This presentation briefly tells about the classification of Gears. It includes information about spur, helical, bevel, herringbone, rack and pinion, internal and external gears.
Unit 7-gear trains, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
This presentation briefly tells about the classification of Gears. It includes information about spur, helical, bevel, herringbone, rack and pinion, internal and external gears.
Unit 7-gear trains, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
This is the basic lecture on introduction to gears for engineering students. It includes basics of gears, spur gear, bevel gear, etc. It also talks about a fundamental law of gearing, pressure angle and contact ratio.
Like Comment and download
Belt is a Flexible Mechanical element that transmit power from one shaft to another
Belt is a Flexible Mechanical element that transmit power from one shaft to another
Gear Train
Ex: Automobile, engines etc.
Chain Drive
Ex : Bi-cycle , Motor cycle etc.
Belt Drive
Ex: Rice mills, sewing machine etc.
Rope Drive
Ex: lift, crane etc
This presentation contains basic idea regarding spur gear and provides the best equations for designing of spur gear. One can Easily understand all the parameters required to design a Spur Gear
A helical gear has teeth in form of helix around the gear. Two such gears may be used to connect two parallel shafts in place of spur gears. The helixes may be right handed on one gear and left handed on the other. The pitch surfaces are cylindrical as in spur gearing, but the teeth instead of being parallel to the axis, wind around the cylinders helically like screw threads.
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
I want this job to utilize the skills which I've gotten from my Boss, colleague and others. I will utilize this knowledge for the success of you and for my personal success. I will prove myself by my job.
Gears in Kinematics of Machine(KOM) subjectHiren Panchal
3rd Semester In mechanical Engineering,
Gears in kinematics of Machine,
It is very simple topic to Understand and it is very much easy to remember during your Viva exams.
This is the basic lecture on introduction to gears for engineering students. It includes basics of gears, spur gear, bevel gear, etc. It also talks about a fundamental law of gearing, pressure angle and contact ratio.
Like Comment and download
Belt is a Flexible Mechanical element that transmit power from one shaft to another
Belt is a Flexible Mechanical element that transmit power from one shaft to another
Gear Train
Ex: Automobile, engines etc.
Chain Drive
Ex : Bi-cycle , Motor cycle etc.
Belt Drive
Ex: Rice mills, sewing machine etc.
Rope Drive
Ex: lift, crane etc
This presentation contains basic idea regarding spur gear and provides the best equations for designing of spur gear. One can Easily understand all the parameters required to design a Spur Gear
A helical gear has teeth in form of helix around the gear. Two such gears may be used to connect two parallel shafts in place of spur gears. The helixes may be right handed on one gear and left handed on the other. The pitch surfaces are cylindrical as in spur gearing, but the teeth instead of being parallel to the axis, wind around the cylinders helically like screw threads.
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
I want this job to utilize the skills which I've gotten from my Boss, colleague and others. I will utilize this knowledge for the success of you and for my personal success. I will prove myself by my job.
Gears in Kinematics of Machine(KOM) subjectHiren Panchal
3rd Semester In mechanical Engineering,
Gears in kinematics of Machine,
It is very simple topic to Understand and it is very much easy to remember during your Viva exams.
Post-Tensioning Case Study - Slab-on-Ground
2013 Award of Excellence: Emergency Vehicle Operator Course (EVOC)
Location: Camp Ripley at Little Falls, MN
Submitted by: AMSYSCO, Inc.
Owner: U.S. Army
Architect(s): URS
Engineer(s): URS
Contractor: Donlar Construction
PT Supplier: AMSYSCO, Inc.
Other Contributors: Pawan Gupta; High Strength Cement- Ed Rice, CTS Cement
Rapid prototyping is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) data.Construction of the part or assembly is usually done using 3D printing or "additive layer manufacturing" technology
Gear? Where it is used and why? We know that gear is power transmitting element but there are many any elements like - rope, chain drives which can also be used. There are many benefits of using gear over belt, rope, chain drive, that's why we used gear. Here we provide a complete description about gear, types of gear. Spur gear, Helical gear, Worm gear, Bevel gear, these are some important types of gear which are described briefly with their terminology. A complete difference is clarified between all types of gear relating their shapes and position of shaft.
Gears: definition, classification with various parameters, detail of each gears, basic and important terms used in gears, Gear trains: definition, classification, detail of each gear train, speed ration and train value of each gear train.
The talent management process is how you organize the management of your human resources. It is how you choose employees, how you hire them, and how (or if) you train them, motivate them, fire them, and so on.
Steps
1.Specify What Skills You Need.
2.Attract the Right People.
3.Onboard and Organize Work.
4.Strategize to Retain Your Best Talent.
5.Plan for Successions.
Principles
Alignment with strategy.
Internal consistency.
Cultural embeddedness.
Management involvement.
Balance of global and local needs.
Employer branding through differentiation
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify.
Whirling of shafts occurs due to rotational imbalance of a shaft, even in the absence of external loads, which causes resonance to occur at certain speeds, known as critical speeds.
Tenses play a crucial role in the general life of human. It denotes the time an action takes place, whether sometime in the past, in the present or will take some time in the future.
Proper and good education is very important for all of us. It facilitates quality learning all through the life among people of any age group, cast, creed, religion and region. It is the process of achieving knowledge, values, skills, beliefs, and moral habits.
working capital to small scale industrial units. Commercial Banks extend two types of short term assistance to industry namely, granting loans, advances, cash.
Porter Governor is a modification of Watt Governor with central load attached to the sleeve. This load moves up and down the central spindle. The additional force increases the speed of revolution required to enable the balls to rise to any predetermined level.
A governor is a system that is used to maintain the mean speed of an engine, within certain limits, under fluctuating load conditions. It does this by regulating and controlling the amount of fuel supplied to the engine.
Forging is the operation where the metal is heated and then a force is applied to manipulates the metals in such a way that the required final shape is obtained.
phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.
Recrystallization is the process in which deformed grains of the crystal structure are replaced by a new set of stress-free grains that nucleate and grow until all the original grains have been consumed. The process is accomplished by heating the material to temperatures above that of crystallization.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. CONTENTS
POWER TRANSMISSION
GEAR
TYPES OF GEARS
NOMENCLATURE
APPLICATIONS OF GEARS
VELOCITY RATIO
GEAR TRAINS
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS
29-11-20162
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
3. GEAR…..
Power transmission is the movement of energy from its
place of generation to a location where it is applied to
performing useful work
A gear is a component within a transmission device
that transmits rotational force to another gear or
device
29-11-20163
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
4. 29-11-2016
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni4
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having
cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part
to transmit torque.
Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and
direction of a power source.
Gears almost always produce a change in torque, creating
a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and
thus may be considered a simple machine.
The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same
shape. Two or more meshing gears, working in a
sequence, are called a gear train or a transmission.
A gear can mesh with a linear toothed part, called a rack,
thereby producing translation instead of rotation.
5. TYPES OF GEARS
1. According to the position of axes of the shafts.
a. Parallel
1.Spur Gear
2.Helical Gear
3.Rack and Pinion
b. Intersecting
Bevel Gear
c. Non-intersecting and Non-parallel
worm and worm gears
29-11-20165
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
6. SPUR GEAR
Teeth is parallel to axis of
rotation
Transmit power from one
shaft to another parallel
shaft
Used in Electric
screwdriver, oscillating
sprinkler, windup alarm
clock, washing machine and
clothes dryer
29-11-2016 6
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
7. External and Internal spur Gear…
29-11-20167
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
8. Helical Gear
The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the
face of the gear
This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate
much more smoothly and quietly than spur gears
One interesting thing about helical gears is that if the
angles of the gear teeth are correct, they can be
mounted on perpendicular shafts, adjusting the
rotation angle by 90 degrees
29-11-20168
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
10. Herringbone gears
To avoid axial thrust, two
helical gears of opposite
hand can be mounted side
by side, to cancel resulting
thrust forces
Herringbone gears are
mostly used on heavy
machinery.
29-11-2016 10
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
11. Rack and pinion
Rack and pinion gears are
used to convert rotation (From
the pinion) into linear motion
(of the rack)
A perfect example of this is the
steering system on many cars
29-11-2016 11
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
12. Bevel gears
Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's
rotation needs to be changed
They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90
degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other
angles as well
The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or
hypoid
locomotives, marine applications, automobiles,
printing presses, cooling towers, power plants, steel
plants, railway track inspection machines, etc.
29-11-201612
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
13. Straight and Spiral Bevel Gears
29-11-201613
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
14. WORM AND WORM GEAR
Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are
needed. It is common for worm gears to have
reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater
Many worm gears have an interesting property that
no other gear set has: the worm can easily turn the
gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm
Worm gears are used widely in material handling and
transportation machinery, machine tools, automobiles
etc
29-11-201614
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
15. WORM AND WORM GEAR
29-11-201615
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
16. NOMENCLATURE OF SPUR GEARS
29-11-201616
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
17. NOMENCLATURE….
Pitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling
cylinder (cone, etc.) that the toothed gear may be
considered to replace.
Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface.
Addendum circle: A circle bounding the ends of the teeth,
in a right section of the gear.
Root (or dedendum) circle: The circle bounding the
spaces between the teeth, in a right section of the gear.
Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle
and the addendum circle.
Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle
and the root circle.
Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of one
gear and the addendum of the mating gear.
29-11-201617
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
18. NOMENCLATURE….
Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying outside the
pitch surface.
Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside the
pitch surface.
Circular thickness (also called the tooth thickness): The
thickness of the tooth measured on the pitch circle. It is the
length of an arc and not the length of a straight line.
Tooth space: pitch diameter The distance between adjacent
teeth measured on the pitch circle.
Backlash: The difference between the circle thickness of one
gear and the tooth space of the mating gear.
Circular pitch (Pc) : The width of a tooth and a space,
measured on the pitch circle.
N
D
Pc
29-11-201618
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
20. 29-11-2016
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni20
Rotational frequency, n
Measured in rotation over time, such as RPM.
Angular frequency, ω Measured in radians/second.
{display style 1mathrm {RPM} =pi /30} rad/second
Number of teeth, N How many teeth a gear has,
an integer. In the case of worms, it is the number of
thread starts that the worm has.
Gear, wheel The larger of two interacting gears or a gear
on its own.
PinionThe smaller of two interacting gears.
Path of contact Path followed by the point of contact
between two meshing gear teeth.
21. NOMENCLATURE….
Diametral pitch (Pd): The number of teeth of a gear unit
pitch diameter. The diametral pitch is, by definition, the
number of teeth divided by the pitch diameter. That is,
Where
Pd = diametral pitch
N = number of teeth
D = pitch diameter
Module (m): Pitch diameter divided by number of teeth.
The pitch diameter is usually specified in inches or
millimeters; in the former case the module is the inverse of
diametral pitch.
m = D/N
D
N
Pd
29-11-201621
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
22. 29-11-2016
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni22
Point of contact :-Any point at which two tooth profiles touch each other.
Line of contact :- A line or curve along which two tooth surfaces are tangent to
each other.
Path of action :- The locus of successive contact points between a pair of gear
teeth, during the phase of engagement. For conjugate gear teeth, the path of
action passes through the pitch point. It is the trace of the surface of action
in the plane of rotation.
Line of action :- The path of action for involute gears. It is the straight line
passing through the pitch point and tangent to both base circles.
Surface of action:- The imaginary surface in which contact occurs between
two engaging tooth surfaces. It is the summation of the paths of action in all
sections of the engaging teeth.
Plane of action:- The surface of action for involute, parallel axis gears with
either spur or helical teeth. It is tangent to the base cylinders.
Zone of action (contact zone) :- For involute, parallel-axis gears with either
spur or helical teeth, is the rectangular area in the plane of action bounded
by the length of action and the effective face width.
Path of contact:- The curve on either tooth surface along which theoretical
single point contact occurs during the engagement of gears with crowned
tooth surfaces or gears that normally engage with only single point contact
23. 29-11-2016
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni23
Contact ratio, mc, ε The number of angular pitches
through which a tooth surface rotates from the
beginning to the end of contact. In a simple way, it can
be defined as a measure of the average number of teeth
in contact during the period during which a tooth
comes and goes out of contact with the mating gear.
24. Backlash
29-11-2016
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni24
Backlash is the error in motion that occurs when gears
change direction. It exists because there is always
some gap between the trailing face of the driving tooth
and the leading face of the tooth behind it on the
driven gear, and that gap must be closed before force
can be transferred in the new direction.
The term "backlash" can also be used to refer to the
size of the gap, not just the phenomenon it causes;
thus, one could speak of a pair of gears as having, for
example, "0.1 mm of backlash."
25. 29-11-2016
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni25
For situations that require precision, such as
instrumentation and control, backlash can be minimized
through one of several techniques.
For instance, the gear can be split along a plane
perpendicular to the axis, one half fixed to the shaft in the
usual manner, the other half placed alongside it, free to
rotate about the shaft, but with springs between the two
halves providing relative torque between them, so that one
achieves, in effect, a single gear with expanding teeth.
Another method involves tapering the teeth in the axial
direction and letting the gear slide in the axial direction to
take up slack.
26. 29-11-2016
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni26
A pair of gears could be designed to have zero backlash,
but this would presuppose perfection in manufacturing,
uniform thermal expansion characteristics throughout the
system, and no lubricant. Therefore, gear pairs are designed
to have some backlash.
It is usually provided by reducing the tooth thickness of
each gear by half the desired gap distance. In the case of a
large gear and a small pinion, however, the backlash is
usually taken entirely off the gear and the pinion is given
full sized teeth.
Backlash can also be provided by moving the gears further
apart. The backlash of a gear train equals the sum of the
backlash of each pair of gears, so in long trains backlash
can become a problem.
27. Shifting of gears
29-11-2016
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni27
In some machines (e.g., automobiles) it is necessary to
alter the gear ratio to suit the task, a process known as
gear shifting or changing gear. There are several ways
of shifting gears, for example:
Manual transmission
Automatic transmission
Derailleur gears, which are actually sprockets in
combination with a roller chain
Hub gears (also called epicyclical gearing or sun-and-
planet gears)
28. 29-11-2016
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni28
There are several outcomes of gear shifting in motor
vehicles. In the case of vehicle noise emissions, there
are higher sound levels emitted when the vehicle is
engaged in lower gears.
The design life of the lower ratio gears is shorter, so
cheaper gears may be used, which tend to generate
more noise due to smaller overlap ratio and a lower
mesh stiffness etc. than the helical gears used for the
high ratios.
This fact has been used to analyze vehicle-generated
sound since the late 1960s, and has been incorporated
into the simulation of urban roadway noise and
corresponding design of urban noise barriers along
roadways.
29. Tooth Profiles
29-11-2016
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni29
Involute Gear Profile:
Pressure angle remains same throughout the
operation.
Teeths are weaker.
It is easier to manufacture due to convex surface.
The velocity is not affected due to variation in
centre distance.
Interference takes place.
More wear and tear as contact takes place between
convex surfaces.
31. Cycloidal Gear Profile
29-11-2016
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni31
Cycloid Gear Profile:
Pressure angle keeps on changing during the operation.
The angle is maximum at the start and end of
engagement. It is zero at pitch point.
Teeth are stronger.
It is difficult to manufacture due to requirement of
hypocycloid and epicycloids..
The centre distance should remains the same.
There is no interference.
Less wear and tear as concave flank makes contact
with convex flank.
33. VELOCITY RATIO OF GEAR
DRIVE
d = Diameter of the wheel
N =Speed of the wheel
ω = Angular speed
velocity ratio (n) =
2
1
1
2
1
2
d
d
N
N
29-11-201633
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
34. GEAR TRAINS
A gear train is two or more gear working together by
meshing their teeth and turning each other in a system to
generate power and speed
It reduces speed and increases torque
Electric motors are used with the gear systems to reduce
the speed and increase the torque
29-11-201634
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
35. Types of Gear Trains
Simple gear train
Compound gear train
Planetary gear train
Simple Gear Train
The most common of the gear train is the gear pair
connecting parallel shafts. The teeth of this type can
be spur, helical or herringbone.
Only one gear may rotate about a single axis
29-11-201635
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
37. Compound Gear Train
For large velocities,
compound
arrangement is
preferred
Two or more gears
may rotate about a
single axis
29-11-2016 37
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
38. Planetary Gear Train (Epicyclic Gear Train)
29-11-201638
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
39. Planetary Gear Train…
In this train, the blue gear has six times the
diameter of the yellow gear
The size of the red gear is not important because it
is just there to reverse the direction of rotation
In this gear system, the yellow gear (the sun)
engages all three red gears (the planets)
simultaneously
All three are attached to a plate (the planet
carrier), and they engage the inside of the blue gear
(the ring) instead of the outside.
29-11-201639
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
40. Planetary Gear Train…
Because there are three red gears instead of one, this
gear train is extremely rugged.
planetary gear sets is that they can produce different
gear ratios depending on which gear you use as the
input, which gear you use as the output, and which one
you hold still.
29-11-201640
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni
41. Planetary Gear Train…
They have higher gear ratios.
They are popular for automatic transmissions in
automobiles.
They are also used in bicycles for controlling power of
pedaling automatically or manually.
They are also used for power train between internal
combustion engine and an electric motor
29-11-201641
Lecture notes on Gear
by Prem Kumar Soni