Abstract "Translation is that which transforms everything so that nothing changes." - Grass Günter. Doing that requires a high skills and it might be hard but not impossible. A translation is the reflection of its author, it shows the knowledge and background of the translator. This work aims to offer the reader a trustworthy translation of the text “Analysing Business Goals and Constraints” which shows us how to use a systematic, top-down process when designing computer networks. The main purpose for this monographic study is to be analysed using the techniques proposed by Molina and Hurtado Albir as well as reading material for Network Design students.

1. UNIVERSITY OF QUINTANA ROO
DIVISION OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION
RESEARCH PROPOSAL:
TRANSLATION
ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROGRAMME
RESEARCHER’S NAME: ENRIQUE ZURITA GUITAR
STUDENT’S REGISTRATION NUMBER: 06-07932
WORKING TITLE:
ENGLISH-SPANISH TRANSLATION OF THE CHAPTER
ANALYZING BUSINESS GOALS AND CONSTRAINTS FROM
THE BOOK TOP-DOWN NETWORK DESIGN. AN ANALYSIS
UNDER MOLINA AND ALBIR’S APPROACH.
GENERAL LINE OF RESEARCH: APPLIED LINGUISTICS
NATURE OF RESEARCH: DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH
DATE: DECEMBER, 13TH, 2014.

2. Abstract
"Translation is that which transforms everything so that nothing
changes." - Grass Günter. Doing that requires a high skills and it might
be hard but not impossible. A translation is the reflection of its author,
it shows the knowledge and background of the translator. This work
aims to offer the reader a trustworthy translation of the text
“Analysing Business Goals and Constraints” which shows us how to
use a systematic, top-down process when designing computer
networks. The main purpose for this monographic study is to be
analysed using the techniques proposed by Molina and Hurtado Albir
as well as reading material for Network Design students.

3. 1. Introduction.
1.1 Background
The current project is done based on the idea of service,
to be useful to the community. Given that, I would say
translation, from my personal point of view, is a tool that
can reach such objective. For centuries, the need of
understanding each other has been essential, reason
which leads me to think translation is one of the most
important aspects in a daily basis.

4. 1.2 Rationale
Remarking the need of understanding what is said in a
language different to ours, and given the situation of having
troubles when reading a text in English concerning to their
field of study, several students from other majors ask their
professors for translations of those texts in order to completely
understand the topic, and there is where the translator plays
his role.
As a translator my aim is to bring people a well translated
text, understandable and, moreover, transmitting what the
original author says.

5. 1.3 Objectives
The main objective of this translation is to provide to
provide a final text that in fact cover the needs of
Network Design students. Besides, I want to prove myself I
have the knowledge needed to be a professional
translator making a useful and reliable work using the
theories involved in the different schools of translation as
well as the techniques of translation that can be used for
doing so.

6. 1.4 Relevance of the
research project.
I believe the importance of this translation lies in how
useful the information that the text portrays is. Besides, it is
also important the text is clear enough so anybody can
understand it and, as a result, learn from the text itself.
Therefore, the text will accomplish its goal and the
information portrayed will be easily replicated.

7. 1.5 Scope of the
project.
I think the scope I hope the translation will have is not only
to help next generations of students in our university but
also to be helpful to other institutions, also that this very
translation could be used as a bibliographic reference,
reaching as many professors and students as possible and
spreading some knowledge, establishing by this means a
sort of communication which is, paraphrasing Jones
(1998), “one of the greatest riches of man”.

8. 2. Review of Literature.
2.1 Definitions of translation
Translation is a term that has several definitions but one very basic and
probably one of the broadest is the one in Finks (1997): “This is the
“umbrella term” for turning words from one language into their equivalents
in another tongue.” In Guix and Wilkinson (2001) we can find a more
flourish definition of translation in James Boyd White words, he defines
translation as: “the art of facing the impossible, of confronting
unbridgeable discontinuities between texts, between languages, and
between people.” Both definitions as different they are they show the most
basic characteristic of translation which is to pour the meaning of words of
the source language in the most accurate way of the target language
without losing aspects such as intention or register, similar to Nida (1959)
who gave the following definition: Translation is a process in which a
natural equivalent of a given message in a source language is produced,
taking into account primarily the meaning of the message and then the
linguistic style.

9. 2.2 Schools of
translation
Through time, in the evolution of the art of translation, there have
been theories developed by the professionals of translation in several
periods of time. In order to do what was best for translation, experts
on this field created theories which will be called schools of
translation as the most important authors of these translation theories
were grouped by nationality, there is the American School of
translation which is represented by Joseph L. Malone; the Russian
School headed by Retsker and Shveitser; the Franco-Canadian
School led by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet; and last but not
least, there is the Spanish school of translation, defended by Valentín
García Yebra and Gerardo Vazquez-Ayora, which have been
recently updated by Amparo Hurtado Albir.

10. 2.3 Translation
techniques
In the attempt of sticking as closer as possible to the
definitions of translation it is considered the need of using
the methods provided by some of the authors mentioned
before. The proposal to classify the translation techniques
given by Molina and Albir (2002) is interesting since in it
the definition of translation techniques is reconsidered,
and a comparison between what they explain and others
authors affirm is made. Next, Molina and Albir’s model will
be presented. Such model is the one I will be using in
order to do the translation and to perform the analysis.
The classification of the translation techniques by Molina
and Albir (2002) is as follows:

11. Adaptation: It is used to replace a Source Text (ST) cultural
element with one from the target culture. E.g. change Tour
de France, for baseball in a French-English translation.
Amplification: Used to give more details in the Target Text
(TT). An example of this are the footnotes.
Borrowing: It is when a word or expression is taken from
another language and used in the TT. There are two types of
borrowing: Pure and naturalized. E.g., the words rock,
lipstick y hot dog for the first one and baseball – béisbol or
the word yogur for the second
Calque: Technique in which a foreign word or phrase is
copied going from one language to another as a literal
translation, the changes presented here can be either lexical
or structural, e.g., the Spanish translation hora feliz for the
English happy hour.one.
Compensation: To introduce a ST element of information or
stylistic effect in another place in the TT because it cannot be
reflected in the same place as in the ST.
Description: Happens when the translator gives an
explanation of the form or/and function of a term or
expression to give the reader a clear idea of the text. e.g., to
translate the Italian panettone as traditional Italian cake
eaten on New Year’s Eve.

12. Discursive creation: To establish a temporary equivalence that is
totally unpredictable out of context. An example are movie titles,
e.g., The Spanish translation of the film The Rainmaker as El poder de
la justicia.
Established equivalent: To use a term or expression recognized (by
dictionaries or language in use) as an equivalent in the TL, e.g., to
translate the English expression They are as like as two peas as Se
parecen como dos gotas de agua in Spanish.
Generalization: To use a more general or neutral term, e.g., to
translate the French guichet, fenêtre or devanture, as window in
English.
Linguistic amplification. To add linguistic elements. This is often used in
consecutive interpreting and dubbing, e.g., to translate the English
expression No way into Spanish as De ninguna manera instead of
using an expression with the same number of words, En absoluto.
Linguistic compression. To synthesize linguistic elements in the TT. This is
often used in simultaneous interpreting and in sub-titling, e.g., to
translate the English question Yes, so what? With ¿Y?, in Spanish,
instead of using a phrase with the same number of words, ¿Sí, y qué?.
Literal translation. To translate a word or an expression word for word,
e.g., they are as like as two peas as Se parecen como dos guisantes,
or, She is reading as Ella está leyendo.

13. Modulation. To change the point of view, focus or cognitive category
in relation to the ST; it can be lexical or structural, e.g., to translate as
you are going to have a child, instead of, you are going to be a
father.
Particularization. To use a more precise or concrete term, e.g., to
translate window in English as guichet in French.
Reduction. To suppress a ST information item in the TT, e.g., the month
of fasting in opposition to Ramadan when translating into Arabic.
Substitution (linguistic, paralinguistic). To change linguistic elements
for paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa, e.g., to
translate the Arab gesture of putting your hand on your heart as
Thank you. It is used above all in interpreting.
Transposition. To change a grammatical category, e.g., A teenager
from Asia translated into Spanish as Una adolescente asiática,
changing the noun from Asia for the adjective asiática.
Variation: To change linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation,
gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of textual
tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc., e.g., to
introduce or change dialectal indicators for characters when
translating for the theater, changes in tone when adapting novels for
children, etc

14. 3. Method.
3.1 Nature of the text.
The text to be translated is the first chapter of the book Top-Down Network
Design by Priscilla Oppenheimer. This is a basic text for Computer Network
students at UQROO. Having read the text, I can say it is not as difficult as I
thought, even though it is a challenge because it is a technical text but
given the fact that the first chapter is the one to be translated, it is not
loaded with so many technical terms, however the difficulty to overcome
is to understand the text in the way a computer network professional
would do it. To solve that matter, talking to a specialist might do it.
Doing a translation requires more than talking to a person with the
appropriate qualifications in the field who helps the translator out, though.
It requires the use of other instruments. I will board that issue in the following
section.

15. 3.2 Instruments.
In order to reach the main objective, which is getting a good translation
done; the translator can make use of a range of tools, to what this
translations concerns the instruments to be used are:
 Wordreference.com. This tool is an online dictionary, supported by the
Collins Concise English Dictionary, besides it also has an online forum in
which people from all over the world get in touch to solve the issues
that translations bring up.
 Oxford On-line Monolingual dictionary.
 Merriam-Webster’s dictionaries On-line and off-line.
 , Linguee. Translation Search Engine and Bilingual Editorial Online
Dictionaries.
 Google translation on-line software
 Newspapers, books, magazines and any other printed material
 And last but not least, perhaps the most important, is the professor that
will be a guide, an advisor, a mentor through this whole process.

16. 3.3 Translation step
by step.
Making a translation, as mentioned before, is a process. Every process has certain set
of guidelines to follow. A translation is not the exception. Next, the guidelines (or pieces
of advice) to do a translation are explained step by step:
The first step is to fully understand the text to know what it is about. This is done by
reading the full text from beginning to end. Then reading again paragraph by
paragraph would help to identify every unknown word. For the second step the
translation has to be completed, using the techniques previously revisited, and a draft
will be obtained. The third step would be to read and correct the translation. For the
final step a comparison between the source text and the translation is done. It is
recommended to repeat the third step but without burying oneself too much or over
correction can occur.
In short, the process of translation can be a tedious work, but using the correct tools
and with the guidance of experts in the field of the text to translate and an advisor
willing to guide you through, the goal of ending up with a good translation will be
reached without trouble.

17. 4. References
Davies, Mark. (2008-) The Corpus of Contemporary American
English: 450 million words, 1990-present. Available online at
http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/.
Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE), 2014. 22.ª edición
Retrieved: http://www.rae.es/
Finks, R. (1997). Loose-leaf notes (Charting the Arts of Translation
& Odds and Ends of Possible Interest to Translators/Interpreters).
GENESIS 11:9 (1611 KING JAMES BIBLE) Therefore is the name of it
called Babel, because the LORD did there c... (n.d.). Retrieved
from http://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1611_Genesis-11-9/
Guix, J. & Wilkinson J.M. (2001). Manual de Traducción Inglés-
Castellano. Gedisa, Barcelona.
Jones, R. (1998) Conference Interpreting Explained St. Jerome
Publishing, London.
Kellog, Michael. Wordreference On-line Dictionaries and
Forums.Retrieved from: www.wordreference.com.

18. Linguee GmbH, 2014, Translation Search Engine and Bilingual Editorial Online
Dictionaries. Retrieved from: http://www.linguee.com/
Margot, J. Cl. (1979): Traduire sans trahir. La théorie de la traduction et son application
aux textes bibliques, Laussane: L’Age d’Homme.
http://es.scribd.com/doc/32837322/Traduire-Sans-Trahir-Jean-Claude-Margot
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary and Thesaurus (Deluxe Audio Edition) [CD-ROM].
Version 3.0. ©2003. Software.
Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, 2014 Retrieved from: http://www.merriam-webster.
com/
Molina, L., & Albir, A. H. (2002). Translation techniques revisited: A dynamic and
functionalist approach. Meta, 47(4), 498-512.
Nida, E. (1959) Bible Translating. Definición y delimitación de la traducción. Harvard
University Press. Scribd Harvard. Retrieved October 29, 2012 from:
http://es.scribd.com/doc/14769000/Definicion-y-delimitacion-de-la-traduccion
Oppenheimer, P. (2004). Top-down Network Design. Cisco Press. Retrieved from
http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=SibfngEACAAJ
Soler, B. (2013). Translation Studies: An Introduction to the History and Development of
(Audiovisual) Translation. Linguax. Revista de Lenguas Aplicadas. Universidad Alfonso X
el Sabio. Facultad de Estudios Sociales y Lenguas Aplicadas.Villanueva de la Cañada.
Vinay, J.-P. and Darbelnet, J. (1958). A Methodology for Translation. Translated by J. C.
Sager and M. J. Hamel (1995) as Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A
Methodology for Translation, Amsterdam and Philadelphia..