Design and Implementation of Low Cost Smart Web Sensors for Electric Power Qu...IJTET Journal
Abstract— The paper presents a low cost virtual instrument for monitoring the power quality events. The problem of power quality concerns the interferences which can be present in the mains. These electromagnetic disturbances can overcome a large interval of frequencies and can be present in industrial, domestic as well as commercial system .As main negative effects we can mention the high order harmonics, voltage fluctuations, flickers and disturbances with high slew-rates It is frequently indispensable to measure power quality indexes in wide electric power plant or in industrial zones. To this aim a low cost smart web sensors has been designed and implemented to acquire, process and transmit data over 802.3 network .It is organized in multi micro controller system. The first one dedicated to the data acquisition and the other to data processing, dynamic HTML pages construction and TCP/IP stack management. Key features of realized devices are low cost, data processing and remote communication capabilities, the possibility to provide data with any internet browser.
A remote monitoring system for a three phase 10-kva switchable distribution t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A remote monitoring system for a three phase 10-kva switchable distribution t...eSAT Journals
Abstract A Remote Monitoring System plays an important role in many applications. This paper proposes an innovative design about the development of remote monitoring system for a three-phase 10-kVA Switchable Distribution transformer with the help of a PIC microcontroller and Zigbee-based Wireless device. The PIC microcontroller from microchip helps in controlling the switching devices and monitoring the current, voltage and temperature of the transformer. The Zigbee-based wireless device is used as long range wireless communication between the modules. The information is transmitted point by point using Zigbee transmitter and receiver and is sent to the server module to check the state of the transformer. It has a data rate speed of 250 Kbps with minimum power consumption and has a transmission distances range from 10 to 100m. The data transmission rate is higher than other wireless systems. This is user friendly and can be achieved at low cost. This handles the transfer of parameters such as voltage, current and temperature as digital data from current transducers, voltage transformers and from temperature sensors to the server module through wireless communication. This system helps in reading sensor, controlling switches, monitoring and data protection. Key Words: Switchable Transformer, PIC Microcontroller and Zigbee
Design and Implementation of Low Cost Smart Web Sensors for Electric Power Qu...IJTET Journal
Abstract— The paper presents a low cost virtual instrument for monitoring the power quality events. The problem of power quality concerns the interferences which can be present in the mains. These electromagnetic disturbances can overcome a large interval of frequencies and can be present in industrial, domestic as well as commercial system .As main negative effects we can mention the high order harmonics, voltage fluctuations, flickers and disturbances with high slew-rates It is frequently indispensable to measure power quality indexes in wide electric power plant or in industrial zones. To this aim a low cost smart web sensors has been designed and implemented to acquire, process and transmit data over 802.3 network .It is organized in multi micro controller system. The first one dedicated to the data acquisition and the other to data processing, dynamic HTML pages construction and TCP/IP stack management. Key features of realized devices are low cost, data processing and remote communication capabilities, the possibility to provide data with any internet browser.
A remote monitoring system for a three phase 10-kva switchable distribution t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A remote monitoring system for a three phase 10-kva switchable distribution t...eSAT Journals
Abstract A Remote Monitoring System plays an important role in many applications. This paper proposes an innovative design about the development of remote monitoring system for a three-phase 10-kVA Switchable Distribution transformer with the help of a PIC microcontroller and Zigbee-based Wireless device. The PIC microcontroller from microchip helps in controlling the switching devices and monitoring the current, voltage and temperature of the transformer. The Zigbee-based wireless device is used as long range wireless communication between the modules. The information is transmitted point by point using Zigbee transmitter and receiver and is sent to the server module to check the state of the transformer. It has a data rate speed of 250 Kbps with minimum power consumption and has a transmission distances range from 10 to 100m. The data transmission rate is higher than other wireless systems. This is user friendly and can be achieved at low cost. This handles the transfer of parameters such as voltage, current and temperature as digital data from current transducers, voltage transformers and from temperature sensors to the server module through wireless communication. This system helps in reading sensor, controlling switches, monitoring and data protection. Key Words: Switchable Transformer, PIC Microcontroller and Zigbee
Process monitoring, controlling and load management system in an induction motoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This is a complete automated solution for the existing energy distribution and monitoring system in
India,which can monitor the meter readings continuously and take necessary actions to maintain the power
grid stable. A Power Line Communication (PLC) based modem is integrated with each electronic energy
meter. Through PLC the meters communicate with the coordinator. Coordinator makes use of GPRS modem
to upload/download data to/from internet. A personal computer with an internet connection at the other end,
which contains the database acts as the billing point. Live meter reading sent back to this billing point
periodically and these details are updated in a central database. An interactive, user friendly graphical
interface is present at user end. All the energy logs, notices from the Government, billing details and average
statistics will be available here. The system splits the loads into critical loads and non critical loads. This
makes the distribution system more intelligent. More over prior information about the power cuts can be
done. We can easily implement many add-ons such as energy demand prediction, real time dynamic tariff as
a function of demand and supply and so on.
Parameter controlling of boiler in power plants using fuzzy logic controllereSAT Journals
Abstract Boilers are used industrially both for electric power generation and for supplying process stream in thermal power plants and its control is very important in many field applications. In some situation conventional PID control technique is being used for control purpose. These conventional controllers are not well suitable for some unusual conditions like load disturbances. Fuzzy logic control technique is being used to overcome these problems. A closed loop control system incorporating fuzzy logic has been developed for a class of industrial control systems. A unique fuzzy logic controller (FLC) structured with an efficient realization and a small rule base that can be easily implemented in existing industrial controllers. Fuzzy logic control system is much closer to human thinking and natural language than traditional control systems. This paper describes a fuzzy control technique and its implementation in boiler controls. Here a PIC microcontroller is being used where fuzzy control algorithm is implemented. Keywords: Fuzzy logic control, fuzzy logic controller, boiler controls, PIC microcontroller
Process monitoring, controlling and load management system in an induction motoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This is a complete automated solution for the existing energy distribution and monitoring system in
India,which can monitor the meter readings continuously and take necessary actions to maintain the power
grid stable. A Power Line Communication (PLC) based modem is integrated with each electronic energy
meter. Through PLC the meters communicate with the coordinator. Coordinator makes use of GPRS modem
to upload/download data to/from internet. A personal computer with an internet connection at the other end,
which contains the database acts as the billing point. Live meter reading sent back to this billing point
periodically and these details are updated in a central database. An interactive, user friendly graphical
interface is present at user end. All the energy logs, notices from the Government, billing details and average
statistics will be available here. The system splits the loads into critical loads and non critical loads. This
makes the distribution system more intelligent. More over prior information about the power cuts can be
done. We can easily implement many add-ons such as energy demand prediction, real time dynamic tariff as
a function of demand and supply and so on.
Parameter controlling of boiler in power plants using fuzzy logic controllereSAT Journals
Abstract Boilers are used industrially both for electric power generation and for supplying process stream in thermal power plants and its control is very important in many field applications. In some situation conventional PID control technique is being used for control purpose. These conventional controllers are not well suitable for some unusual conditions like load disturbances. Fuzzy logic control technique is being used to overcome these problems. A closed loop control system incorporating fuzzy logic has been developed for a class of industrial control systems. A unique fuzzy logic controller (FLC) structured with an efficient realization and a small rule base that can be easily implemented in existing industrial controllers. Fuzzy logic control system is much closer to human thinking and natural language than traditional control systems. This paper describes a fuzzy control technique and its implementation in boiler controls. Here a PIC microcontroller is being used where fuzzy control algorithm is implemented. Keywords: Fuzzy logic control, fuzzy logic controller, boiler controls, PIC microcontroller
Embedded fuzzy controller for water level control IJECEIAES
This article presents the design of a fuzzy controller embedded in a microcontroller aimed at implementing a low-cost, modular process control system. The fuzzy system's construction is based on a classical proportional and derivative controller, where inputs of error and its derivate depend on the difference between the desired setpoint and the actual level; the goal is to control the water level of coupled tanks. The process is oriented to control based on the knowledge that facilitates the adjustment of the output variable without complex mathematical modeling. In different response tests of the fuzzy controller, a maximum over-impulse greater than 8% or a steady-state error greater than 2.1% was not evidenced when varying the setpoint.
Fuzzy based control using labview for miso temperature processeSAT Journals
Abstract This project aims at designing and implementing a fuzzy controller for Multiple Input Single Output temperature process. Temperature control of water in the tank is achieved by varying current to the heating rod and inlet flow rate by a fuzzy controller. The system consists of a tank, reservoir, variable speed pump, temperature sensor placed inside a heating tank containing the heating rod, voltage controlled current source and computer. Water is pumped into the tank from reservoir and RTD measures the current temperature. The signal from the temperature sensor is sent to the DAQ interfaced to the computer. LabVIEW software is used to acquire the input signal and send the output signal that is determined by the control algorithm. Fuzzy logic controller is designed in LabVIEW. Based on the set point temperature, the controller sets the appropriate current to the heating rod. If the required temperature is less than that sensed by the temperature sensor, the flow rate of water into the tank is controlled by a variable speed pump. While conventional controllers are analytically described by a set of equations, the FLC is described by a knowledge-based algorithm. Thus this system is highly efficient in both heating and reducing the temperature of the tank. A fuzzy logic controller gives faster response, is more reliable and recovers quickly from system upsets. It also works well to uncertainties in the process variables and it does not require mathematical modelling.
Fuzzy based control using lab view for miso temperature processeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The basics of instrumentations and its working principles are discussed. The basics op-amp and its use as an instrumentation amplifier and also its applications are discussed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and development of programmable controller for air sampling machineeSAT Journals
Abstract A programmable Controller is designed and developed for time pedestal controlling of Air Sampling Machine. The major purpose of the designed system is to reduce filter damage of Air Sampling Machine. The main function of the controller is to automatically switching the Air Sampling Machine with predefined On-Off time interval for 24 hours operation. This is a low cost system which is designed using locally available components and user friendly. The controlling operation is maintained by ATMEL AT89C52 microcontroller. A programmable real time clock PCF8583 is used to produce timing control signal for automatic switching of the Air Sampling Machine. Control signals generated by real time clock operate opto-isolator and an electromechanical relay for switching the Air Sampling Machine. EEPROM (M24C64) is used to store necessary data. The instruction firmware for the designed controller has been developed in BASIC platform using BASCOM-8051 software. The designed system is functioning properly and serving the purpose of the design. Keywords: Programmable Controller, AT89C52 microcontroller, RTC, EEPROM, I2C Protocol, BASCOM-8051 IDE
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Design of a low cost temperature controller for high temperature furnaces use...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Automated Air Cooled Three Level Inverter system using ArduinoIJEEE
The output voltage of a three level inverter is stepped voltage in which the output voltage have three possible values. Such systems can be used to interface renewable energy sources with the grid. Temperature has significant effect on performance of power MOSFETs. Typically, the MOSFETs used as power switches in such applications are a significant source of heat, and the heat energy dissipated by these components must be carefully controlled if operating temperatures are to be maintained. So for the system to work efficiently cooling of MOSFETs is required. This paper proposed an automated air cooled 3 level H-bridge inverter. The system consists of MOSFETs, LM 35 temperature sensor, Optocouplers for isolation. Arduino is used to control the on-off operation of fan. When temperature rises above certain level fan turns on to cool the MOSFETs.
comparative analysis of pid and narma l2 controllers for shell and tube heat...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The application of this paper firstly simplified mathematical model for heat exchanger process has been developed and used for the dynamic analysis and control design. A conventional PID controller and Advanced Artificial Neural Network NARMA L2 Controller for Shell and Tube heat exchanger is proposed to control the cold water outlet temperature and test the best efficiency of NARMA L2 and PID controller.The control problem formulated as outlet cold water temperature is controlled variable and the inlet hot water temperature is manipulated variable the minimum possible time irrespective of load and process disturbances.Simulation and verified the mathematical model of the controller has been done in MATLAB Simulink. From the simulation results the prime controller has been chosen by comparing the criteria of the response such as settling time, rise time, percentage of overshoot and steady state error.The Neural NetworkNARMA L2 controller is founded to give finest performance for Shell and Heat exchanger problem like temperature control. Later Need to compare Conventional PID and Advance Artificial Neural NetworkNARMA L2 Controller results which lead to decide which one is best for Chosen has a better performance than other.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
1. Control System for Chemical Thermal Processes and Its Usage for
Measurement of Collagen Shrinkage Temperature
PETR CHALUPA, MICHAELA BAŘINOVÁ, JAKUB NOVÁK, MARTIN BENEŠ
Regional Research Centre CEBIA-Tech, Faculty of applied Informatics
Tomas Bata University in Zlin
nam. T. G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlin
CZECH REPUBLIC
chalupa@fai.utb.cz, www.utb.cz
Abstract: - This paper presents a hardware controller designed for a real-time control of laboratory thermal
processes and describes its application to measurement of shrinkage temperature of collagen materials
stabilized by ionizing radiation is described. Both hardware and software of the controller is presented in the
paper. The controller can be used to control temperature of various technological and chemical processes. The
controller contains a temperature sensor and a pulse width modulation actuator for the AC power supply of a
thermal process. Fixed parameter control algorithms as well as adaptive control algorithms are programmed
into the controller. Control of heating mantle is presented as an example of a real-time application of the
controller. Measurement of shrinkage temperature is as an extension of heating mantle control is presented.
Key-Words: - temperature control, thermal process, adaptive control, collagen shrinkage
1 Introduction
Temperature control is a common task in many
technological processes. Almost all chemical
processes are temperature dependent and
temperature control is required to obtain precise
results. One of the simplest pieces of temperature
control equipment consists of an electric heater and
a temperature sensor used as a feedback. Such
instruments are very common in chemical
laboratories: a hot plate, an immersion heater,
heating mantle.
Common drawbacks of most of available
laboratory heaters, especially the low–cost ones, can
be seen in the following areas:
• There is no temperature sensor providing a
feedback.
• The temperature sensor measures temperature of
the heating element itself, not the part that
actually is to be heated (usually some liquid).
• Only a control with constant reference signal is
provided. The required temperature level can be
set manually.
• Controller behavior cannot be changed. The
controller is hard-wired and it is not possible to
define transient response of the system in terms
of e.g. defensive, slow and smooth control vs.
aggressive fast control with overshoots.
• The course of the reference signal (required
temperature), controlled signal (actual
temperature) and control signal (power of the
heater) is not recorded for further evaluation.
To cope with these drawbacks a universal
controller was designed and manufactured. This
controller and is presented in the paper. Despite the
fact that the presented controller is designed for
single input single output (SISO) systems it can be
applied also to suitable symmetric multivariable
systems using decoupling [1].
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2
describes the controller from the hardware point of
view; section 3 shortly presents controller’s
software. A heating mantle as an example of a
controlled system is presented in section 4. The
temperature control of the heating mantle is
described in section 5. Practical application of the
developed control system was measurement of
shrinkage temperature of collagen materials
stabilized by ionizing radiation which is presented
in section 6. A short conclusion is provided in
section 7.
2 Hardware of the controller
2.1 Controller overview
The controller is intended for usage with simple
heating elements that can be controlled by switching
their power supply on and off. Advanced heating
systems equipped with microcontrollers are not, in
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
Petr Chalupa, Michaela Bařinová,
Jakub Novák, Martin Beneš
E-ISSN: 2224-2856 445 Volume 10, 2015
2. general, suitable for usage with the proposed
controller.
A simple scheme of the controller is presented in
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Scheme of the controller
The controller is supplied by 230V AC and
controls 230V AC socket which is used to plug-in
the heating equipment. A pulse width modulation
(PWM) is applied to this socket to control the output
power of the heater. A temperature sensor Pt1000 is
connected to the controller to provide feedback for
the control system. A personal computer (PC) or a
laptop can be connected to the controller to achieve
the ability of on-line recording of controller input,
output, states and time. The controller itself contains
very simple user interface as can be seen from the
photograph of the controller which is presented in
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Photo of the controller
2.2 Hardware elements
The following main components were used to
manufacture the controller.
• Power supply. A transformer was used to
obtain 9V DC to supply for CPU and other
electronic parts.
• CPU. A Freescale MC9S08AC128
microcontroller was used a as heart of the
controller. It operates at 40 MHz and contains
128 kB of FLASH memory and 8kB of RAM
memory. Peripheral devices can be connected
via SPI or SCI serial interfaces. This CPU is
equipped with 16-channel AD converter with 10
bit resolution. Moreover it contains one dual-
channel and two 16-channel timers which can
be used for PWM. More detail can be found in
[2].
• External AD convertor. The controller is
equipped with MCP3551 AD converter
produced by Microchip Technology. It
communicates with CPU using SPI interface.
The resolution of the converter is 22 bits which
ensures sufficient preciseness of temperature
control even for wide range of operating points
[3]. Detail concerning connection of the AD
converter can be found in [4]
• EEPROM. A 32kB EEPROM memory by
ATMEL is used to store controller parameters
and other user settings. It is connected to SPI.
Detailes are available in [5].
• RS232 converter. A MAXIM RS232 converter
is used for interface of the controller and a PC.
• SSR. A solid stare relay (SSR) by Carlo
Gavazzi company is used as an actuator for the
230V AC output of the controller [6]. The
maximal switched current of the relay is 25A
which is enough for a laboratory deployment of
the controller. The changing of state of SSR
(switching on or off) is performed in
synchronous way: the switching is delayed until
the power-line voltage is passing through zero.
The controller contains several printed circuit
boards (PCB). All of them were designed using
CadSoft EAGLE PCB Design Software.
3 Software of the controller
This section briefly describes software equipment of
the controller. The first subchapter is focused on
user interface, remaining two subchapters a cope
with controller algorithms and on-line identification.
Controller
controlled
230V AC
temperature
sensor
power supply
230V AC
RS 232
connection to PC
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3. 3.1 User Interface
The user interface of the controller consists of
the following items as depicted in Fig. 2:
• display
• three LEDs (power on indicator, output
indicator, malfunction)
• on/off switch
• master stop button
• Esc and OK buttons
• arrow buttons
The arrow buttons together with Esc and OK
buttons are used to browse the menu and to change
settings.
The setting sections serves for defining various
parameters of the controller. The sample time is
used in measurement and RS232 communication;
each controller has its own sample time. It is
possible to define up to 10 reference signal courses.
Each reference signal is piecewise linear consisting
of up to 15 sections. It is also possible to define up
to 10 settings for each of the three types of the
controller. Controller types are discussed in the next
subsection. The thermometer calibration can be used
to precisely define relation between resistance of the
Pt1000 sensor and the temperature in °C.
The menu structure is presented in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 Menu structure
The controller submenu is used to select
appropriate reference signal, controller and to start
the control process.
The measurement menu is used to measure the
temperature only. This function can be used for
example for step response measurement.
3.2 Control Algorithms
The controller contains the following three different
control algorithms:
• adaptive dead-beat controller
• adaptive pole-placement controller
• discrete PID controller
The first two controllers belong to a self-tuning
controllers group [7], [8]. Adaptive controllers are
often used in chemical control problems [9]. An on-
line identification is used to obtain ARX model of
the controlled system. The structure of the control
loop is depicted in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 Control loop
The reference signal is represented by w(k);
symbols e(k), u(k), y(k) and n(k) represent control
error, control signal, output signal and disturbance
respectively. Q(z-1
) and P(z-1
) are polynomials of the
controller and B(z-1
) and A(z-1
) are polynomials of
the model of the controlled system. The coefficients
of controller polynomials are computed in each
sample step when adaptive controllers are used. The
discrete PID controller uses constant coefficients.
The transfer function of both adaptive controllers is
as follows:
( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
1 1 2
1 0 1 2
1 1 1
0 1
1
r
Q z q q z q z
G z
P z z p p z
− − −
−
− − −
+ +
= =
− +
(1)
The following transfer function describes
discrete PID controller:
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2
1 0 1 2
1
1
1
r
Q z q q z q z
G z
z
P z
− − −
−
−
−
+ +
= =
−
(2)
Parameters of the controllers can be set by a user
and therefore various control design techniques can
be used e.g. robust control [10] or advanced PID
tuning [11]. On the other hand application of
artificial intelligence [12] is beyond the limits of
controller hardware.
Main menu
Measurement
Selection of reference signal
Selection of the controller
Control course
Control
Measurement course
Settings
Sample time
Reference signal
Controllers’ parameters
Thermometer calibration
RS232 on/off
+
-
w(k) y(k)
n(k)
u(k)
e(k)
+
+
controller controlled
plant
( )
( )
1
1
Q z
P z
−
−
( )
( )
1
1
B z
A z
−
−
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4. 3.3 On-line Identification
Parameters of adaptive controllers are computed on
basis of the ARX model of the controlled system.
These adaptive controllers are based on the self-
tuning approach where on-line identification is used
to obtain ARX model [13]. The ARX model is
described by equation (3)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
T
s
y k k k e k
φ θ
= + (3)
where ( )
T
k
φ is the data vector and ( )
k
θ is the
vector of model parameters
Parameter estimates are updated in each step:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
1
1
C k k
k k e k
k
φ
θ θ
ξ
−
= − +
+
(4)
where
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
T
k k C k k
ξ φ φ
= − (5)
and ( )
ê k is prediction error
( ) ( ) ( )
ˆ ˆ
e k y k y k
= − (6)
Covariance matrix is updated in each step:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1
1
1
T
C k k k C k
C k C k
k
φ φ
ξ
− −
= − −
+
(7)
This basic form of on-line least squares method
can be further enhanced by exponential or adaptive
forgetting [14] to obtain more precise model of the
current behavior of the system. These modifications
are useful especially in case of nonlinear or time-
varying controlled system.
4 Heating mantle
4.1 Description of the Heating Mantle
The heating mantle is one of the often used pieces of
equipment in chemical laboratories. It consists of
spherical heating element connected to electric
power supply, a case and optionally a temperature
sensor with hysteresis which is used to switch the
power supply on or off. Such a heating mantle can
be used in connection with the proposed controller.
There are also more sophisticated heating
mantles in the market which are controlled by
microcontrollers but there are not suitable for the
proposed controller.
A scheme of heating mantle is depicted in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 Heating mantle scheme
The following parameters of the mantle are
presented in the Fig. 5:
• TO – ambient temperature [K]
• TH – temperature of heating element of the
mantle [K]
• TK – temperature of the liquid [K]
• VH – volume of the heating element [m3
]
• VK – volume of the liquid [m3
]
• P – electric power of the mantle [W]
• FHK – area of the bulb which is in contact with
the mantle [m2
]
• kHO – constant representing heat transfer from
the mantle to its environs. It contains transfer
from the heating element to the inner space of
the mantle, accumulation of the heat inside the
mantle as well as transfer from the heat case to
its environs. [W·K-1
]
• kKO – constant representing heat transfer from
the liquid to the environs. It is dependent on the
level of the liquid. [W·K-1
]
• αHK – constant representing heat transfer from
the heat element to the liquid. Heat capacity of
the bulb is neglected which is valid in case if
water level is not bellow the mantle margin
[W·m-2
·K-1
]
The first principle model of the mantle contains
also some other parameters:
• ρH – density of the heating element [kg·m-3
]
• ρK – density of the liquid [kg·m-3
]
• cpH – specific heat capacity of the heating
element [J·kg-1
·K-1
]
• cpK – specific heat capacity of the liquid [J·kg-
1
·K-1
]
• mH – weight of the heating element [kg]
• mK – weight of the liquid [kg]
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E-ISSN: 2224-2856 448 Volume 10, 2015
5. Typical laboratory heating mantle is depicted in
photograph in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6 Heating mantle
4.2 Mathematical model of the heating
mantle
The first principle model [15] of the heating
mantle is based on heat transfer balances. The heat
balance of the mantle:
Heat from the
heating element
Heat transferred
to the liquid
Heat transferred
to environs
Heat accumulated in
the heating element
⎧ ⎫
=
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭
⎧ ⎫
+
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭
⎧ ⎫
+
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭
( ) ( )
HK HK H K HO H O
H
H H pH
P F T T k T T
dT
V c
dt
α
ρ
= ⋅ ⋅ − + ⋅ − +
+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
(8)
Heat balance of the bulb is described by the
following equation:
Heat transferred
from themantle
Heat transferred
to environs
Heat accumulated
in the liquid
⎧ ⎫
=
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭
⎧ ⎫
+
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭
⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭
( ) ( )
HK HK H K KO K O
K
K K pK
F T T k T T
dT
V c
dt
α
ρ
⋅ ⋅ − = ⋅ − +
+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
(9)
This simplified model can be used to create
dynamic linearized model of the system, which can
serve as a fundament for the control design. It is
obvious that the linearized model should be of the
second order because the first principle model has
two states.
The real system contains several nonlinearities
and is time dependent contrary to simplified first
principle model.
5 Control of Heating Mantle
The controller was verified using several heating
mantles and various liquids were heated. An
example of temperature control of propylene glycol
in a 480W heating mantle is presented in Fig. 7. A
pole placement adaptive controller was used in this
case.
Fig. 7 Pole placement control of 1000ml of
propylene glycol (480W mantle)
Heating of water in the same mantle is presented
in Fig.8. In this case a discrete PID control
algorithm was selected.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
time [s]
temperature [°C]
heating [%]
reference [°C]
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6. Fig. 8 Discrete PID control of 1500ml of water
(480W mantle)
It can be observed, that in both cases the control
algorithms coped with the task well.
6 Shrinkage of Collagen Materials
The controller was also used for control of water
temperature in task of measurement of shrinkage of
collagen materials. This task has been studied by
many scientists and remains interesting till today
[16], [17], [18].
Shrinkage temperatures of various collagen
materials stabilized by ionizing radiation were
measured.
Stabilization of collagen materials is important
not only for example in food processing industry,
but suitable and safe collagen stabilization methods
have recently become subject of intensive research
especially in relation to its medicinal applications.
Collagen as natural material shows excellent
biocompatibility, however in its native form is
relatively unstable, with low mechanical strength.
This so far limits its applications in particularly
tissue engineering [19]. Stabilization (physical,
chemical or a combination of both) leads to
improvement of the material mechanical and
thermal properties and substantially extends the
application area.
There are several methods how to evaluate the
extent of collagen stabilization. Shrinkage
temperature, as irreversible phase change of
collagen macromolecule and macroscopic display of
denaturation, gives basic information not only on
the degree of damage, but also on the degree of
stabilization (e.g. the quantity of cross links formed
in collagen structure). Combined effect of water and
temperature leads to a collapse of organized
collagen structure and to shrinkage of collagen
fibres by approx. one third of its original length. The
temperature at which most extensive length change
occurs is called hydrothermal shrinkage temperature
(TS).
In our case, the water was heated by electric
plate. The plate power supply was connected to the
output of the controller. The water inside the beaker
was mixed to obtain approximately the same
temperature inside its whole volume. Temperature
was measured by Pt1000 sensor connected to the
controller and the accuracy of the temperature
reference tracking was verified by classical
laboratory thermometer. The laboratory control
setup photograph is presented in Fig. 9.
In this case, the temperature should rise slowly to
be able to observe the shrinkage. An increase of
temperature by 2°C/min was requested and a
discrete PID controller was used to cope with this
task. The controller was tuned using nonlinear
optimization method to incorporate saturation to the
control design. A control course is presented in Fig.
10.
Fig. 9 Setup for measurement of shrinkage of
collagen materials
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
time [s]
temperature [°C]
heating [%]
reference [°C]
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7. .
Fig. 10 Temperature control – shrinkage of collagen
materials
The reference was set to 30°C in the last part of
its course (after 25 min). This represents the end of
experiment as the shrinkage was always observed
before. The temperature of the water cannot follow
this reference because no cooling was applied.
Moreover, reference tracking is not important in this
part as the experiment has already ended.
Examples of measurement of collagen shrinkage
temperature for several different collagen samples
are presented in Fig. 11, Fig. 12 and Fig 13. It can
be seen that shrinkage occurred in all cases but
different samples had different shrinkage
temperature depending especially on the applied
ionizing radiation.
Fig. 11 Measurement of collagen shrinkage
temperature (sample 1)
Fig. 12 Measurement of collagen shrinkage
temperature (sample 2)
Fig. 12 Measurement of collagen shrinkage
temperature (sample 2)
Measurement of shrinkage temperature was
performed using a collagen material of known
length which was fixed on a glass provided with a
scale line and put in water the temperature of which
was around 25°C. The water was heated in the said
rate and collagen length was recorded at every time
when the temperature changed by 2°C. The
dependence of the material length on temperature
was plotted in the graph and the shrinkage
temperature was determined as the temperature of
most dramatic length change.
7 Acknowledgment
The work was performed with financial support of
research project NPU I No. MSMT-7778/2014 by
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
time [min]
temperature [°C]
reference [°C]
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
35.5
36
36.5
37
37.5
38
38.5
39
39.5
temperature [°C]
sample
length
[mm]
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
temperature [°C]
sample
length
[mm]
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
temperature [°C]
sample
length
[mm]
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E-ISSN: 2224-2856 451 Volume 10, 2015
8. the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic
and also by the European Regional Development
Fund under the Project CEBIA-Tech No.
CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0089.
8 Conclusion
A controller for laboratory thermal processes was
presented in this paper. Both hardware and software
of the controller were described.
One of the main advantages of the designed
controller can be seen in its applicability to a current
simple laboratory heating or cooling systems. These
simple systems either do not contain feedback at all
or use just a feedback from the heating element and
simple control algorithm. The presented controller
allows for more sophisticated control algorithms
based on a feedback from the heated liquid.
Real time experiments of control of a heating
mantle and control of water temperature as a support
for the measurement of the shrinkage temperature of
collagen material were presented. Real-time
experiments proved applicability of the controller in
chemical laboratory.
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