The document discusses several theories of intelligence proposed by prominent psychologists. Engel, Terman, and Thurston viewed intelligence as the ability to adapt to one's environment and solve problems. Thurston proposed a multi-factor theory where intelligence consists of several primary mental abilities, including verbal ability, spatial ability, memory, and reasoning. Spearman's two-factor theory posited that intelligence results from a general intellectual factor and specific factors related to particular abilities. Thorndike viewed intelligence as composed of separate and independent mental abilities in specific domains like arithmetic and vocabulary.

3. THE MEANING AND NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE
ENGEL-defines intelligence as the ability of an organism to
adapt to its environment.
TERMAN-says intelligence is a general capacity of an
individual to adjust his thinking to new requirements;it is a
general adaptation to new problems.
THURSTON-says Intelligence is both general ability and a
number of specific abilities.
STAGNER-refers to intelligence as learning ability,and the
ability to see learning in new situations.

4. A I.GATES- refers to intelligence as a
composite or organization of abilities to
learn, to grasp broad and subtle
facts, especially abstract facts, with alertness
and accuracy, to exercise mental control, and
to display flexibility and ingenuity in seeking the
solution of problems.
COLVIN-says that an individual possesses
intelligence in so far as he has learned or can
learn to adjust himself to his environment.

5. DAVIDOFF(1976)-An overall abilities to act
purposefully,to think rationally, and to deal
effectively to the environment.
CHAPLIN AND KRAWIEC(1979)-They define
intelligence as the arm-chair or deductive
method,employed by binet and simon.
Most definitions emphasize certain
capacities as basic:
1) The ability to deal with abstract
symbols,concepts and relationships
2) Learning or the ability to profit from
experience
3) The ability to adapt to new situations, or
problem solving

6. Intelligence- is an aggregate of relatively independent attitudes as:
a) Verbal Comprehension
b) Word Fluency
c) Skill in Numerical Computation
d) Perceptual speed and accuracy
e) Associative Memory
f) Spatial Visualization
g) Mechanical Reasoning

7. SPEARMAN’S TWO -FACTOR THEORY
Charles Edward Spearman
Born: September 10, 1863 in London
, United Kingdom
Died: September 17, 1945 in the aged
of 82
Nationality: British
Field: English Psychologist

8.  - All intellectual ability can be expressed as
the result of the operation of two factors.
 GENERAL INTELLECTUAL FACTOR (g) -
Which is common to all abilities
 SPECIFIC FACTOR (s) - Which is specific to
any particular ability, but different in every
case.
 The specifics tend to cancel each other, so
that in the long run most of what accounts for

9. ATHLETICISM, LIKE INTELLIGENCE, IS MANY
THINGS

10. Spearman’s Theory of
Intelligence

11. THURSTONE'S MULTIFACTOR THEORY
Louis Leon Thurstone
Born: May 29, 1887 in
Chicago, Illinois
Died: September 30, 1955 in the
aged of 68
Nationality: American
Fields: Psychometrics and
psychophysics

12.  He says intelligence is not determined
primarily by a simple,general factor but a
variable number of similarly broad factors.
 His theory also called the Theory of Primary
Mental Abilities .
Seven Primary Mental Abilities namely:
 1) VERBAL ABILITY (V) : The ability to
understand and use verbal concepts
effectively.
 2) NUMBER (N) : The ability to carry out
fundamental arithmetic operations quickly and

13. 3) SPATIAL (S) : The ability to deal with objects in
space and to utilize spatial relationships.
4) PERCEPTUAL (P) : The ability to identify objects
quickly and accurately.
5) MEMORY (M) : The ability to retain and learn
information.
6) REASONING (R) : The ability to perceive and use
abstract relationships in the solution of problems.
7) WORD FLUENCY (WF) : The ability to think of words
fluently.
 He used percentile rating reflecting the
individual’s standing on each of the primary
ability tests.

14. THORNDIKE'S MULTIFACTOR THEORY (THEORY
OF SPECIFIC INTELLIGENCE)
Edward Lee Thorndike
Born:August 31, 1874
Williamsburg, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died:August 9, 1949 (aged 74)
Montrose, New York
Nationality:American
Occupation:Psychologist
Known for: Father of modern educational
psychology

15. - He states that intelligence is simply the summation of all the
abilities involved in mental facts , each separate and independent
of the others.
He classified intelligence as:
a) Altitude or level
b) Range
c.) Area
d.) Speed
C.A.V.D
C- Sentence Completion
A- Arithmetic Reasoning
V- Vocabulary
D- Following Directions