1) The document discusses the kinetic molecular theory and gas laws, which describe the behavior of ideal gases. 2) It explains that ideal gases are made of small, hard spheres that move rapidly in random motion and exert pressure through collisions with container walls. 3) The gas laws described are Boyle's law (inverse relationship between pressure and volume at constant temperature), Charles's law (direct relationship between volume and temperature at constant pressure), and Gay-Lussac's law (direct relationship between pressure and temperature at constant volume).

1. Gases
By Dr Zahid khan
Senior Lecturer king faisal university,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

2. Kinetic-Molecular Theory
• KMT – based on idea that particles of matter are always in motion.
• The kinetic theory of gases makes several basic assumptions.
• It assumes that gases consist of hard, spherical particles, usually
atoms or molecules, that have the following properties.
• First, the gas particles are so small in relation to the distances
between them that their individual volumes can be assumed to be
insignificant.
• The large relative distances between the particles means that there is
considerable empty space between the particles.
2

3. This assumption that gas particles are far apart explains
the important property of gas compressibility: A gas is
easily compressed because of the space between the
particles.
The second property of gas particles assumed by the
kinetic theory is that no attractive or repulsive forces
exist between the particles.
As a result, gases are free to move inside their
containers. In fact, a gas expands until it takes the
shape and volume of its container.

4. The third assumption is that gas particles move
rapidly in constant random motion.
The particles travel in straight paths and move
independently of each other.
Only when a particle collides with another
particle or object does theory assumes further
that these collisions between gas particles are
perfectly elastic, which means that during a
collision the total amount of kinetic energy
remains constant and that the kinetic energy is
transferred without loss from one particle to
another.

5. Four variables are generally used to describe a gas. The variables
and their common units are pressure (P) in kilopascals, volume (V)
in liters, temperature (T) in kelvins, and number of moles (n).
The gas laws will enable you to predict gas behavior at specific
conditions. Understanding the gas laws will help you understand
everyday applications of gases in automobile airbags, scuba-diving
equipment, and hot-air balloons, among many others.

6. Amount of Gas
Using the kinetic theory, you can predict and explain how gases
will respond to a change of conditions, specifically the pressure.
When you pump up a tire, you should expect the pressure inside
it to increase. Collisions of gas particles with the inside walls of
the tire result in the pressure that is exerted by the enclosed gas.
By adding gas, you increase the number of gas particles, thus
increasing the number of collisions, which explains why the gas
pressure increases.

7. As long as gas temperature does not change,
doubling the number of gas particles doubles
the pressure. Tripling the number of gas
particles triples the pressure, and so forth.
Once the pressure exceeds the strength of the
container, however, the container will rupture.

8. In a similar way, letting the air out of a tire decreases the pressure
inside the tire. The fewer particles inside exert less pressure.
When a sealed container of gas under pressure is opened, gas inside
moves from the region of higher pressure to the region of lower
pressure outside. This is the principle used in aerosol cans.

9. There are other ways to increase gas pressure.
You can raise the pressure exerted by a contained gas by reducing its
volume. The more the gas is compressed, the greater is the pressure it
exerts inside the container. Reducing the volume of a contained gas by half
doubles the pressure.
Doubling the volume of the container will halve the gas pressure because
the same number of gas particles occupy a volume twice the original size.

10. Raising the temperature of an enclosed gas provides yet another way to
increase gas pressure.
If the average kinetic energy of a gas doubles, the Kelvin temperature doubles
and the pressure of the enclosed gas also doubles.
By contrast, as the temperature of an enclosed gas decreases, the particles
move more slowly and have less kinetic energy. They strike the container
walls with less force. Halving the Kelvin temperature of a gas in a rigid
container decreases the gas pressure by half.

11. Boyle,s Law
When the pressure goes up, the volume goes down.
Similarly, when the pressure goes down, the volume goes
up.
Boyle’s law states that for a given mass of gas at constant
temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely with
pressure. In an inverse relationship, the product of the two
variables quantities is constant.
P1 x V1 = P 2 x V2
if T is constant.

12. Charle,s Law
Charles’s law summarizes Charles’s observations and the findings of Kelvin.
Charles’s law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to
it Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant.
The ratio of volume to Kelvin temperature for a gas sample at any two set of
conditions is constant. Thus you can write Charles’s law as follows:
V1
T1
=
V2
T2

13. William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) realized the significance of this
temperature value.
He identified -273.15°C as absolute zero, the lowest possible
temperature. On the Kelvin temperature scale, 0 K corresponds to
-273.15°C.

14. Gay-Lussac’s law
Gay-Lussac’s law states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the
Kelvin temperature if the volume remains constant.
On a hot summer day, the pressure in a car tire increases. This increase
illustrates a relationship that was discovered in 1802 by Joseph Gay-Lussac
(1778-1850), a French chemist.
Therefore assuming that the volume remains constant, you can write GayLussac’s law as follows:
P1
T1
=
P2
T2

15. Real vs. Ideal Gases
An ideal gas is one that follows all of the assumptions of the kinetic theory. Its particles
could have no volume, and there could be no attraction between particles in the gas.
Unfortunately, there is no gas where this holds true.
At many conditions of temperature and pressure, however, real gases do behave like
ideal gases.
In a real gas the particles do have volume, and there are attractions between the
particles. Because of these attractions, gases can condense, or even solidify, when it is
compressed and cooled.

16. Suppose you want to calculate the number of moles (n) of a gas in a fixed volume at a
known temperature and pressure. The calculation of moles is possible by modifying
the combined gas law.
The number of moles of gas is directly proportional to the number of particles.
Hence, moles must be directly proportional to volume as well.
Therefore, you can introduce moles in to the combined gas law by dividing
each side of the equation by n.
P1 x V1
T 1 x n1
=
P2 x V2
T 2 x n2
This equation shows that (P x V)/(T x n) is a constant. This constancy holds for what are
called ideal gases. A gas behaves ideally if it conforms to the gas laws.

17. If you could evaluate the constant (P x V)/(T x n), you could then calculate the
number of moles of gas at any specified value of P, V, and T. This constant is
symbolized as R.
You can find the actual value of R, given an important fact about gases: 1 mol of
every gas occupies 22.4 L at STP. Inserting the values of P, V, T, and n into the
equation:
R=
PxV
Txn
=
101.3 kPa x 22.4 L
= 8.31 L x kPa/K x mol
273 K x 1 mol
The ideal gas constant (R) has the value 8.31 L x kPa/K x mol. Rearranging
the equation for R, you obtain the usual form of the ideal gas law:

18. P x V = n x R x T; or, PV = nRT
An advantage of the ideal gas law over the combined gas law is that it
permits you to solve for the number of moles of a combined gas when P, V,
and T are known.
P is the pressure
V is the volume
n is the amount of gas (moles)
R is the Real Gas constant, with units appropriate for the units of pressure,
volume, temperature, and amount of gas.
T is the temperature (in Kelvin because an absolute scale is necessary.)