Presented by: Md Tauquir Alam & Abida Khan Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Northern Border University

1. Presented by
Md Tauquir Alam
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Faculty of Pharmacy
Northern Border University

2. OUTLINE
WHAT IS FTIR?
FTIR PRINCIPAL
PROPERTIES OF FTIR
SPECIFICATION
SOP (OPRATING PROCEDURE)
(HOW THE INSTRUMENT WORKS)
HOW SOFTWARE WORKS
APPLICATION OF FTIR IN PHARAMACY

3. It is the technique used to obtain spectrum of absorption, emission The main aim is to
measure the amount of light absorbed by a sample at each wavelength
FTIR has application both in Qualitative and Quantitative. Analysis It is a non-destructive,
time saving method, can detect range of functional groups and is sensitive to change in
molecular structure.
Infrared spectroscopy is a powerful spectroscopy technique and can utilized for both
quantitative and qualitative analysis, as the output received is a detailed information
about the chemical composition of the substance in the IR
spectrum.

4. FTIR spectroscopy is an appealing technology for the food industry because
simple, rapid, and non-destructive measurements of chemical and physical
component scan be obtained (Saona et al. 2011).
 Advances in FTIR instrumentation combined with the development of powerful
multivariate data analysis methods make this technology ideal for large volume,
rapid screening and characterization of minor food components down to parts per
billion (ppb) levels (Saona et al. 2011

5. IR REGION
From application and instrumentation point of view infrared region is subdivided into

6. SOME CHARACTERISTIC INFRARED ABSORPTION PEAKS
Source:Skoog

7. PRINCIPLE
In any molecule , atoms or groups of atoms are connected by bonds which are similar
to springs and not rigid in nature.
Bonded atoms having different strengths due to different masses. Absorption of IR
energy will cause vibrational changes in molecule and a peak will be observed, when
Conditions to obtain IR spectrum
1) Selection rule for IR spectroscopy: Dipole moment of bonds should change
during vibration.
2) When Applied infrared frequency = Natural frequency of
vibration
3) When covalent bonds are polar in nature
When sample obeys these conditions, then it gets vibrated
by absorbing radiation and gives IR spectrum.

8. IR Chart

11. Properties of Peaks

12. Peaks Properties

13. Toluene
1. Saturated C-H Peak : ……………………………… cm-1
2. Unsaturated C=C Peak : ……………………………… cm-1
3. C-O Peak : ……………………………… cm-1

22. APPLICATIONS OF FTIR IN PHARMACY
Quality Control
 Infrared spectroscopy is an ideal analytical tool for both routine quality control (QC)
analysis to verify if materials meet specification, and analytical investigations to identify
the causes of failures when they occur.
 Determine impurities in raw materials (to ensure quality products).
2. For Quality Control checks; to determine the % of required product.
3. Identification of materials made in industrial research labs,
or materials of competitors.
E.g.: Impurity in bees wax (with petroleum wax)

23. Identification of Functional Groups
Due to the presence of functional group region.
E.g.:

24. Determination of Molecular Structure
― Used along with other spectroscopic techniques.
― Identification is done based on position of
absorption bands in the spectrum.
― Eg.: C=O at 1717 cm-1.
― Absence of band of a particular group indicates absence of that group in the compd.
Studying Progress of Reactions
― Observing rate of disappearance of characteristic absorption band in reactants; or
― Rate of increasing absorption bands in products of a particular product.
― Eg.: O—H = 3600-3650 cm-1 C=O = 1680-1760 cm-1

25. Detection of Impurities
― Determined by comparing sample spectrum with the spectrum of pure reference
compound. Eg.: ketone impurity in alcohols.
― Detection is favoured when impurity possess a strong band in IR region where the main
substance do not possess a band.

26. Isomerism in Organic Chemistry
(i) Geometrical Isomerism: trans isomers give a simpler spectrum than cis due to symmetry.
(ii) Conformers (Rotational Isomers): Identified with the help of high resolution IR
spectrometers. E.g.: Ethanol
normal OH – 3636 cm-1 , weak band – 3622 cm-1

28. Pharmaceuticals:
Pharmaceutical laboratories face strong regulatory requirements and market pressures at every
step along the product development pipeline. FTIR is an excellent technique for pharmaceutical
analysis because it is easy to use, sensitive, fast, and helps ensure regulatory compliance through
validation protocols.
Applications include:
 Basic drug research and structural elucidation
 Formulation development and validation
 Quality control processes for incoming and outgoing materials
 Packaging testing

29. Forensics:
International drug enforcement agencies, police departments, and customs laboratories
rely on spectroscopy to quickly identify illegal drugs, crime scene evidence, banned
materials, and counterfeit goods. FTIR, FT-Raman, GC-IR, and IR microscopy
techniques build a complete understanding of evidence samples and allow forensic
scientists to confidently give expert testimony in court. These techniques can provide
fast, easy and consistent analysis for:
Seized drugs: controlled substances and cutting agents
Clandestine labs: chemical evaluation
Hit and run: paint and materials
Textile identification: fibers, coatings, and residues

30. Environment:
Infrared spectroscopy is a valuable technique for monitoring air quality, testing water
quality, and analyzing soil to address environmental and health concerns caused by
increasing pollution levels. The technique offers a “green” method of testing and fast,
accurate results with the added benefit of saving money on the cost of consumables.
Other Applications:
1. Determination of unknown contaminants in industry using FTIR.
2. Determination of cell walls of mutant & wild type plant varieties using FTIR.
3. Biomedical studies of human hair to identify disease states (recent approach).
4. Identify odour & taste components of food.
5. Determine atmospheric pollutants from atmosphere itself.