This document discusses the key hardware components of a computer system. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the brain of the computer that fetches, decodes and executes instructions. Characteristics of CPUs like clock speed, cores and cache size that impact performance are covered. Common logic gates, memory types like RAM, ROM and cache are outlined. Input/output devices, primary and secondary storage are defined along with examples like keyboards, monitors, hard drives and optical disks.

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REVISION
2.1.2 Hardware
CPU

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2.1.2 Hardware
Central Processing Unit.
It is used to control all of
the actions of the
computer. It is like the
brain of the computer.

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2.1.2 Hardware
FDE

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2.1.2 Hardware
Fetch Decode Execute
The CPU will FETCH
instructions from memory,
DECODE them and
EXECUTE them. This is
done millions of times a
second.

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2.1.2 Hardware
Clock Speed

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2.1.2 Hardware
How fast the CPU
performs the FDE
cycle. This is
measured in MHz

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2.1.2 Hardware
Cores

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2.1.2 Hardware
How many cores the
CPU has. The more
cores, the more
instructions can be
executed.

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2.1.2 Hardware
Cache Size

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2.1.2 Hardware
The size of the cache
on the CPU. The
higher it is the faster
the CPU.

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2.1.2 Hardware
NOT Gate

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2.1.2 Hardware

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2.1.2 Hardware
AND Gate

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2.1.2 Hardware

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2.1.2 Hardware
OR Gate

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2.1.2 Hardware

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2.1.2 Hardware
Truth Tables

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2.1.2 Hardware
The different inputs and
outputs for the logic gates.
NOT
IN OUT
1 0
1 1
AND
IN 1 IN 2 OUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR
IN 1 IN 2 OUT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

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2.1.2 Hardware
RAM

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2.1.2 Hardware
Random Access Memory
Volatile memory. Stores
the data in use, software
in use and parts of the
O/S in use.

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2.1.2 Hardware
ROM

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2.1.2 Hardware
Read only memory.
Non-volatile. Stores
the boot-up program of
the computer.

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2.1.2 Hardware
Virtual
Memory

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2.1.2 Hardware
A portion of the
memory borrowed from
the hard drive when
the RAM is full.

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2.1.2 Hardware
Cache
Memory

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2.1.2 Hardware
Volatile memory
located on the CPU.
Very small but fast to
access.

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2.1.2 Hardware
Input Device

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2.1.2 Hardware
A device that allows a
user to send information
to a computer.
Keyboard, microphone,
mouse

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2.1.2 Hardware
Output
Device

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2.1.2 Hardware
A device that will present
the use with the result of
a process from the
computer.
Speakers, monitor,
printer

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2.1.2 Hardware
Primary
Memory

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2.1.2 Hardware
The device will
communicate directly
with CPU.

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2.1.2 Hardware
Secondary
Storage

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2.1.2 Hardware
Files are stored
permanently. The
device does not
communicate directly
with CPU.

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2.1.2 Hardware
Optical

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2.1.2 Hardware
• Data burned into film by
lasers
• Small capacity
• Very cheap to produce
• Examples – CD, DVD

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2.1.2 Hardware
Magnetic

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2.1.2 Hardware
• Data stored by magnets on
a magnetic disk
• Very high capacity
• Bad portability but very
durable.
• Examples – hard drive,
backup tapes

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2.1.2 Hardware
Solid State

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2.1.2 Hardware
• Data stored electronically.
• No moving parts
• Slower than magnetic, faster
than optical
• Good portability and good
durability
• Examples – external hard
drive, USB disk