Gas gangrene by Dr.AmrithaAnilkumar
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Gas gangrene is an infective gangrene caused by clostridial organisms involving mainly skeletal muscle as oedematous myonecrosis.
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please comment
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2. Causes include urinary tract infections ascending from the bladder or entering via the bloodstream.
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definition of hydronephrosis,
causes and types of hydronephrosis
pathophysiology of hydronephrosis
clinical manifestation and diagnostic test for hydronephrosis
management
Cancer of bladder
A 73-year-old male presented with hematuria and irritative voiding symptoms. Further testing revealed high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder that had invaded the bladder muscle. The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by robotic cystoprostatectomy and urinary diversion surgery. Bladder cancer is usually transitional cell carcinoma and risk factors include smoking, occupational exposures, and prior radiation. Treatment depends on stage and grade but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
Hematemesis- vomiting of blood , a brief study
There can be many causes of hematemesis, such as: bleeding ulcers. prolonged and vigorous retching that causes tears in the esophageal mucosa (known as Mallory-Weiss Syndrome) gastric or intestinal varices.Haematemesis is simply defined as “vomiting blood”. It is caused by bleeding from part of the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract. It has a wide range of possible causes, depending on the site of blood loss and the tissue that is actively bleeding. Hence it is necessary to analyse and treat the condition perfectly , this is brief study about all the aspects hematemesis ,vomiting of blood including etiology, definition,management ,treatment by drugs etc
please comment
thank u
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This document provides information on cirrhosis of the liver. It defines cirrhosis as a chronic, progressive disease characterized by widespread scarring and nodule formation in the liver. The main causes of cirrhosis include chronic viral hepatitis infections, fatty liver disease, and long-term alcohol abuse. Cirrhosis results in the destruction of liver cells and their replacement with fibrotic scar tissue, impairing blood flow and liver function. Common complications are ascites, bleeding esophageal varices, and hepatic encephalopathy. Diagnosis involves liver enzyme tests, imaging, and biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing complications, restricting alcohol, improving nutrition, and liver transplantation in severe cases.
Hepatic encephalopathy
Portal-systemic encephalopathy is a brain disorder caused by liver dysfunction that allows toxins to reach the brain. It is characterized by alterations in mental status, neurological abnormalities, and distinctive EEG changes. The main underlying mechanism involves increased levels of ammonia in the bloodstream from the gut that are normally processed by the liver. Treatment focuses on reducing ammonia production in the colon through medications like lactulose and restricting protein intake. Prognosis depends on the underlying liver disease and can range from fully treatable acute episodes to chronic and potentially fatal cases.
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This document discusses leukopenia, which is a low white blood cell count. It defines leukopenia and outlines its various causes such as cancer, infections, medications, and nutritional deficiencies. Symptoms are related to an increased risk of infection. Diagnosis involves a complete blood count showing low white blood cell levels. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, using medications to stimulate white blood cell production, following an immunocompromised diet, and preventing infections.
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Necrotizing fasciitis is a life-threatening soft tissue infection that spreads rapidly along fascial planes. Risk factors include poor wound healing and immunosuppression. It is usually caused by bacteria like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus entering through breaks in the skin. Symptoms include severe pain, fever, and skin changes like blistering. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and the finger test, while treatment requires emergency surgery to remove dead tissue along with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium bacteria contaminating wounds. It causes excruciating muscle pain and swelling along with skin discoloration and gas in tissues. Septic arthritis is a medical emergency where bacteria infect the joints
necrosis.pptx
Necrosis, infarct, gangrene, oedema and congestion involve the death of cells and tissues. Necrosis is the focal death of cells due to various causes like hypoxia, chemicals, microbes or immune injury. It can be coagulative, liquefactive, caseous or fatty. Gangrene occurs when necrosis is accompanied by putrefaction, and can be dry or wet. Infarcts occur when blood supply is cut off to an organ or tissue causing cell death. Oedema and congestion involve excess fluid accumulation in tissues.
LIVER & GALLBLADDER PATHOLOGY
1. The document discusses various types of liver and gallbladder pathology including cholangitis, pyogenic cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, pyogenic liver abscess, amoebic liver abscess, and hydatid disease.
2. Pyogenic liver abscess most commonly results from ascending cholangitis due to obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones. Amoebic liver abscess is caused by Entamoeba histolytica spreading from the intestines. Hydatid disease involves infection by the larval cyst stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus.
3. Drug and chemical injury to the liver can occur through direct toxicity, hepatic
Actinomycetes and Nocardia
Actinomycetes and Nocardia, Bacteria but similar to fungi usually because of its morphological feature of forming a branching filament network, causing Actinomycosis, Actinomycetoma, Farmer's Lung, etc. Demonstrated under microscope by Gram's stain and ZN staining. Cultured on BHI and Thioglycolate broth. Characteristically produce Supher granules. Penicillin is the drug of choice in allergic to penicillin can be replaced by Erythromycin or Tetracycline. In worst cases surgical removal of affected tissue required.
Skin infections (3).pdf
This document summarizes various surgical infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It describes cellulitis as spreading inflammation of subcutaneous tissues, often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or gram-negative bacteria. Erysipelas is a similar condition caused by S. pyogenes that presents with a rose pink rash and lymphangitis. Abscesses form when infections become localized and contain pus within a cavity lined by granulation tissue. Management of these conditions involves antibiotics, drainage of pus, and dressing wounds. More severe infections like gas gangrene are caused by Clostridium bacteria and cause necrosis of muscle tissue and production of gas within tissues.
3) ABSCESS.pptx
An abscess is a collection of pus caused by bacterial infection. It contains dead bacteria, inflammatory cells, and tissue debris surrounded by granulation tissue. Abscesses can be superficial or deep. Common causes are Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. Risk factors include impaired immunity, foreign bodies, and tissue injury or ischemia. Abscesses form via bacterial spread or hematogenous/lymphatic dissemination. Signs include swelling, warmth, and tenderness. Diagnosis involves aspiration or imaging. Management is drainage either open or closed along with antibiotics in some cases. Complications can include recurrence, sepsis, or organ impairment.
Gangrene-Pathology
The document discusses different types of gangrene: wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene. Wet gangrene occurs when both arterial and venous blood flow are blocked, causing tissue to become infected and rotten. Dry gangrene typically affects the toes and feet of older patients due to atherosclerosis, resulting in black, mummified tissue. Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium bacteria that enter through wounds, producing toxins and gas bubbles within tissues causing swelling and a foul odor.
Necrotizing fasciitis
Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare but serious bacterial infection that rapidly destroys skin, fat, and muscle tissue. It begins as pain, swelling, and redness in the area of infection. The bacteria release toxins that kill tissue and the infection spreads quickly. Treatment requires intravenous antibiotics, extensive surgery to remove dead tissue, and sometimes amputation of limbs. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent death from shock or organ failure.
NECROTIZING FASCITIS
This document discusses necrotizing fasciitis and gas gangrene. It defines necrotizing fasciitis as a necrotizing soft tissue infection along fascial planes that can present with disproportionate pain and swelling. Risk factors include diabetes and immunosuppression. Treatment involves broad-spectrum antibiotics and urgent debridement. Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium bacteria, often after trauma. It presents with pain, swelling and crepitus, and is treated with antibiotics and radical debridement to remove necrotic muscle. Imaging may show gas in tissues. Both conditions require prompt recognition and aggressive treatment to prevent mortality.
Gangrene
Dr. Monika Negi discusses different types of gangrene including dry gangrene, wet gangrene, and gas gangrene. Dry gangrene results from ischemia and causes tissue to become dry and black. Wet gangrene occurs in moist tissues and is caused by blockages leading to bacterial overgrowth and tissue putrefaction. Gas gangrene develops from clostridial bacteria infecting wounds and causing muscle necrosis and gas formation. Treatment for gas gangrene requires urgent surgery, antibiotics like penicillin, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen or amputation.
Streptococci
This document discusses Streptococcus bacteria, including Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep). Key points:
- S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive coccus that forms chains and produces beta hemolysis on blood agar. It requires enriched media and is a facultative anaerobe.
- Virulence factors include M protein, streptokinase, hyaluronidase, and pyrogenic exotoxins. M protein determines serotype and virulence. Exotoxins cause scarlet fever rash and toxic shock syndrome.
- Diseases include pharyngitis, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis, rheumatic fever, glomerul
Diabetic foot.pptx
The document provides an overview of diabetic foot, including definitions, classifications, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention guidelines. Key points include: diabetic foot is a complication of diabetes that can lead to foot ulcers and amputation due to nerve damage and poor circulation; it is classified based on etiology as neuropathic, ischemic, or neuro-ischemic and staged based on clinical condition; management involves metabolic control, mechanical offloading, vascular management, infection treatment, and patient education.
Mucormycosis (Black fungus)
This document provides information about mucormycosis (black fungus infection) including:
- It is caused by mold called mucormycetes that lives in soil and decaying organic matter.
- It can infect the sinuses and brain (rhinocerebral), lungs (pulmonary), gastrointestinal tract, skin (cutaneous), and become disseminated.
- Risk factors include diabetes, steroid use, organ transplant, cancer, and injuries. Symptoms depend on infected area but may include facial swelling, headache, cough, fever, and black lesions. Diagnosis involves tissue biopsy and cultures. Treatment involves antifungal medicines and sometimes surgery.
Oral mycotic (fungal)infections
1. Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection of the oral cavity, caused by Candida albicans. It presents as pseudomembranous, erythematous, or chronic hyperplastic lesions.
2. Histoplasmosis, caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, can cause oral ulcers but is usually asymptomatic. It is endemic in certain regions of India.
3. Mucormycosis is a rare infection caused by fungi in the order Mucorales. It mainly affects immunocompromised individuals and can cause rhino-orbital or pulmonary forms. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis commonly involves the
Infectious Diseases Plate Rounds 2/7/2024
Streptococcus pyogenes was discussed as a cause of serious infections like pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever. Scarlet fever presents with a sandpaper-like rash and can develop from untreated strep infections. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can cause long-term heart damage if strep throat is left untreated. Fournier's gangrene is a serious genital infection that develops rapidly, often starting from a urinary tract infection or injury. It requires prompt treatment with surgery and antibiotics to prevent life-threatening complications like sepsis. Actinomyces are bacteria normally found in the mouth that can cause infections, especially with intrauterine devices.
Similar to Gas gangrene by Dr.AmrithaAnilkumar (20)
NECROTIZING FASCIITIS, GAS GANGRENE AND SEPTIC ARTHRITIS (1).pptx
NECROTIZING FASCIITIS, GAS GANGRENE AND SEPTIC ARTHRITIS (1).pptx
More from Dr. Amritha Anilkumar
Urethritis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
URETHRITIS - inflammation of urethra
CAUSES
Gonococcal urethritis.
Nongonococcal urethritis:
Trichomonal urethritis.
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV).
Mycoplasma.
Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Candida.
Trauma
Catheters
Cystoscopes
stones.
Chemical urethritis.
Reiter’s disease: Arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis.
Allergy.
Stricture urethra by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
STRICTURE URETHRA
CLASSIICATION -I
I: Aetiologically.
2. Congenital.
3. Inflammatory:
Post-gonococcal
is most common
Gonococcal stricture occurs one year after infection.
Retention develops only 10–15 years later.
Rupture of urethra by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
Rupture of the anterior urethra is usually caused by a fall astride a projecting object. Clinical features include blood in the urethra, a perineal hematoma, and retention of urine. Treatment involves gentle catheterization in the operating room. If catheterization is not possible, open surgical repair of the tear is performed through a perineal incision. Complications can include infection and stricture formation.
Renal calculus by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
RENAL CALCULUS AETIOLOGY
Males- radio-opaque gall stones
Females - Radiolucent gall stones
Diet:Vitamin A deficiency
it causes desquamation of epithelium
which acts as a nidus for stone formation.
Climate:
In hot climate urinary solutes will increase with decrease in colloids,
Paraphimosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
PARAPHIMOSIS
DEFINITION
Inability to place back (cover) the retracted prepucial skin over the glans is called as paraphimosis.
It causes ring like constriction proximal to the corona and prepuceal skin.
Hypospadias by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
HYPOSPADIAS
DEFINITION
It is the most common congenital malformation of urethra wherein external meatus is situated proximal than normal, over the ventral (under) aspect of the penis.
Hydronephrosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
HYDRONEPHROSIS (HN)
DEFINITION
It is an aseptic dilatation of pelvicalyceal system due to partial or intermittent obstruction to the outflow of urine.
AETIOLOGY
unilateral
bilateral.
Epispadias by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
EPISPADIAS
Here the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis, proximal to the glans.
COMMON SITES
abdominopenile junction.
It is associated with a dorsal chordee, ectopia vesicae, urinary incontinence, separated pubic bones.
It is uncommon in females.
Beningn prostrate Hypertrophy (BPH) by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
This document discusses benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), including its etiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that occurs in older men due to an imbalance of hormones. It causes obstruction of the urethra and symptoms like frequent urination, weak urine stream, and retention. Diagnosis involves exams, urine and blood tests, and imaging of the prostate, kidneys, and bladder. Treatment depends on symptoms and complications but may include catheterization, surgery to remove part of the prostate like TURP, or other procedures to relieve blockage.
Bladder tumor by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
BLADDER TUMOURS
They are urothelial tumours.
They are commonly malignant.
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common.
Varicocele by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
Varicocele is dilatation and tortuosity of the veins within the scrotum that drain blood from the testicles. It is more common on the left side where the left testicular vein drains directly into the left renal vein. Varicocele can cause increased temperature in the scrotum and impair sperm production. Treatment involves surgical ligation of the affected veins to repair blood flow and potentially improve fertility.
Testicular tumors
TESTICULAR TUMOURS
PREVALANCE
99% of testicular tumours are malignant.
Life time prevalence of getting testicular tumour is 0.2%.
Very common in Scandinavia; least common inAfrica andAsia.
4 times common in whites than blacks.
Orchitis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
ORCHITIS
AETIOLOGY
It is an inflammation of the testis.
It is commonly associated with inflammation ofthe epididymis. Hence, called as epididymo-orchitis.
Orchitis is due to infection through blood, lymphatics or epididymis.
Hydrocele by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
HYDROCELE
DEFINITION
It is the collection of fluid between the two layers of tunica vaginalis of testis.
Epididymitis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
EPIDIDYMITIS,
CAUSES
Inflammation of epididymis is commonly associated with orchitis— epididymo-orchitis.
Nonspecific
viral like mumps.
Bacterial.
Filarial.
Tuberculosis
Perforated peptic ulcer by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER
PERFORATION
DEFINITION
It is the terminology used for perforation of duodenal ulcer or gastric ulcer or stomal ulcer.
Otherwise all clinical features and management are similar.
Perforation is common in duodenal ulcer
Mortality is more in gastric ulcer perforation and perforation in elderly
Gastric ulcer by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
GASTRIC ULCER
AETIOLOGY
It occurs due to imbalance between protective and damaging factors of gastric mucosa.
Atrophic gastritis
duodenogastric bile reflux
gastric stasis
abnormalities in acid and pepsin secretion.
Acid becomes ulcerogenic even to normal gastric mucosa.
Curling ulcer by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
CURLING ULCER
DEFINITION
They are acute ulcers which develop after major burns, presenting as pain in epigastric region, vomiting or haematemesis.
Curling’s ulcer occurs when burn injury is more than 35%.
It is observed in the body and fundus not in antrum and duodenum
Congenital (infantile) hypertrophic pyloric stenosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
CONGENITAL (INFANTILE) HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS
DEFINITION
It is hypertrophy of musculature of pyloric antrum, especially the circular muscle fibres, causing primary failure of pylorus to relax.
Duodenum is normal.
Carcinoma stomach by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
CARCINOMA STOMACH
INCIDENCE
‘It is the captain of men of death’.
It is more common in Japan—70 per 1,00,000 population.
It is more common in males 2:1.
Decrease incidence in western world
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Beningn prostrate Hypertrophy (BPH) by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
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Recently uploaded
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
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It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Hiranandani Hospital Powai News [Read Now].pdf
Hiranandani Hospital in Powai, Mumbai, is a premier healthcare institution that has been serving the community with exceptional medical care since its establishment. As a part of the renowned Hiranandani Group, the hospital is committed to delivering world-class healthcare services across a wide range of specialties, including kidney transplantation. With its state-of-the-art facilities, advanced medical technology, and a team of highly skilled healthcare professionals, Hiranandani Hospital has earned a reputation as a trusted name in the healthcare industry. The hospital's patient-centric approach, coupled with its focus on innovation and excellence, ensures that patients receive the highest standard of care in a compassionate and supportive environment.
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Gas gangrene by Dr.AmrithaAnilkumar
- 1. en love da Homoeopathy GAS GANGRENE
- 2. GAS GANGRENE
- 3. GAS GANRENE Definition • It is an infective gangrene caused by clostridial organisms involving mainly skeletal muscle as oedematousmyonecrosis.
- 4. PREDISPOSINGFACTORS • Contaminated, manured or cultivated soil • crushwounds • road trafficaccidents • after amputations • ischaemiclimb • necrosis • Anaerobicenvironments • clostridial sepsis
- 5. ORGANISMS • ClostridiumWelchii (perfringens) • Clostridiumoedematiens. • Clostridiumsepticum. • Clostridiumhistolyticum ORGANISMPRODUCING TOXINS™ • Alpha (most common)™ • Beta ™ • Epsilon™ • Exotoxins • Lecithinase- haemolytic, membranolyticand necrotic
- 6. EFFECTSOF TOXINS • Extensive necrosis brown or black anaerobic • myositis/myonecrosis. • affects the liver— foaming liver • Limbs are commonly involved INCUBATIONPERIOD • Incubationperiod is 1–2 days. CLINICALFEATURES • Toxaemia, • Fever • Tachycardia • Pallor • Foul smelling discharge (sicklysweaty/decaying apple odour). • Khaki brown coloured skin • Crepitus • Jaundice
- 7. CLINICALTYPES Fulminanttype- causes • toxaemia, • renal failure • Liver failure • MODS • ARDS. Massive type • fully dark coloured gas filled areas. Group type • Infectionof one group of muscles Single muscle type • affecting one single muscle. Subcutaneous type • involves only subcutaneous tissue COMPLICATION™ • Septicaemia • Toxaemia • Renal failure • Liver failure. • Circulatoryfailure • DIC
- 8. INVESTIGATIONS • X-ray • Liver function tests • Blood urea • Serumcreatinine • Total count, PO2, PCO2. • Robertson’s cooked meat media is used whichcauses meat to turn pinkwithsour smell and acidreaction • ClostridiumWelchii is grownin culturemedia & In the other half part of the platewhere there is antitoxinthere is no opacity—Nagler reaction.
- 9. TREATMENT • Antibiotic& Hyperbaricoxygen is very useful. • Amputationlife-saving procedure—stump should never be closed REFERENCE 1. SRB's Manual of Surgery by SriramBhatM 2. A Manual on Clinical Surgeryby Das 3. A Concise textbookof Surgeryby Das
- 10. A Special Thanks To A Very Special Doctor