1. FTIR spectroscopy can now be used to study protein structure as it requires small protein amounts and can separate overlapping signals, avoiding issues like fluorescence.
2. The technique monitors the amide bonds within proteins, which absorb across the mid-IR spectrum and provide information about secondary structure elements like alpha helices and beta sheets.
3. Major bands like amide I and II arise from vibrations of the peptide backbone and are sensitive to conformation.
This document discusses infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It provides information on:
1. The basic theory and principles of infrared spectroscopy, including how molecular vibrations and rotations can be detected via infrared light absorption.
2. An overview of FTIR instrumentation, including how an interferometer is used to collect infrared absorption data in the time domain that is then converted to the frequency domain via a Fourier transform.
3. Performance characteristics and advantages of FTIR, such as its ability to collect an entire infrared spectrum simultaneously with high signal-to-noise ratio compared to dispersive instruments.
The document discusses Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopy. It provides an introduction to Fourier transforms and their use in converting time domain NMR spectra to frequency domain spectra. It describes the components of an FT-NMR instrument, including an RF transmitter coil, magnet, receiver coil, and computer. Key advantages of FT-NMR are its dramatic increase in sensitivity over continuous wave NMR, allowing detection of samples under 5 mg, and its ability to rapidly provide high signal-to-noise ratio spectra.
1. 1H NMR spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze compounds by detecting hydrogen nuclei in a magnetic field. It provides information about functional groups, number of nuclei, and structure of compounds.
2. The principle involves hydrogen nuclei absorbing radio frequencies matching their Larmor frequency in an applied magnetic field. This absorption is measured to produce an NMR spectrum.
3. Factors like electronegativity, magnetic anisotropy, and spin-spin coupling influence the chemical shifts observed on the NMR spectrum, allowing identification of functional groups and structure elucidation.
This document discusses various 2D NMR techniques used in pharmaceutical analysis including COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC, and INADEQUATE. It explains the principles and applications of each technique. COSY identifies protons that are coupled through bonds, while NOESY identifies protons that are spatially close. HSQC and HMBC correlate 1H and 13C signals to determine connectivity. INADEQUATE directly shows 13C-13C connectivity but has low sensitivity. Together, these 2D NMR methods provide detailed structural information about pharmaceutical compounds.
In this slides contains principle and instrumentation of Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC).
Presented by: N Poojitha. (Department of pharmaceutics),
RIPER, anantapur.
This document provides an overview of C-13 NMR spectroscopy. It discusses the history and principle of NMR spectroscopy, focusing on C-13. Key points include: C-13 has a nuclear spin of 1/2, allowing it to be detected by NMR, unlike C-12. The chemical shift range for C-13 is much broader than for proton NMR, from 0-220 ppm. The number of C-13 signals indicates the number of non-equivalent carbon types in a molecule. C-13 coupling is observed with directly bonded protons and other nearby nuclei. Applications of C-13 NMR include structure elucidation of organic and biochemical compounds.
Interpretation of organic compounds by IR, NMR and Mass SpectrometryAshitoshPanchal
This document discusses various spectroscopy techniques for analyzing organic compounds, including infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry. It describes attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-IR spectroscopy and how it works. It also explains 2D NMR techniques like COSY spectroscopy and how they provide more structural information than 1D NMR. Finally, it discusses how mass spectrometry works and common fragmentation patterns seen in mass spectra for different functional groups like alkanes, cycloalkanes, and compounds containing isotopes.
1. FTIR spectroscopy can now be used to study protein structure as it requires small protein amounts and can separate overlapping signals, avoiding issues like fluorescence.
2. The technique monitors the amide bonds within proteins, which absorb across the mid-IR spectrum and provide information about secondary structure elements like alpha helices and beta sheets.
3. Major bands like amide I and II arise from vibrations of the peptide backbone and are sensitive to conformation.
This document discusses infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It provides information on:
1. The basic theory and principles of infrared spectroscopy, including how molecular vibrations and rotations can be detected via infrared light absorption.
2. An overview of FTIR instrumentation, including how an interferometer is used to collect infrared absorption data in the time domain that is then converted to the frequency domain via a Fourier transform.
3. Performance characteristics and advantages of FTIR, such as its ability to collect an entire infrared spectrum simultaneously with high signal-to-noise ratio compared to dispersive instruments.
The document discusses Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopy. It provides an introduction to Fourier transforms and their use in converting time domain NMR spectra to frequency domain spectra. It describes the components of an FT-NMR instrument, including an RF transmitter coil, magnet, receiver coil, and computer. Key advantages of FT-NMR are its dramatic increase in sensitivity over continuous wave NMR, allowing detection of samples under 5 mg, and its ability to rapidly provide high signal-to-noise ratio spectra.
1. 1H NMR spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze compounds by detecting hydrogen nuclei in a magnetic field. It provides information about functional groups, number of nuclei, and structure of compounds.
2. The principle involves hydrogen nuclei absorbing radio frequencies matching their Larmor frequency in an applied magnetic field. This absorption is measured to produce an NMR spectrum.
3. Factors like electronegativity, magnetic anisotropy, and spin-spin coupling influence the chemical shifts observed on the NMR spectrum, allowing identification of functional groups and structure elucidation.
This document discusses various 2D NMR techniques used in pharmaceutical analysis including COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC, and INADEQUATE. It explains the principles and applications of each technique. COSY identifies protons that are coupled through bonds, while NOESY identifies protons that are spatially close. HSQC and HMBC correlate 1H and 13C signals to determine connectivity. INADEQUATE directly shows 13C-13C connectivity but has low sensitivity. Together, these 2D NMR methods provide detailed structural information about pharmaceutical compounds.
In this slides contains principle and instrumentation of Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC).
Presented by: N Poojitha. (Department of pharmaceutics),
RIPER, anantapur.
This document provides an overview of C-13 NMR spectroscopy. It discusses the history and principle of NMR spectroscopy, focusing on C-13. Key points include: C-13 has a nuclear spin of 1/2, allowing it to be detected by NMR, unlike C-12. The chemical shift range for C-13 is much broader than for proton NMR, from 0-220 ppm. The number of C-13 signals indicates the number of non-equivalent carbon types in a molecule. C-13 coupling is observed with directly bonded protons and other nearby nuclei. Applications of C-13 NMR include structure elucidation of organic and biochemical compounds.
Interpretation of organic compounds by IR, NMR and Mass SpectrometryAshitoshPanchal
This document discusses various spectroscopy techniques for analyzing organic compounds, including infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry. It describes attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-IR spectroscopy and how it works. It also explains 2D NMR techniques like COSY spectroscopy and how they provide more structural information than 1D NMR. Finally, it discusses how mass spectrometry works and common fragmentation patterns seen in mass spectra for different functional groups like alkanes, cycloalkanes, and compounds containing isotopes.
UPLC is an improved version of HPLC that provides higher resolution, speed, and sensitivity. It uses smaller particle sizes of 1.7μm in its columns compared to 4μm in HPLC columns. This allows for faster separations using shorter columns or higher flow rates. UPLC also uses less solvent and reduces analysis times. It has various applications like analysis of natural products, metabolites, bioanalysis, ADME screening, dissolution testing, method development and validation, forced degradation studies, impurity profiling, and analysis in manufacturing and quality control.
NMR stands for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. It is a scientific technique used to study the structure, composition, and dynamics of molecules. In NMR spectroscopy, a sample is placed in a strong magnetic field and subjected to radiofrequency radiation. The atomic nuclei in the sample, particularly those with a nonzero spin, absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation at specific frequencies. By measuring the frequencies at which the nuclei resonate, valuable information about the chemical environment and connectivity of the atoms in the molecule can be obtained. It is a powerful tool for chemists and other scientists working in fields related to molecular analysis and characterization.
Similarities and differences between 1D and 2D NMR techniques are broadly illustrated here:
In this slide contains instrumentation of Fourier-Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (FT-NMR).
Presented by: P. Venkatesh. (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantpur.
Fluorescence spectroscopy analyzes the fluorescent properties of molecules. It works by exciting a molecule to a higher electronic state using a photon, causing it to emit a photon of lower energy as it returns to the ground state. The difference in wavelengths allows detection of emission photons. Key aspects covered include the principles of absorption and emission, instrumentation used, and different types of data that can be recorded such as fluorescence measurements, steady state techniques, and fluorescence anisotropy/polarization.
2-D NMR provides more information than 1-D NMR by collecting data in two frequency dimensions rather than one. It involves applying two pulses separated by a short evolution period to excite nuclei. This results in two free induction decay signals which are Fourier transformed to yield a spectrum with frequencies plotted on two axes. The different types of 2-D NMR experiments, such as COSY and HETCOR, provide information about connectivities between nuclei and help elucidate complex molecular structures.
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy is a sampling technique used in infrared spectroscopy that allows samples to be examined directly in the solid or liquid state without preparation. It works by using an infrared beam that undergoes total internal reflection within an ATR crystal, producing an evanescent wave that extends into the sample in contact with the crystal. This evanescent wave causes absorption bands within the sample that are detected to produce its infrared spectrum. ATR offers advantages like speed and little sample preparation, but disadvantages include some crystal absorption and the need for good contact between the sample and crystal.
The document discusses the Van-Deemter equation, which describes the relationship between column efficiency and linear velocity in chromatography. It explains the three main sources of band broadening: A) eddy diffusion, which increases with larger particle size; B) longitudinal diffusion, which increases at low flow rates; and C) resistance to mass transfer, which increases with thicker stationary or mobile phases or smaller particle size. The Van-Deemter equation can be used to optimize the mobile phase velocity and compare performance of different stationary phases by measuring peak broadening (HETP) at varying flow rates.
NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) is a 2D NMR technique used to identify nuclear spins undergoing cross-relaxation and measure their rates. It provides information about which proton resonances are from protons close in space. NOESY experiments exploit the nuclear Overhauser effect to observe through-space dipolar couplings. One application is in protein NMR to assign structures by sequential walking. It is useful for determining the stereochemistry of biomolecules in solution.
PRINCIPLES of FT-NMR & 13C NMR
Fourier Transform
FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR SPECTROSCOPY
THEORY OF FT-NMR
13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Principle
Why C13-NMR is required though we have H1-NMR?
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF 13 C NMR
Chemical Shifts
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER ENHANCEMENT
Short-Comings of 13C-NMR Spectra
Spin-lattice & spin-spin relaxation, signal splitting & signal multiplicity concepts briefly explained relevant to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
This document provides an overview of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. It explains that FT-IR spectroscopy uses an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously, whereas dispersive infrared spectroscopy measures them sequentially. This allows FT-IR to produce spectra much faster. The document also outlines the key components of an FT-IR system, including the Michelson interferometer, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, and how a Fourier transform is used to convert the interferogram signal into an infrared spectrum. Finally, some advantages of FT-IR are noted, such as improved sensitivity and ability to analyze a wide range of sample types.
1) 13C NMR spectroscopy provides valuable structural information when 1H NMR is insufficient or ambiguous. It directly detects carbon atoms and gives signals based on their chemical environment rather than hydrogen bonding.
2) 13C NMR spectra contain information about the number and types of carbon atoms present based on the number of signals and their chemical shifts. The chemical shifts are influenced by factors like hybridization and electronegativity.
3) Techniques like proton decoupling and DEPT allow differentiation of carbon types like CH, CH2, and CH3 based on their signal behavior under different pulse sequences.
The document discusses measuring the molar extinction coefficient of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) films deposited on titanium dioxide (TiO2) using different solvents. It defines molar extinction coefficient and how it relates to light absorption.Graphs show extinction coefficient values of 1.49x105 M-1cm-1 for PPIX/TiO2 in DMF, 1.15x105 M-1cm-1 in THF, and 1.26x105 M-1cm-1 in a t-butanol:acetonitrile mix. DMF yielded the highest value. The extinction coefficient determines light harvesting efficiency and dye-sensitized solar cell performance.
HPTLC is a sophisticated form of thin layer chromatography that allows for quantitative analysis. It works on the same principles as TLC by separating components via adsorption as the mobile phase moves up the stationary phase. Key steps involve pretreating and selecting plates, applying samples as spots or bands, developing the plate in a solvent, detecting and visualizing separated components under UV light or staining, and using a densitometer to quantify results by converting spots into peaks. HPTLC provides advantages over TLC such as faster and more accurate quantification of components in samples.
The document discusses infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy. It begins by defining IR spectroscopy and explaining that it deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It then discusses the different IR regions and how IR radiation causes molecular vibrations when it hits a molecule. The document goes on to describe different types of molecular vibrations including stretching, bending, scissoring, and twisting vibrations. It also discusses factors that affect vibrational frequencies such as atomic mass and bond strength. Finally, it briefly discusses instrumentation used in IR spectroscopy such as sources, sample cells, detectors, and the applications of IR spectroscopy.
The document discusses two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR). 2D NMR provides more structural information about molecules than 1D NMR. There are several types of 2D NMR experiments that provide different information, including COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, and NOESY. These experiments establish correlations between nuclei that are directly bonded or spatially close. 2D NMR is useful for determining molecular structures, especially of complex biomolecules like proteins.
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy allows samples to be examined directly in the solid or liquid state without preparation by passing infrared radiation through an infrared-transmitting crystal with a high refractive index. The infrared beam undergoes total internal reflection within the crystal and evanescent waves penetrate into the sample in contact with the crystal, producing its infrared spectrum. ATR is useful for analyzing liquids, solids, powders, and other samples with little preparation and can be applied in fields like pharmaceuticals, chemicals, forensics, and biomedical research.
FT-NMR uses Fourier transforms to convert time domain signals from nuclear magnetic resonance into frequency domain spectra. The sample is placed in a strong magnet and exposed to pulses of radio frequency radiation, producing a free induction decay signal that is recorded over time. This time domain signal is then digitized and analyzed using a Fourier transform program on a computer to produce the frequency domain NMR spectrum. FT-NMR provides higher sensitivity than continuous wave NMR, allowing analysis of smaller sample sizes.
Coupling vibration in IR(Infra Red) spectroscopy and their significance.D.R. Chandravanshi
Introduction, Coupling vibration, Requirements for effective coupling, References.
coupling occurs in IR by stretching and bending vibration, symmetrical and asymmetrical stretching vibration.
FTIR spectroscopy involves using infrared light to analyze materials. It works by passing infrared light through a sample and measuring the vibrations and rotations of molecules to determine chemical structure. Common applications of FTIR spectroscopy include identifying polymers, analyzing pharmaceuticals and contaminants, monitoring emissions, and performing quality control tests of materials.
UPLC is an improved version of HPLC that provides higher resolution, speed, and sensitivity. It uses smaller particle sizes of 1.7μm in its columns compared to 4μm in HPLC columns. This allows for faster separations using shorter columns or higher flow rates. UPLC also uses less solvent and reduces analysis times. It has various applications like analysis of natural products, metabolites, bioanalysis, ADME screening, dissolution testing, method development and validation, forced degradation studies, impurity profiling, and analysis in manufacturing and quality control.
NMR stands for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. It is a scientific technique used to study the structure, composition, and dynamics of molecules. In NMR spectroscopy, a sample is placed in a strong magnetic field and subjected to radiofrequency radiation. The atomic nuclei in the sample, particularly those with a nonzero spin, absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation at specific frequencies. By measuring the frequencies at which the nuclei resonate, valuable information about the chemical environment and connectivity of the atoms in the molecule can be obtained. It is a powerful tool for chemists and other scientists working in fields related to molecular analysis and characterization.
Similarities and differences between 1D and 2D NMR techniques are broadly illustrated here:
In this slide contains instrumentation of Fourier-Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (FT-NMR).
Presented by: P. Venkatesh. (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantpur.
Fluorescence spectroscopy analyzes the fluorescent properties of molecules. It works by exciting a molecule to a higher electronic state using a photon, causing it to emit a photon of lower energy as it returns to the ground state. The difference in wavelengths allows detection of emission photons. Key aspects covered include the principles of absorption and emission, instrumentation used, and different types of data that can be recorded such as fluorescence measurements, steady state techniques, and fluorescence anisotropy/polarization.
2-D NMR provides more information than 1-D NMR by collecting data in two frequency dimensions rather than one. It involves applying two pulses separated by a short evolution period to excite nuclei. This results in two free induction decay signals which are Fourier transformed to yield a spectrum with frequencies plotted on two axes. The different types of 2-D NMR experiments, such as COSY and HETCOR, provide information about connectivities between nuclei and help elucidate complex molecular structures.
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy is a sampling technique used in infrared spectroscopy that allows samples to be examined directly in the solid or liquid state without preparation. It works by using an infrared beam that undergoes total internal reflection within an ATR crystal, producing an evanescent wave that extends into the sample in contact with the crystal. This evanescent wave causes absorption bands within the sample that are detected to produce its infrared spectrum. ATR offers advantages like speed and little sample preparation, but disadvantages include some crystal absorption and the need for good contact between the sample and crystal.
The document discusses the Van-Deemter equation, which describes the relationship between column efficiency and linear velocity in chromatography. It explains the three main sources of band broadening: A) eddy diffusion, which increases with larger particle size; B) longitudinal diffusion, which increases at low flow rates; and C) resistance to mass transfer, which increases with thicker stationary or mobile phases or smaller particle size. The Van-Deemter equation can be used to optimize the mobile phase velocity and compare performance of different stationary phases by measuring peak broadening (HETP) at varying flow rates.
NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) is a 2D NMR technique used to identify nuclear spins undergoing cross-relaxation and measure their rates. It provides information about which proton resonances are from protons close in space. NOESY experiments exploit the nuclear Overhauser effect to observe through-space dipolar couplings. One application is in protein NMR to assign structures by sequential walking. It is useful for determining the stereochemistry of biomolecules in solution.
PRINCIPLES of FT-NMR & 13C NMR
Fourier Transform
FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR SPECTROSCOPY
THEORY OF FT-NMR
13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Principle
Why C13-NMR is required though we have H1-NMR?
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF 13 C NMR
Chemical Shifts
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER ENHANCEMENT
Short-Comings of 13C-NMR Spectra
Spin-lattice & spin-spin relaxation, signal splitting & signal multiplicity concepts briefly explained relevant to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
This document provides an overview of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. It explains that FT-IR spectroscopy uses an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously, whereas dispersive infrared spectroscopy measures them sequentially. This allows FT-IR to produce spectra much faster. The document also outlines the key components of an FT-IR system, including the Michelson interferometer, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, and how a Fourier transform is used to convert the interferogram signal into an infrared spectrum. Finally, some advantages of FT-IR are noted, such as improved sensitivity and ability to analyze a wide range of sample types.
1) 13C NMR spectroscopy provides valuable structural information when 1H NMR is insufficient or ambiguous. It directly detects carbon atoms and gives signals based on their chemical environment rather than hydrogen bonding.
2) 13C NMR spectra contain information about the number and types of carbon atoms present based on the number of signals and their chemical shifts. The chemical shifts are influenced by factors like hybridization and electronegativity.
3) Techniques like proton decoupling and DEPT allow differentiation of carbon types like CH, CH2, and CH3 based on their signal behavior under different pulse sequences.
The document discusses measuring the molar extinction coefficient of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) films deposited on titanium dioxide (TiO2) using different solvents. It defines molar extinction coefficient and how it relates to light absorption.Graphs show extinction coefficient values of 1.49x105 M-1cm-1 for PPIX/TiO2 in DMF, 1.15x105 M-1cm-1 in THF, and 1.26x105 M-1cm-1 in a t-butanol:acetonitrile mix. DMF yielded the highest value. The extinction coefficient determines light harvesting efficiency and dye-sensitized solar cell performance.
HPTLC is a sophisticated form of thin layer chromatography that allows for quantitative analysis. It works on the same principles as TLC by separating components via adsorption as the mobile phase moves up the stationary phase. Key steps involve pretreating and selecting plates, applying samples as spots or bands, developing the plate in a solvent, detecting and visualizing separated components under UV light or staining, and using a densitometer to quantify results by converting spots into peaks. HPTLC provides advantages over TLC such as faster and more accurate quantification of components in samples.
The document discusses infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy. It begins by defining IR spectroscopy and explaining that it deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It then discusses the different IR regions and how IR radiation causes molecular vibrations when it hits a molecule. The document goes on to describe different types of molecular vibrations including stretching, bending, scissoring, and twisting vibrations. It also discusses factors that affect vibrational frequencies such as atomic mass and bond strength. Finally, it briefly discusses instrumentation used in IR spectroscopy such as sources, sample cells, detectors, and the applications of IR spectroscopy.
The document discusses two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR). 2D NMR provides more structural information about molecules than 1D NMR. There are several types of 2D NMR experiments that provide different information, including COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, and NOESY. These experiments establish correlations between nuclei that are directly bonded or spatially close. 2D NMR is useful for determining molecular structures, especially of complex biomolecules like proteins.
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy allows samples to be examined directly in the solid or liquid state without preparation by passing infrared radiation through an infrared-transmitting crystal with a high refractive index. The infrared beam undergoes total internal reflection within the crystal and evanescent waves penetrate into the sample in contact with the crystal, producing its infrared spectrum. ATR is useful for analyzing liquids, solids, powders, and other samples with little preparation and can be applied in fields like pharmaceuticals, chemicals, forensics, and biomedical research.
FT-NMR uses Fourier transforms to convert time domain signals from nuclear magnetic resonance into frequency domain spectra. The sample is placed in a strong magnet and exposed to pulses of radio frequency radiation, producing a free induction decay signal that is recorded over time. This time domain signal is then digitized and analyzed using a Fourier transform program on a computer to produce the frequency domain NMR spectrum. FT-NMR provides higher sensitivity than continuous wave NMR, allowing analysis of smaller sample sizes.
Coupling vibration in IR(Infra Red) spectroscopy and their significance.D.R. Chandravanshi
Introduction, Coupling vibration, Requirements for effective coupling, References.
coupling occurs in IR by stretching and bending vibration, symmetrical and asymmetrical stretching vibration.
FTIR spectroscopy involves using infrared light to analyze materials. It works by passing infrared light through a sample and measuring the vibrations and rotations of molecules to determine chemical structure. Common applications of FTIR spectroscopy include identifying polymers, analyzing pharmaceuticals and contaminants, monitoring emissions, and performing quality control tests of materials.
Spotlight on Analytical Applications e-Zine - Volume 9PerkinElmer, Inc.
This document provides key analytical applications to help laboratories address the pressing concerns of the changing global landscape. Specifically, Volume 9 includes applications for Energy & Industrial, Environmental, Food & Beverage, and Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals and Forensics & Toxicology.
The document provides information about an online training for a Vitalograph study team. The training aims to standardize testing procedures across sites, limit sources of error, and ensure the correct selection and quality of spirometry, peak expiratory flow, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide test results and data. The module objectives are to teach participants how to set up the pulmonary function testing system, spirometer, backup drive, NIOX MINO device, and e-diary.
4th International Conference on Process Analytical Technologies in Organic Pr...dominev
This case study describes how in-line FTIR was used as a PAT tool to monitor and control a continuous multi-step process for producing 6-hydroxybuspirone. Real-time FTIR measurements allowed for precise control of base to substrate ratios, minimizing unwanted side products and waste. The continuous process was successfully developed at lab scale and then transferred to a pilot plant reactor, demonstrating the value of PAT tools for facilitating scale-up and ensuring product quality.
FT-IR spectroscopy Instrumentation and Application, By- Anubhav singh, M.pharmAnubhav Singh
This document discusses instrumentation and applications of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It begins by explaining the basic principles of FTIR spectroscopy, how it works, and its advantages over dispersive infrared spectroscopy. It then describes various applications of FTIR spectroscopy like polymer processing, plasma etching, identification of materials, and analysis of formulations. Specific examples discussed include drying and curing polymers, monitoring plasma etching, identifying contamination, and distinguishing different functional groups in molecules. The document concludes by noting the advantages, limitations, and comparison of FTIR spectroscopy to dispersive infrared spectroscopy.
Gel documentation systems are used to image and document nucleic acid and protein gels stained with ethidium bromide. They typically consist of a UV light source, hood, and camera. Ethidium bromide fluorescence allows visualization of DNA/RNA bands under UV light. Larger amounts of nucleic acid bind more ethidium bromide and appear brighter. Gel doc systems are used to capture and analyze gel images for applications like electrophoresis, blotting, and colony counting. Components include the camera, lenses, illuminator, stage, and software for image processing and analysis.
The document summarizes the 2012 iGEM competition project from Carnegie Mellon University. The team developed fluorescent biosensors to characterize promoters by tagging mRNA with Spinach and proteins with a fluorogen activating protein (FAP). They created new inducible promoters and used fluorescence measurements and a mathematical model to characterize transcription and translation rates. The goal was to provide a better way to measure cellular activity without disrupting cells.
This document discusses the various applications of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in medicine and dentistry. It begins by describing how FTIR is used to identify functional groups and elucidate molecular structures through analysis of absorption peaks. It then explains how FTIR can be used to identify substances, study the progress of chemical reactions, detect impurities, and enable quantitative analysis. The document also discusses applications of FTIR in analyzing human tissues and biofluids to diagnose diseases and cancers. It provides examples of FTIR analysis of human hair and teeth. In conclusion, FTIR spectroscopy is presented as a valuable clinical tool for analyzing biomolecular changes in tissues and assessing factors like degree of conversion in dental composites
The document describes a new tablet-sized device called the iFOCUS for isoelectric focusing (IEF) of proteins and peptides. It has a smaller size and lower cost than competing devices due to the elimination of unnecessary features like cooling systems. The iFOCUS has high performance IEF capabilities at one-fourth the cost of other devices. It uses optimized protocols and reagents developed over decades of experience to provide versatile, high-resolution IEF separation in under 12 hours for most samples. The iFOCUS is suitable for both clinical and basic research applications of proteomics.
FTIR stands for Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, which is used to obtain infrared spectra of materials to identify unknown polymers and impurities. FTIR can identify unknown materials, determine sample quality, and detect mixture components. It works by passing infrared radiation through a sample, which absorbs different wavelengths depending on the molecular structure. This absorption spectrum is unique to different compounds, making FTIR useful for analysis. It contains a source, interferometer, sample holder, detector, and computer. The interferometer splits and recombines the infrared beam to produce an interferogram, which the detector then measures to create the absorption spectrum.
Creative BioMart has more than 20 years of experience in protein characterization. We have extensive experience in developing and establishing protein identification methods to help our customers generate the data they need to obtain the level of product identification required for regulatory submission. These characterization services are also part of our stability and product launch support services, where we provide critical identity, purity, and performance measurements.
The document summarizes the use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for pesticide detection and controlled delivery. It provides an overview of MIPs, including their history, components, imprinting techniques, applications, and limitations. It then discusses three case studies where MIPs were used: 1) fluorescent quantum dot MIPs for detection of the pesticide diazinon in water samples, 2) MIP-coated optical fibers for sensitive detection of herbicides/insecticides, and 3) controlled release of the herbicide simazine from MIP granules to prevent algal bloom in ponds.
Quality Measurements Using NIR/MIR Spectroscopy: A Rotten Apple Could Turn Yo...TechRentals
Light interacts with a product's organic molecules causing variations in light absorption. The transmitted or reflected light can be measured with a spectrometer and the resultant spectral signature used to qualify or quantify properties of the product. The discussion will include - how light interacts with molecules, characteristics of the different electromagnetic spectral bands, in-line hardware required to collect light, and fundamentals of chemometrics.
Presenter -- Gary Brown
Gary Brown is one of the principle engineers with Australian Innovative Engineering and has spent the last 12+ years developing in-line instrumentation using NIR spectroscopy to measure properties of fresh fruit. He is now concentrating his efforts in applying the technology for in-line product authentication for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Are You Ready for Harmful Algal Bloom Season? | Preparing for HAB MonitoringXylem Inc.
This webinar presentation provides a foundational understanding of YSI Total Algae sensors, including how to calibrate them, which units to use, and how to interpret data gathered with the sensors. This webinar will be especially useful for new users and users transitioning from our legacy 6-series to our EXO and ProDSS platforms.
With the webinar presentation, and you’ll learn:
• Using algal pigments for early HAB detection
• 6-series chlorophyll and BGA vs. the new Total Algae (TAL) sensors
• Calibration with Rhadamine WT
• Choosing the right units
• The new cells/mL tool in KorEXO software
• Real-world data examples and challenges
Interested in total algae sampling? Check out the total algae sampling package at: https://www.ysi.com/prodss/tap-pc
The RA802 Pharmaceutical Analyser combines Renishaw's proprietary LiveTrackTM and StreamLineTM technologies to generate chemical images up to 150 times faster than conventional methods, whilst maintaining focus ? ensuring high quality pharmaceutical tablet imaging.
Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis- Principle , procedure and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
This document discusses isoelectric focusing (IEF), a technique that separates molecules like proteins based on differences in their isoelectric point (pI). IEF works by placing proteins in an immobilized pH gradient gel and applying an electric field, which causes the proteins to migrate until they reach the pH that matches their pI and become neutrally charged. Common applications of IEF include separating, characterizing, and purifying proteins and peptides, as well as its use in forensic analysis, taxonomy research, and genetic marker typing.
Phosphor imagers are scanning instruments that use storage phosphor technology to detect and quantify radioactivity on targets like DNA, RNA, proteins, and post-translational protein modifications. The imaging plate is coated with barium fluorobromide crystals containing europium that absorb radiation energy and emit light when scanned by a laser, allowing localization and quantification of radioactivity on samples. Phosphor imagers have advantages over film autoradiography like higher sensitivity, wider dynamic range, and not requiring chemicals or a darkroom.
13th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesisdominev
Combining real-time analytics and process control can enhance chemical development. FTIR was used as a PAT tool in two case studies:
1) Monitoring a deprotonation reaction in situ allowed precise endpoint determination, minimizing impurities. This improved process was successfully scaled up.
2) FTIR monitored three consecutive continuous reactions for a pharmaceutical intermediate. Real-time feedback controlled base feed rate and ensured proper stoichiometry, minimizing waste and impurities. This continuous process was also successfully scaled up.
Real-time flow analysis using FTIR allows more efficient process optimization, development, and scale-up through in-line monitoring and feedback control.
Similar to FTIR analysis of secondary structure of protein (20)
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of radiation absorbed by a sample. It works based on Beer-Lambert's law to measure the intensity of radiation as a function of wavelength. The amount of radiation absorbed by a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the solute. Spectrophotometers are used for quantitative analysis of solutes in solutions. They have components like a light source, monochromator, photometer, and sample holder. Common applications include measuring concentration of solutions, identifying organic compounds, and estimating color properties.
The document discusses enzymatic activity in foods. It defines enzymes as proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up reactions in living organisms. It describes how enzymes are made of amino acids linked into specific shapes that determine their functions. The document then discusses several theories of enzymatic action and factors that can affect enzymatic activity, such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. It also categorizes the six main types of enzymes and provides examples of how enzymes like polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase cause browning in fruits and vegetables. The document concludes with an overview of how to assay enzymatic activity, using polyphenol oxidase activity and catechol as a specific example.
Impact of westernization on Indian cultureAmit Chauhan
Westernization has adverse effects on Indian culture according to the document. Westernization occurs when a society adopts the cultural, economic, or political systems of Europe and North America. This can cause a society to leave its own culture behind for no reason, threatening traditions like lifestyle, diet, clothing, religion, philosophy, values, industry, technology, law, politics, and language. The document argues that while development may come and go, a society's roots in its culture should remain the same and need to be preserved.
Impact of westernization on Indian cultureAmit Chauhan
Westernization has occurred when a society adopts cultural, economic, or political systems from Europe and North America. This has impacted Indian culture by influencing ideas, customs, social behavior, lifestyle, diet, clothing, religion, philosophy, values, industry, technology, law, politics, and language. The document expresses concern that Indian culture is being left behind for no reason as roots should remain the same even as leaves like development come and go. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of teamwork and saving Indian cultural roots.
This document discusses the use of microscopy in food research. It introduces different types of microscopy including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM is described as having advantages over TEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for applications in food research. The document provides examples of SEM and TEM images and discusses obtaining practical experience using these microscopy techniques.
This document provides an overview of value addition products that can be made from groundnuts (peanuts). It begins with an introduction to groundnuts, including their nutritional value, production levels in India, and potential for value-added products. It then describes various groundnut products such as roasted nuts, chikki (jaggery candy), oil, meal, powder, milk and butter. Processing methods for these products are outlined in flow charts. The document also discusses uses of groundnut parts like hull, and issues like aflatoxin contamination. In conclusion, groundnuts are noted as a good source of protein and oil that can help fight malnutrition when used in value-added forms.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
1. FTIR analysisFourier Transform Infar-Red spectroscopy
Scope of
in food research
Non-Thermal Processing Laboratory
Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur
Visit us: https://www.myprotocol.net/Laboratory/
2. Why FTIR?
Fast, less sample requirement, non-destructive, qualitative & quantitative,
precise and great repeatability with many others benefits.
3.
4. Why Infra-Red?
• IR absorption occurs from the stretching and bending of the covalent
bonds in molecules.
• To be accompanied by IR absorption a stretch or bend must change the
dipole moment of the molecule.
• Molecules with symmetric bonds such as N2, O2, or F2 do not absorb
radiation in the infrared since bond stretching does not change the
dipole moment of the molecule.
14. How to proceed?
1. Obtain the FTIR spectrum data.
2. For quantitative analysis amount of sample as well as pallet is
important. These should be same. ( around 0.01 g sample and 0.5 g
pallet)
3. Get the software OMNIC or ORIGIN Pro versions.
4. Some supporting and reference literature.
5. Important steps are: Baseline correction, peak finding, height/area
of peaks, hidden peaks findings, deconvolution, curve fitting, area
calculations
It will be demonstrated how to proceed with FTIR
data for protein structure analysis (one of most
difficult analysis) with ORIGIN software.
20. Conclusion
• FTIR analysis is extensively used as non-destructive qualitative as well
as quantitative analysis for various types o samples.
• FTIR analysis can be used for oils, starch, protein, or any specific
functional component present in the sample.
• Care should be taken while removing background or doing baseline
correction.
• Proper literature should be there for assignment of spectral peaks.
• Chances of interpretational error can be very high if not properly
analyzed.
21. Thanks for your attention,
amitchauhan9091@gmail.com
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