This document discusses future directions for electronic computing as Moore's Law reaches its limits. [1] Moore's Law, which stated that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every two years, is failing as physical limits are reached. [2] Quantum computing and new technologies like single-electron transistors are discussed as potential ways to continue advancing computing power beyond conventional chips, but each faces challenges. [3] The conclusion is that while hardware performance growth has slowed, software efficiency improvements may still provide gains, and new computing architectures like parallel processing, analog, optical, and quantum computers will likely play a larger role going forward.

1. Future Directions in
Electronic Computing and
Information Processing
Submitted by:
Yatish Bathla
Hamzeh Khalili

2. Why we need this Step?
 Early Failure of Moore’s Law
Negative Result:
o IBM has recently given up its PC market.
o doubts about the validity of the “law” can
negatively influence share prices of
Processor firms
 some exotic new technologies such as nano
electronics or quantum computing would be
able to save us from this slowdown

3. Moore’s Law
 The law is named after Intel co-founder
Gordon E. Moore
 Number of transistors that can be placed
inexpensively on an integrated circuit
doubles approximately every two years
 The capabilities of many digital electronic
devices are strongly linked to Moore's law:
 processing speed
 memory capacity
 sensors
 number and size of pixels in digital
cameras

4. Moore’s Law
 As a consequence
Scaling Algorithm was
developed.
 It states “Device size
would decrease by a
factor 0.7 every three
year.”
 Today Intel Pentium
size is around 90 nm

5. Moore’s Law
 exponential improvement has dramatically
enhanced the impact of digital electronics in
nearly every segment of the world economy
 Moore's law describes a driving force of
technological and social change in the late
20th and early 21st centuries
 Moore’s second law: Capital cost of a
semiconductor fabrication also increases
exponentially over time

6. Failure Of Moore’s Law
 Failure took place much earlier in 2004 when
intel’s failed to move from 90 nm to 60 nm
 Reason:
 Decreasing bits-per-joule energy efficiency
due to the leakage current
 synergic effects of the increasing thermal
noise, heat dissipation and bandwidth during
miniaturization would manifest themselves in
either a high bit-error rate or chip overheating

7. Potential ways of improvements
by classical information
Parallel Processing
 it cannot save Moore’s law because the law is
meant for a single chip. Even if we disregard
Moore’s law, we are facing serious problems with
the more than 100 W of today’s microprocessors.
 Parallel processing is useful, but the help it can
offer is limited by the total energy dissipation of
the computer.

8. Single-Electron Technology
Ray to Save Moore Law
 To reduce processor size, it must need to
reach a reasonable bit-error rate at room
temperature, the quantum-dot size had to be
kept at or below 1 nm
 But VLSI chips with I nm size are not feasible
and next to impossible

9. Quantum Computing
 Device for computation that makes direct
use of quantum mechanical phenomena,
such as superposition and entanglement,
to perform operations on data
 Use qubits and represent the state of an n-
qubit system on a classical computer would
require the storage of 2n complex
coefficients
 Large-scale quantum computers could be
able to solve certain problems much faster
than any classical computer

10. Advantage: Quantum
Computing
• Quantum Fourier transform algorithm to find the period
of a function that is known in advance to be periodic,
exponentially faster than with a classical algorithm
• Shor's algorithm or the simulation of quantum many-
body systems calculate almost 20 times faster integer
factorization as Classical computers
• provide a polynomial speedup over a classical algorithm,
example: “quantum search” algorithm discovered. This
would allow one to locate a particular
• item in a “database” of N entries with only of the order of
under root N queries, as opposed to the typical order of
queries N/2 one expects when dealing with classical
computers

11. Disadvantage: Quantum
Computing
 De-coherence: when a measurement of any type is
made to a quantum system, decoherence breaks
down and the wave function collapses into a single
state
 qubits are not digital bits of data thus they cannot
use as conventional error correction
 “quantum CPU” will have efficiency and heating
problems of their own
 minimum energy requirement for the quantum
logical operations is five times than classical
computer

12. Conclusion
 The exponential evolution of hardware performance
has ended
 space for evolution is basically in the potential
improvement of the efficiency of the software
 Currently there is no new technology on the horizon
to improve this efficiency.
 In Future near-to-distant future, more sophisticated,
custom-made parallel-processing clusters, as well
as conventional analog, optical, and quantum
computers will arise

13. Gracious