While contractions can make writing seem more informal, they are commonly used in dialogue and when space needs to be saved.
This document discusses formal and informal language and provides examples of situations that call for each. It explains that informal language is more casual and is appropriate for situations like talking with friends, family members, or peers, while formal language follows etiquette rules and is appropriate for situations like talking with people in positions of authority or people you don't know well. It provides scenarios asking the reader to consider what kind of language would be suitable.
Stylistic Classification of English VocabularyIrina K
The document discusses the classification and development of English vocabulary. It covers:
- Common words, literary words, colloquial words, slang words, and technical words can be classified by level of usage.
- The historical development of English vocabulary from Old English, Middle English to Modern English, with influences from Latin, French, and other languages.
- After WWII, rapid growth in vocabulary was driven by advances in science/technology, socio-economic changes, and influence from other cultures and languages. New words emerged in many domains like space, computers, social movements, education and more.
Stylistic classification of english vocabulary presentation transcriptjverftukli
This document discusses the stylistic classification and historical development of English vocabulary. It covers:
1) Different classifications of words based on level of usage including common, literary, colloquial, slang, and technical words.
2) The historical development of English vocabulary over three periods - Old English, Middle English, and Modern English - and the influences of Latin, French, and other languages at different stages.
3) Factors that have led to rapid growth of the English vocabulary since World War II, including advances in science/technology and socio-economic, political, and cultural changes.
- The English grammar describes how meanings are encoded through word order, phrases, clauses and sentences in the English language. There are some variations across dialects of English.
- Nouns name people, places or things. Verbs express actions or states. Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns substitute nouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Prepositions show relationships of time, place or direction between nouns or pronouns. Conjunctions join words or sentences.
- While English and Spanish share many similarities as alphabetical languages using the Roman alphabet, there are some differences in pronunciation, word order and punctuation conventions between the two grammars.
Stylistic differentiation of english vocabularyjverftukli
This document discusses stylistic differentiation in the English language with respect to vocabulary used in different functional styles. It provides examples of how the same concepts can be expressed using neutral, colloquial, formal, scientific, or slang terminology. It also discusses characteristics of the colloquial style, such as use of shortened forms, ellipses, and informal phrases. Additionally, it defines terms, professionalisms, and the process of "determinisation" where terms enter common vocabulary.
Formal, academic, standard and informal english rev june 2020RJWilks
Formal, academic, standard, and informal English have overlapping but distinct meanings. Formal English uses standard phrases commonly found in professional correspondence to establish good relationships, while academic English uses specialized language in particular fields. Standard English uses correct grammar and vocabulary that is easily understood. Informal English is only appropriate with friends and in text messaging. In this course, formal English will refer to language used in professional contexts or for management that establishes good relationships, has no contractions or slang, and is concise and precise.
The document discusses formal and informal language and how to choose the appropriate type of language for different situations. It provides examples of informal language use with friends and family, as well as formal language use with people in positions of authority or that you don't know well. The document also includes examples of conversations that demonstrate formal and informal language and asks the reader to consider what type of language would be suitable in different scenarios like speaking with a school principal or on a playground.
The document distinguishes between colloquial language, familiar language, and slang. Colloquial language refers to everyday speech and presents a moderate tone. Familiar language reflects a close relationship between speakers and allows for personal details. Slang consists of informal words restricted to particular contexts or groups. The document provides examples of colloquial and slang terms in English and Filipino. It also includes a matching exercise pairing English slang terms with their meanings.
This document discusses strategies for effective oral communication and language use. It addresses differences between oral and written language and provides tips for public speaking. Some key points covered include using familiar words and repetition to aid comprehension, being concise yet using transitions to link ideas, and avoiding jargon. The document also discusses using unbiased, non-stereotypical language and concrete words to enhance meaning. Rhetorical devices like imagery, similes, metaphors and analogies are presented as ways to make ideas more vivid and memorable.
The document discusses dictionaries and parts of speech. It provides examples of dictionary entries that show the part of speech, definition(s), synonyms/antonyms, examples of usage, pronunciation and word origin for entries. It also discusses how knowing the part of speech of a word is important for understanding its definition when looking it up in the dictionary.
This document discusses levels of formality in writing and provides guidance on choosing an appropriate level of formality. It identifies four main levels - colloquial, informal, semi-formal, and formal - and provides examples and characteristics of each. The document stresses that the appropriate level depends on factors like audience and purpose. It encourages readers to consider context when choosing language and presents scenarios to practice determining the proper level of formality.
Spelling and pronunciation by Alkhima MacarompisUntroshlich
The document discusses spelling and pronunciation in English. It provides examples of how the same sounds can be spelled differently, the same spellings representing different sounds, silent letters, and missing letters. The relationship between spelling and pronunciation has changed over time due to factors like the Great Vowel Shift not being reflected in spelling. While spelling does not always match current pronunciation, it reflects the history and structure of the language. Spelling pronunciation, where the written form influences how words are said, has occurred since the 16th century.
This document discusses English spelling myths and contains a summary of a document on the topic "Myth 5: English Spelling is 'Kattastroffik'". It includes the author's name and credentials, a brief outline of the topics covered in the summarized document, and key points about the author's perspective on English spelling and acknowledgment that dialects would emerge with phonetic spelling variations.
The document discusses different levels and contexts of language usage including register, style, formal vs informal language, and vulgar or taboo language. It notes that register and style refer to vocabulary, idioms, syntax and grammatical structures used. Spoken language tends to be more informal while written is more formal, impersonal and precise. Levels of language include formal, informal and vulgar. Formal English is used for writing and serious topics while informal English uses simpler grammar and vocabulary from Germanic roots. Vulgar language touches on taboos and is not generally used in writing.
Colloquialisms, idioms, & slang module 2 my slidejonathankunz
The document discusses colloquialisms, idioms, and slang. It notes that while ESL students can master formal English, they often struggle with informal everyday expressions. ESL classes do not adequately prepare students for the slang, idioms, and colloquialisms commonly used in casual conversation. The document provides examples of idioms like "drop the ball" and "get your feet wet" and explains what colloquialisms are. It recommends that students, especially international students, keep a vocabulary log to write down unfamiliar phrases and track how often they are used to better understand different expressions.
The document provides an overview of the Japanese language, including its origins and influences, phonology, grammar, writing system, loanwords, honorific language, names, and typing in Japanese. It notes that while Japanese syntax comes from Altaic languages, its vocabulary was influenced by Chinese and other languages, and it uses Chinese characters (kanji) along with two phonetic scripts (hiragana and katakana). Key aspects of Japanese include its subject-object-verb structure, use of particles instead of inflections, complex honorific language system, and vertical writing direction.
This document discusses different levels of formality in writing, including informal, semi-formal, and formal styles. It provides examples of how language appropriate for one context, like a text message, may be inappropriate in another, like a job application. The document emphasizes matching the level of formality to the audience and purpose of the writing.
What makes spoken English more or less formal?
Slide 28 Suggested Adjustments:
She just wanted to say, "Hey y'all!" = She simply desired to greet you.
That question is a no-brainer. = That query requires little thought to respond to.
Dude, what's up with that? = Sir, why are you doing that?
That's the boss-man calling for ya, buddy. = Your supervisor is calling you, my friend.
Suggested Adjustments for slide 29:
This vile medical concoction purportedly diminishes the required need for sleep. = This medicine is supposed to help you stay awake.
Dear Sir, I compose this letter in response to your previous solicitation via telephone. = I am writing this letter to respond to your phone call.
Madam, one might consider three potential destinations for your Caribbean excursion. = There are three options for your vacation.
Might one offer a beverage to the guests during this soiree? = Can I get a drink at this party?
The document discusses the differences between formal and informal language. Formal language is characterized by complex sentences, impersonality, learned vocabulary, and Latin-derived words. Informal language uses simpler grammar, personal evaluation, and colloquial or slang terms. Examples are given of formal versus informal letters, speech, and common word equivalents. Guidelines are provided for avoiding informal language when writing formally, such as not using contractions, first/second person pronouns, or starting sentences with conjunctions. Common colloquial words and expressions are also identified.
Formal emails use standard English words, complete sentences without contractions or abbreviations, and passive voice. Informal emails use colloquial language, contractions, abbreviations, active voice, emoticons, and informal words like "gonna" instead of formal words like "to request". The document provides examples of formal versus informal language that can be used in emails.
This document provides an overview of the translation process and the skills required of translators. It discusses key aspects of translation including understanding the meaning and intent of the original text, adapting for cultural differences between languages, addressing challenges like idioms, neologisms and stylistic elements, and producing a fluent translation in the target language. The goal of translation is effective communication to allow the reader to understand the message as intended in the original.
This document discusses contractions in English and provides examples of common contractions. It explains that contractions are two words made shorter by an apostrophe where letters have been omitted. Some common contractions include I'm, can't, we've, should've, could've, she'll, he's, they'd, won't, weren't, and wasn't. The document also discusses the differences between it's and its as well as they're, their, and there. While contractions can make writing seem more informal, they are commonly used in dialogue and when space needs to be saved.
This document discusses formal and informal language and provides examples of situations that call for each. It explains that informal language is more casual and is appropriate for situations like talking with friends, family members, or peers, while formal language follows etiquette rules and is appropriate for situations like talking with people in positions of authority or people you don't know well. It provides scenarios asking the reader to consider what kind of language would be suitable.
Stylistic Classification of English VocabularyIrina K
The document discusses the classification and development of English vocabulary. It covers:
- Common words, literary words, colloquial words, slang words, and technical words can be classified by level of usage.
- The historical development of English vocabulary from Old English, Middle English to Modern English, with influences from Latin, French, and other languages.
- After WWII, rapid growth in vocabulary was driven by advances in science/technology, socio-economic changes, and influence from other cultures and languages. New words emerged in many domains like space, computers, social movements, education and more.
Stylistic classification of english vocabulary presentation transcriptjverftukli
This document discusses the stylistic classification and historical development of English vocabulary. It covers:
1) Different classifications of words based on level of usage including common, literary, colloquial, slang, and technical words.
2) The historical development of English vocabulary over three periods - Old English, Middle English, and Modern English - and the influences of Latin, French, and other languages at different stages.
3) Factors that have led to rapid growth of the English vocabulary since World War II, including advances in science/technology and socio-economic, political, and cultural changes.
- The English grammar describes how meanings are encoded through word order, phrases, clauses and sentences in the English language. There are some variations across dialects of English.
- Nouns name people, places or things. Verbs express actions or states. Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns substitute nouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Prepositions show relationships of time, place or direction between nouns or pronouns. Conjunctions join words or sentences.
- While English and Spanish share many similarities as alphabetical languages using the Roman alphabet, there are some differences in pronunciation, word order and punctuation conventions between the two grammars.
Stylistic differentiation of english vocabularyjverftukli
This document discusses stylistic differentiation in the English language with respect to vocabulary used in different functional styles. It provides examples of how the same concepts can be expressed using neutral, colloquial, formal, scientific, or slang terminology. It also discusses characteristics of the colloquial style, such as use of shortened forms, ellipses, and informal phrases. Additionally, it defines terms, professionalisms, and the process of "determinisation" where terms enter common vocabulary.
The document discusses the three main subsystems that comprise a language system:
1) The lexical subsystem containing thousands of words that reflect things and phenomena in the world.
2) The grammatical subsystem that arranges words into sentences to reflect thoughts in communication.
3) The phonic subsystem that provides words and sentences with sound shapes to make the items transmittable and externalizable.
Stylistic differentiation of english vocabularyjverftukli
This document discusses stylistic differentiation in English vocabulary with respect to functional styles. It notes that vocabulary can be categorized as bookish/literary, colloquial, or neutral. Colloquial vocabulary is typical of informal oral communication and may include emotionally colored words or connotations. The document provides examples to illustrate these categories and discusses features of colloquial style such as informal phrases, grammatical variations, and broad word meanings. It also discusses terms, professionalisms, slang, and the different styles of formal English.
Copy of stylistic differentiation of english vocabularyjverftukli08
This document discusses stylistic differentiation in English vocabulary according to functional styles. It notes that vocabulary can be categorized as bookish/literary, colloquial, or neutral. Colloquial vocabulary is typical of informal oral communication and contains emotionally colored words and connotations. The document provides examples to illustrate these categories and discusses features of colloquial style such as informality, broad word meanings, and use of shortened forms. It also discusses terms, professionalisms, and slang used in specific social contexts or professions.
This document discusses different styles of communication including colloquial, low-colloquial, familiar-colloquial, official, business, scientific, and publicist. It provides examples of words and phrases used in each style. Low-colloquial or slang style uses informal, emotionally colored words including expletives. Official and business styles use formal language in documents with specialized vocabulary and abbreviations. Scientific style aims to present precise information using special terminology without figurative meanings. Publicist style seeks to convince audiences through clarity and emotional impact in speeches, essays and other works.
Cunningham Learning Module- Spoken Grammar, Idioms, and Slang: How is Convers...Courtney Cunningham
This document provides an overview of a learning module about spoken grammar, idioms, and slang in English. It begins by introducing the purpose and structure of the module. The module will cover the main registers in English, characteristics of conversation versus writing, common idioms, and differences between idioms and slang. It provides learning objectives and outlines the key content to be covered in sections on registers, features of conversation, idiomatic expressions, and differences between idioms and slang. Interactive quizzes are included throughout to test comprehension. The overall goal is to help English language learners better understand and participate in conversations.
English module for intermediate studentsAkbar Fauzan
This document is an English module submitted for a university course. It contains several units on developing English speaking skills. The module aims to help students speak English more effectively and confidently through activities involving vocabulary building, pronunciation, and engaging in various communication situations. It provides guidance on constructing presentations, agreeing and disagreeing in discussions, and developing oral proficiency.
The document discusses different categories of words in the English language:
1) Stylistically neutral words that contain only denotative meaning and are not restricted in use.
2) Stylistically colored words that express denotative and connotative meaning and are restricted to particular spheres, including literary words (e.g. bookish words, terms, archaisms) and colloquial words (e.g. slang, jargon, dialects).
3) Literary words are used formally while colloquial words are used informally in everyday communication.
The document discusses the English language, including its history and status as a global lingua franca. Some key points include:
- English originated in England and has developed over 1400+ years, originating from Old English and evolving into Middle English and Early Modern English.
- It spread around the world through the British Empire from the 17th to 20th century and is now the most commonly spoken language internationally.
- English is the third most spoken native language and the most widely learned second language. It holds official language status in international organizations like the UN.
- The document also defines linguistic terminology like pidgins, creoles, dialects, and discusses various domains of language such as phonology,
The AWL Reorganized for Spanish-Speaking ELLsRobert Bushong
The document discusses reorganizing the Academic Word List for Spanish-speaking English language learners. It describes the original Academic Word List, which contains 570 academic words arranged in frequency-based sublists. It also discusses how the list was constructed based on a corpus of academic texts. The presentation will examine how many of the Academic Word List words are cognates for Spanish speakers and the challenges in determining what constitutes a cognate. It will also discuss procedures for analyzing each word as a true, partial, or false cognate.
The document provides an overview of key reading comprehension skills and strategies including skimming, scanning, intensive reading, inferring meaning, and using context clues. It defines each skill and strategy and provides examples of how to apply them when reading. Skimming involves quickly identifying main ideas, scanning means searching for specific information, and intensive reading requires completely analyzing a text. Inferring refers to reading between the lines, while context clues from surrounding words can help determine the meaning of unfamiliar words. Experience, definition, example, and comparison clues are discussed as methods for using context.
1) The document discusses various types of neologisms or new words that arise in language and issues in translating them, including new senses of existing words, coinages, derived words, abbreviations, collocations, eponyms, phrasal verbs, transferred words, acronyms, and pseudo-neologisms.
2) It notes that when translating neologisms, the translator must select the appropriate functional and descriptive translation depending on the intended readership, as a one-to-one translation may be misguided. The future permanence and importance of a term in the target language culture should also be considered.
3) The document concludes that the translator's responsibility is to accurately and economically reflect the
This document discusses different approaches to grammar and analyzing sentence structure. It describes traditional prescriptive grammar that aimed to set rules based on Latin. It also describes descriptive grammar that aims to objectively describe how languages are used. The document also discusses analyzing immediate constituents, or how words group together into phrases. Labeling constituents with parts of speech allows sentence structure to be represented diagrammatically.
Phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and received. It describes and classifies sounds using phonetic alphabets and symbols like the International Phonetic Alphabet. Phonology studies the speech sounds that make up a particular language. Native speakers learn the phonemes, or smallest units of sound, of their language from an early age without conscious effort. English has some phonemes not found in other languages, so speakers of those other languages may have difficulty producing or perceiving them. The guide gives examples of how Germans can mispronounce some English words due to differences between the phonological systems of German and English.
Here are two translation strategies with examples:
1. Translation by Cultural Substitution:
(ST) We had fish and chips for dinner.
(TT) We had samak harra and bread for dinner.
2. Translation using a loan word or loan word/explanation:
(ST) He was feeling nostalgic after the reunion.
(TT) كان يشعر بالحنين بعد اللقاء التذكاري.
I will provide two more translation strategy examples in our next lecture, as requested.
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Copy of sdev stylistic differentiation of the english vocabularyjverftukli08
The document discusses the stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary. It divides the English word-stock into three main layers or strata: the literary layer, neutral layer, and colloquial layer. Each layer contains subgroups of words that share a common property or "aspect". The literary layer has a bookish character, the colloquial layer has a lively spoken character, and the neutral layer has a universal character. The document also examines subgroups within the literary and colloquial layers such as common literary words, poetic words, archaic words, and slang. It analyzes the functions and interactions of words from different layers and subgroups.
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«Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary»jverftukli08
The document discusses the classification of English vocabulary into three main layers - literary, neutral, and colloquial. It analyzes the common literary, common colloquial, and neutral vocabularies, and how they overlap and relate. Special focus is given to terms as a type of specialized literary vocabulary used in scientific works.
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Copy of stylistic classification of english vocabulary presentation transcript
1. Stylistic Classification of English Vocabulary - Presentation Transcript<br />Stylistic Classification of English Vocabulary ETRC seminar, Jan.15, 2009 Presenter: Smochin Olga , SPU “I. Creanga”, Chisinau <br />Word Study (1) <br />A word is a linguistic unit that <br />can be moved around relatively freely in a sentence; <br />can be stressed; <br />has only one primary stress; <br />can be pronounced naturally on its own; <br />can usually be inserted between two other words, but in the middle of a word. <br />Classification of Words <br />By level of usage <br />Common words <br />Literary words <br />Colloquial words <br />Slang words <br />Technical words <br />Classification of Words <br />Common words <br />Common words are connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically neutral, hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. <br />Classification of Words <br />Literary words <br />Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. In English, most of the literary words are of French, Latin or Greek origin. Many of them have their everyday synonyms. For example, cast (throw), edifice (building), endeavor (try), purchase (buy), etc. <br />More examples: recognition, distinction, inclination, dubious, amelioration… <br />Classification of Words <br />Colloquial words <br />In contrast with literary words, colloquial words or expressions are used mainly in spoken English, as in conversation among friends and colleagues. They can also be used in informal writings, but are inappropriate in formal speeches or writings. They are marked colloq. or informal in dictionaries. Such as: kid, guy, fellow, gay… <br />Classification of Words <br />Compare: <br />Feeling fatigued , Tom retired early. (literary) <br />Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early. (colloquial) <br />John was dismissed for petty thieving. (common) <br />John was fired for petty thieving. (colloquial) <br />Penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced (literary) <br />You have got to pay fines for overdue books.(colloquial) <br />They approved of the plan. (literary) <br />They agreed to the plan.(common) <br /> <br />Levels of Words <br />From a stylistic point of view , words are often divided into three types: <br />formal <br />common <br />colloquial <br />Formal words <br />In formal writing: formal words, learned words, or literary words, or big words (e.g. scholarly or theoretical words, political and legal documents, and formal lectures and addresses. ) <br />1) Many formal words contain three or more than three syllables ; most of them of Greek or Latin origin . <br />2) Formal words are seldom used in informal writing. <br />Common words <br />Common words: being used by common people every day, and appear in all kinds of writing <br />Common words are good for all kinds of writing <br />Colloquial words <br />Colloquial words are mainly used in informal or familiar conversation. <br />1) being short words of one or two syllables and most of them are of Saxon origin <br />2) seldom used in formal writing, unless for some special purpose or effect <br />Slang words <br />being often used by uneducated speakers , with dialectal words <br />being highly informal , vivid and interesting <br />Slang words <br />Slang is defined as language, words or phrases of a colorful, facetious (playfully jocular; humorous), or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. The chief reason for the formation and use of slang expressions is to secure freshness and novelty. A slang usage is not generally used in formal conversation unless the speakers are on intimate terms; slang embraces those daring and new expressions that have not been accepted by the majority of people as Standard English. <br />Slang words <br />Beaver(girl) <br />Smoky, bear (police) <br />Nut, dome, upper, bean, block (head) <br />Elevated, merry, jolly, comfortable, boiled, tight, blue-eyed, stiff (drunk) <br />Technical words <br />Most of these technical terms are Latin or Greek in origin. In fact, they are part of literary words. Most of the technical words remain essentially foreign to outsiders, even to educated native speakers. However, under the influence of radio, television, newspaper and the Internet, we are witnessing a remarkable breaking down of the barrier between technical and common words. Many technical neologisms created yesterday by specialists are today heard in ordinary conversation, e.g. moonwalk, space shutter, gene, transgenic, clone, etc. <br />Types of words <br />Content word <br />1) mainly used for its lexical content <br />2) has separate entry in the mental lexicon <br />e.g. charming , fish , fly <br />Types of words <br />Function word <br />mainly used for its grammatical function <br />has separate entry in the mental lexicon <br />e.g. and, then , under <br />Types of words <br />Word form <br />shape of word <br />Doesn't have separate entry, but is included in entry information <br />e.g. fly , flying , flies , flew <br />Types of words word , e.g. break word form (inflection) break breaks breaking broke function word content word and , then , there car, happy, steal <br />Types of Words <br />Common words <br />only a few thousand words <br />the core of the English vocabulary <br />ordinary people for ordinary purposes <br />learn and remember <br />Formal and technical words <br />useful & formal words <br />by people of special professions or fields <br />political, legal, scientific, technical, business and literary <br />Common words <br />same , speech , learned , destroy , stiff, try , piece, and so on <br />used in everyday conversation & in informal writing <br />Formal words <br />identical , oration , erudite , annihilate , rigid , endeavor , fragment <br />used only in formal writing like articles, documents, research papers, manuals and in public speaking <br />Technical words <br />Technical or special words refer to those words used in various special fields. Every branch of science, every profession or trade, every art and every sort of sports has its own technical terms. Most of the technical terms are Latin or Greek in origin. In fact, they are part of literary words. <br />Since language is constantly changing, the classification of words by level of usage is not absolute. <br />Standard English words used by all educated speakers of language <br />Nonstandard words <br />not well educated people <br />people of special groups <br />a particular region <br />an age group <br />slang <br />jargon <br />dialectal <br />obsolete <br />Parts of Speech <br />noun <br />article <br />verb <br />pronoun <br />numeral <br />adjective <br />adverb <br />preposition <br />conjunction <br />interjection <br />Examples of nonstandard words <br />Ain't ( am not, is not, has not ) jolly ( very ) cool ( very good ) <br />Hot ( angry; fast ) damn ( very ) deal ( agreement ) neat ( nice ) <br />Guidelines about the choice of words <br />Use common or informal words for general purposes; <br />use formal or nonstandard words only on special occasions or for special purposes; <br />Guidelines about the choice of words <br />Use specific and concrete words when giving details; <br />Use general or abstract words when making summaries; <br />Guidelines about the choice of words <br />Use idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations; <br />avoid combinations that are unidiomatic; <br />Guidelines about the choice of words <br />When there are synonyms, choose the word that expresses the meaning most exactly and that suits the content and style. <br />General rules in the domain of vocabulary <br />Prefer the familiar word to the far-fetched (unnatural) <br />Prefer the concrete word to the abstract <br />Prefer the single word to the circumlocution <br />Prefer the short word to the long <br />Prefer the Saxon word to the Romance <br />General & specific word Words are general or specific by comparison. e.g. He has a big house. Note: need not use them either in speech or in writing. Both general and specific words are useful in writing. e.g. He has a two-storeyed house with four bedrooms, two living-rooms, a dining-room and a kitchen . <br />Concrete and specific words specific words are more colorful and impressive usually think of general words first when we write <br />Idiomatic expressions are those habitually used by native speakers. Word-for-word translation from Romanian into English generally results in unidiomatic expressions. <br />Collocations <br />Meals will be served outside on the terrace, weather allowing. <br />They’ll give us our meals outside if the weather is good enough, <br />Weather allowing weather permitting <br />Thick fog and dense fog <br />Thick smoke and dense smoke <br />A thick forest and dense forest <br />But not: dense hair <br />Hair: long, black, dark, brown, cut, grey, blonde, short, red, fair, curly, dry, white, thick… <br />Collocations Collocations: words can be used together Collocations in English are often different from collocations in Romanian. We say , for instance, zapada, while in English the word snow is modified not by big but by heavy. <br />Collocation <br />Vitally successful <br />Acutely popular <br />Heartily serious <br />Deadly important <br />Supremely aware <br />Highly sick <br />Immensely confident <br />Synonyms Synonyms are words that have the same, or almost the same meaning. e.g. The wall was made of rocks . The wall was made of stones . <br />Some Synonyms <br />about <br />abstract <br />to accumulate <br />to administer <br />anyway <br />apparent <br />to appear <br />to assure <br />awful <br />approximately <br />summary <br />to build up <br />to manage <br />besides <br />obvious <br />to seem <br />to guarantee <br />terrible <br />Some Synonyms <br />to behave <br />beneficial <br />bid <br />bloodless <br />branch <br />business <br />busy (telephone) <br />to act <br />Favourable <br />tender <br />cold <br />department <br />commerce, trade <br />engaged <br />Some Synonyms <br />to categorize <br />chiefly <br />citation <br />clever <br />completely <br />to confine <br />constant <br />to convey <br />to classify <br />mainly <br />quotation <br />intelligent <br />totally <br />to restrict <br />fixed <br />to communicate <br />More Synonyms <br />eager <br />to emphasize <br />to encounter <br />essential <br />to evaluate <br />exactly <br />except <br />extra <br />keen <br />to stress <br />to come across <br />fundamental <br />to assess <br />precisely <br />apart from <br />additional <br />1. Development of English vocabulary <br />The study of the historical development of the English vocabulary should not be treated in isolation from the history and the growth of the English language itself. Understanding the history may give us an insight into the nature of English: extremely rich and heterogeneous, a heavy borrower, full of synonyms, global language. <br />The Historical Development <br />The history of the English language is divided into three periods. <br />The Old English (450-1100) <br />The Middle English (1100-1500) <br />The Modern English (1500-present) <br />The Old English (450-1100 ) <br />The history of the English language begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons, and the Jutes from about 450 AD. The language they spoke was Anglo-Saxon , which replaced the Celtic spoken by the former inhabitants Celts. <br />The Old English (450-1100) <br />The vocabulary of Old English was chiefly Anglo-Saxon with a small mixture of Old Norse words as a result of the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests of England in the ninth century, such as, cake, call, egg, knife, take, give, etc. The English continued to adopt words from Latin during the Old English period due to the Angles and Saxons’ various contacts with the Romans, such as, candle, kettle, mountain, school, cup, etc. <br />The Middle English (1100-1500) <br />Middle English is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066. Since the French-speaking Normans were the ruling class, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and cultural matters; but the masses continued to speak English. The language that emerged at that time showed vast and significant changes in the English vocabulary---the loss of a large part of the Old English word stock and the adoption of thousands of French words. <br />The Middle English (1100-1500) <br />The Norman Conquest: <br />William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066 AD. <br />The Middle English (1100-1500) <br />The French loan words were found in every section of the vocabulary: <br />law and governmental administration ( judge, jury, justice, country, government, parliament, state …), <br />military affairs ( conquer, sergeant, victory …), <br />religion ( baptism, confess, divine, sermon …), <br />food ( beef, pork, dinner, mutton …), <br />art ( beauty, image, design …), <br />literature ( chapter, poet, prose, rime …), and so on. <br />The Middle English (1100-1500) <br />The Middle English literary culture was mostly an oral one, and literacy levels were still low at this time. Middle English poetry is a particularly oral genre, and is often structured so as to make it easy to remember, either through rhyme or through alliteration <br />The Modern English (1500-present) <br />In the early stages of this period, the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. In this period, the study of classics was stressed and the result was the wholesale borrowing from Latin . <br />From the sixteenth century onward, English borrowed words from an increasing number of languages, the major ones being the three Romance languages , French, Spanish, and Italy. English also adopted words from other European languages. <br />At the turn of the 19 th and 20 th centuries, as a result of exploration, colonization and trade, many words came in from non-European languages. <br />The Modern English (1500-present) <br />Since the beginning of this century, particularly after World War II, the world has seen breathtaking advances in science and technology . As a result, thousands and thousands of new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions, and scientific achievements. Although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expansion, yet more words are created by means of word-formation. <br />As summed up in The Encyclopedia Americana : “…The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed” English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the language in the world, estimated at more than a million words. <br />B. The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary (especially after the World War II) and its causes <br />After World War II, neologisms (new words or new meanings for established words) swept in at any rate much faster than that of the pre-war period. The main reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms are three: <br />1. Marked progress of science and technology: <br />Since the end of World War II, tremendous new advances in all fields of science and technology have given rise to the creation in the English language of tens of thousands of new words. <br />The great majority of these are technical terms known only to the specialists, but a certain number of them have become familiar to the public and passed into general use. <br />e.g. Words used in connection with the nuclear bomb: chain reaction, radioactivity, fall-out; clean bomb, overkill, neutron bomb and medium-range ballistic missiles and so on. <br />Words connected with the exploration of space : astronaut, countdown, capsule, launching pad, spacemen, space suit, space platform and space shuttle etc . <br />2. Socio-economic, political and cultural changes: (aspects that connect with the introduction of new words) <br />e.g. New social habits and new living conditions: hire purchase, credit card, fringe benefit; chores, house sitter, house sitting, pressure cooker, microwave oven, instant noodle, supermarket etc. <br />Drug addiction: upper (a stimulant drug), downer (a depressant drug) <br />Some subculture: hippie, yuppie, gay, lesbian etc. <br />Women’s Liberation Movement: Ms, chairperson, spokeswomen, saleswoman, feminism, malechauvinism, and sexism. <br />Changes in education: open classroom “an informal flexible system of elementary education in which open discussions and individualized activities replace the traditional subject-centered studies”, Open University etc. <br />3. The influence of other cultures and languages: Examining the English vocabulary in its historical perspective, one can see that <br />English is characterized by a marked tendency to go outside her own linguistic resources and borrow from other languages. Although this borrowing has slowed down, it is still an important factor in vocabulary development. <br />e.g. discotheque from French, sputnik from Russian, mao tai from Chinese and so on. <br />The development of science, the rapid changes in society, the receptive and flexible nature of English with regard to the influence of other cultures and languages---all these have resulted <br />in a dramatic increase in vocabulary, a growth which in turn contributes to the richness and resourcefulness of the English language. <br />Good Dictionaries <br />Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English <br />Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English <br />Thank you! <br />