The document provides a detailed overview of computers, defining them as electronic devices that process data into information and outlining their types, including analog, digital, and hybrid computers. It explains the basic components of computers, such as hardware (input, output, storage devices) and software (system and application software), as well as the roles of the CPU, memory types (RAM, ROM), and secondary storage. Additionally, it distinguishes between compilers and interpreters as essential programs that translate high-level programming languages into machine language.

2. Computer is an electronic device which converts row data into
meaningful information .It can perform many task.It work very fast
and accuratc.A computer programmed device with a set of
instnections of perform is spicilic task and generate result at a very
high speed.
The full form of computer……..
C Commonly
O Operated
M Machine
P Particularly
U Used for
T Technical
E Education
R Re-surch
There are three types of computer………
1. Analog computer
2. Digital computer
3. Hybride computer

3. Analog computer process data which is a physical nature.These
computer mainly perform hard.
Digital computer works on binary data 0 and 1.These computer
perform calculating words.Digital computer in fall into four
catagrees upon into their size, processing speed and crossed.
There are 4 types of digital computer………
1. Micro computer
2. Mini computer
3. Main frame computer
4. Super computer
These are both computer
Analog and Digital.
1. Hardware
2. Software

4. Physical componants of computer are called hardware.The
hardware computer devide into two catagrees.
1. Peripheralls
2. C.p.u.
Externall devices which be connect to the computer are
called peripheralls.
Peripheralls falls into three catagrees………
1. Input device
2. Output device
3. Storage device
An input device for a computer allows you to enter
information. The most fundamental pieces of information are
keystrokes on a keyboard and clicks with a mouse. These two
input devices are essential for you to interact with your
computer. Many other input devices exist for entering other
types of information, such as images, audio and video. Input
devices represent one type of computer peripheral - the other
two types are output devices and storage devices.
Examples of Input Devices:-

5. 1. Graphics Tablets
2. Cameras
3. Gamepad
4. Joystick
5. Keyboard
6. Microphone etc
We need to head to the computer store one more time. We've
picked out your system unit and input devices. Now we've really
got to figure out what's important for your output devices, or how
we are going to see and hear the data and information created
and stored in your computer.
Examples of Output Devices:-
1. Monitor (LED, LCD, CRT etc)
2. Printers (all types)
3. Plotters
4. Projector
5. LCD Projection Panels
6. Speakers etc
What is a CPU (Central Processing Unit?)
The full form of CPU is Central Processing Unit. Alternatively, it
is also known by the name of processor, microprocessor or a

6. computer processor. A CPU is an electronics circuit used in a
computer that fetches the input instructions or commands from
the memory unit, performs arithmetic and logic operations and
stores this processed data back to memory.
A CPU or Central Processing Unit is the heart of a computer and
is installed in a socket specified on a motherboard. Since a CPU
performs a lot of calculations at a high speed, it gets heat up
quickly. To cool down the temperature of a CPU a cooling FAN is
installed on it.
Components of a CPU
Control Unit
The Control Unit is an internal part of a CPU that co-ordinates
the instructions and data flow between CPU and other
components of the computer. It is the CU that directs the
operations of a central processing unit by sending timing and
control signals.

7. Arithmetic Logic Unit
The ALU is an internal electronic circuitry of a CPU that
performs all the arithmetic and logical operations in a computer.
The ALU receives three types of inputs.
 Control signal from CU ( Control Unit )
 Data(operands) to be operated
 Status information from operations done previously.
When all the instructions have been operated, the output that
consists of data is stored in memory and status information is
stored in internal registers of a CPU.
Memory
It is part of computer.We can all data and programs stored in
memory.In computing, memory refers to the computer
hardware integrated circuits that store information for immediate
use in a computer; it is synonymous with the term "primary
storage". Computer memory operates at a high speed, for
example random-access memory (RAM), as a distinction
from storage that provides slow-to-access information but offers
higher capacities. If needed, contents of the computer memory
can be transferred to secondary storage, through a memory
management technique called "virtual memory". An archaic
synonym for memory is store.[1]
There are two types of memory............
1. Primary memory
2. Secondary memory
Primary memory
Primary memory is computer memory that a processor or
computer accesses first or directly. It allows a processor to
access running execution applications and services that are

8. temporarily stored in a specific memory location.Primary
memory is also known as primary storage or main memory.
There are two types of primary memory.............
1. RAM
2. ROM
RAM
Random access memory (RAM) is a type of data
storage used in computers that is generally located on
the motherboard. This type of memory is volatile and
all information that was stored in RAM is lost when
the computer is turned off. Volatile memory is
temporary memory while ROM (read-only memory)
is non-volatile and holds data permanently when the
power is turned off.The RAM chip may be
individually mounted on the motherboard or in sets
of several chips on a small board connected to the
motherboard. Older memory types were in the form
of chips called dual in-line package (DIP). Although
DIP chips are still used today, the majority of
memory is in the form of a module, a narrow printed
circuit board attached to a connector on the
motherboard.
ROM
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of storage
medium that permanently stores data on personal
computers (PCs) and other electronic devices. It
contains the programming needed to start a PC,
which is essential for boot-up; it performs major
input/output tasks and holds programs or software
instructions.
Because ROM is read-only, it cannot be changed; it is permanent
and non-volatile, meaning it also holds its memory even when

9. power is removed. By contrast, random access memory (RAM) is
volatile; it is lost when power is removed.
Secondary memory
Secondary memory is computer memory that is non-volatile and
persistent in nature and is not directly accessed by a
computer/processor. It allows a user to store data that may be
instantly and easily retrieved, transported and used by
applications and services.Secondary memory is also known as
secondary storage.
There are many types of secondary memory.......
CD, Hard disk, Pain drive, Phlopy disk etc
Cache memory is the fisted memory placed between cup and main
memory the access time much less then the main memory. The
main memory increases the operating speed of the system. Cache
memory is a small sized type of volatile computer memory provides
high speed data access to processor and stores frequently used
computer programs application and data. Cache memory, also
called CPU memory, is random access memory (RAM) that a
computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can
access regular RAM. This memory is typically integrated directly
with the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate
bus interconnect with the CPU. The basic purpose of cache memory
is to store program instructions that are frequently re-referenced
by software during operation. Fast access to these instructions
increases the overall speed of the software program.

10. Software is a set of procedures and associated programs
documentation related to an if active operation of the computer
system. Computer hardware in itself cannot perform any useful
task. It must be complemented with some instruction, which the
hardware under stands and obey. Software is two
types---- [1.] system software [2.]
Application software
[1.] System software==== system software, system packages are
sets of one are program that are basically designed to control the
operation of a computer system in generally system software
control the following—(A) Running of other software packages.
(B) Communicating with other peripheral device such age printer
hard disk and tape device etc.
[2.] Application software==== system software are once which
directly talk with the hardware component the application
software intern talk with the system for their execution.
Software
System software Application software
User written Readymade

11. Lodder Assemblers Operating software Compiler
A program which translates a high level language
programs in to machine language program is non as
complier. It checks all kinds of limits, rang, error etc but
its programs execution time is more and occupies a
larger part of memory. It has low speed and low
efficiency of memory utilization.
An inter preter is a program which translate one
statement of a high level language in to machine
language. A complier is nearly 5 to 25 faster than inter
prettier. An inter preter is a smaller program as
compared to the complier. It needs less memory space.

12. 1. C language, 2. FORTRAN, 3. C++, 4. Java, 5. Lisp