Fruit Breeding: Past, Present, and Future Fruit Breeding: Past, Present, and Future igkv Fruit Breeding: Past, Present, and Future gangaram rana

1. Fruit Breeding:
Past, Present, and Future
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE,
PALLI SIKSHA BHAVANA, VISVA - BHARATI, SRINIKETAN, WEST
BENGAL
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti
Gangaram Rana
Email id.gangaramrana095@gmail.com
Contact no. 8305051366

2. Time Frame: Agriculture & Fruit Culture
10,000 Neolithic Revolution Discovery of Agriculture
8000–
5000
Second Neolithic
Revolution
Villages to Urban
communities
Origin of fruit culture
5000–
3000
Bronze Age Horticultural arts
(irrigation, vegetative
propagation,
processing, selection)
3000–
2000
Greek and Roman
Antiquity
Sophisticated fruit
culture
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

3. Gathering Grain, 4000 BCE.
Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria.
Date palm flanked by gazelle,
in Egypt, 4000–3000 BCE
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

4. The Uruk Vase, Late 4th Millennium BCE
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

5. Grain & Fruit Production in Egypt, 1279 BCE
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

6. Vincenzo Campi 1580
Our fruits are gifts of diversity, not results of systematic
breeding, but to unique selection events by unsung and
unremembered farmers.
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

7. Origin of Fruit Crops
Mediterranean basin Date palm, fig, grape, olive, pomegranate
Europe Plum, raspberry
Central Asia Pome fruits, apricot
East Asia Banana, citrus, peach, kiwifruit, mango,
persimmon
Africa Sycomore fig, coffee
Americas Avocado, blackberry, papaya, pineapple,
strawberry, Vacciniums
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

8. Fruit Domestication
• Recognition of species
• Selection of elite genotypes
• Vegetative propagation technology
• Cultivation technology
• Pruning and training, irrigation, pollination, pest control
• Utilization
• Storage, drying, fermentation, processing
• Dispersal of fruit crops with human migration
• Most fruit crops are closer to wild species than annual crops
such as grains
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

9. Elite selections from Kazakhstan
Commercial Apples
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

10. Genetic Changes Associated with Domestication in
Fruit Crops
Breakdown of dioecy Fig, grape, papaya, strawberry
(unchanged, date palm, kiwifruit)
Loss of self incompatibility Cherry
Parthenocarpy &
seedlessness
Apple & pear, banana & plantain,
citrus, fig, grape, loquat,
persimmon, pineapple
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

11. Allopolyploidy Banana & plantain, blackberry & raspberry,
blueberry, tart cherry, European plum, strawberry
Triploidy: banana and plantain, apple, pear
Tetraploid : tart cherry, raspberry, blackberry,
blueberry, kiwifruit (Actinidia sinensis)
Hexaploid: European plums, kiwifruit (A.
deliciosa)
Octaploid: strawberry
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

12. Ease of
vegetative
propagation
Offshoots: date palm
Rooting: apple (rootstock)
Nucellar embryony: citrus, mango
Loss of toxic
substances
“Sweet” seed: almond
Non-astrigency: apple & pear, persimmon,
pomegranate
Loss of spines,
thorns, or
pubescence
Apple, brambles, citrus, peach, pear,
pineapple
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

13. Recent Domesticates
Kiwifruit
Vacciniums
Cranberry
Blueberry
Lingonberry
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

14. Kiwifruit
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

15. Cranberry and Lingonberry
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

16. Blueberry
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

17. Genetic Structure of Fruit Crops
1. Cross pollination
2. High heterogeneity
3. Asexually propagated
4. Large size
5. Long juvenility
6. Polyploid
7. Self-incompatible
8. Sterility and seedlessness
9. Apomictic
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

18. Origin of Fruit Breeding
Jean Baptiste Van Mons
(1765–1842)
Thomas Andrew Knight
(1759–1838)
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

19. Origin of Fruit Breeding
Gregor Mendel
(1822–1884)
Luther Burbank
(1849–1926)
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

20. Levels of Fruit Breeding
Primitive Vegetative propagation of unique clones
Mass culture of superior clones
Selection of chance seedlings
Propagation of clonal variants
Conventional
Breeding
Recombination of elite clones
Interspecific recombination
Backcross breeding
Mutation breeding
Biotechnology Embryo rescue
Paraplast fusion
Marker assisted selection
Transgenic breeding
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

21. Effects of Organized Fruit Breeding on the Commercial World Industry
Negligible Slight Moderate Major
Banana & plantain
Chestnut
Date palm
Fig
Grape (wine)
Lingonberry
Olive
Pomegranate
Tart cherry
Citrus
Cranberry
Hazelnut
Kiwifruit
Papaya
Persimmon
Pear European
Pineapple
Almond
Apple
Apricot
Avocado
Pear Asian
Pecan
Blueberry
Brambles (raspberry &
blackberry)
Cherry (sweet)
Currants
Grape (table)
Strawberry
Peach & nectarine
Plum
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

22. Limitations of Conventional Breeding
Technical
Expensive
Long juvenile period
Large plants expensive to maintain
Difficulty of selection
Inability to preserve unique genotypes
Genetic recombination uncontrollable
(no way to induce small changes)
Linkage of desirable and undesirable traits
Restricted to natural-occurring variation or random mutations
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

23. Limitations of Conventional Breeding
Nontechnical
I. Must compete with seedlings found world-wide
II. Market resistance to new cultivars
III. Patent costs and restrictions
IV. Testing problems
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

24. Allows insertion of single genes without disruption of genotype
Not limited by sexual barriers
Multigene transfer possible
Permits selection by molecular markers (independent of development or
emvironment)
Bioengineering (vaccines, plastics, oils)
Advantages of Transgene Technology
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

25. Technical
Transformation impediments
Selection of transgene
Identification and isolation of transgenes
Chimeral problems
Expression
Shortage of suitable promoters
Testing problems
Nontechnical
Legal problems
Consumer resistance
a
Limitations of Transgene Technology
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

26. Banana
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

27. Evolution of Cultivated Bananas
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

28. Pineapple
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

29. Spineless Mutation
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

30. Del Monte Gold
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

31. Mandarin
Citrus
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

32. Nucellar Embryony
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

33. Colour Sports in Grapefruit
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

34. Interspecific Hybridization in Citrus
(Grapefruit)
(Mandarin)
(Orange)
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

35. Page
Minneola
Tangelo
×
Tangerine × Grapefruit
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

36. Murcott
×
Tangor
Tangerine × Orange
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

37. Strategies for Breeding Seedless Citrus
Ploidy Manipulation (French system)
1. Exploit Nonreduction in diploids chomosome counts or
flow cytometry exploit Small seeds with embryo rescue
2. Diploid × Tetraploid crosses
3. Protoplast Fusion
Produce haploids by irradiated pollen
x+2x somatic hybridization and embryo regeneration
4. Regeneration of triploid endosperm
Induce Sterility by Irradiation (Israeli system)
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

38. Achievements at CIRAD/INRA of triploid breeding of citrus with the 2x × 4x
strategy
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

39. Stone Fruits
(Prunus)
Peach
Plum
Apricot
Cherry
Almond
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

40. Peach from Pompeii
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

41. Stoneless Plum(Callahan Dardick Scorza JASH 1934 2009)
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

42. Synteny in Prunus & Malus
Prunus Malus
Prunus Malus
Prunus Malus
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

43. Pome Fruits
(Apple, Pear)
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

44. Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

45. Barrel Sprayer
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

46. History of the PRI Program
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

47. Jules Janick Ed Williams Fred Hough
Dan Dayton Ralph Shay
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

48. Sources of Scab-resistance
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

49. Dominant Resistance
M. atrosanguinea (2 genes)
M. baccata jackii
Dolgo
M. floribunda 821
Geneva
Jonsib
M. micromalus
M. prunifolia 19651
M. prunifolia microcarpa 782-26
M. prunifolia xanthocarpa 591-25
Morton Arboretum 4, 8, 16, 1255
Russian 12740-7A (2+ genes)
Multigenic Resistance
Antonovka
M. baccata (selected seedlings)
M. sargentii 843
M. sieboldii 2972-22
M. toringo 852
M. zumi calocarpa
Sources of Resistance
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

50. Vf M. floribunda
Vm M. micromalus (pit)
Vr Russian
Vbj M. baccata jackii
Vb Hansens’s baccata #2
Va Antonovka (pit)
Defined Gene Pools
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

51. Transferring Vf by Backcrossing
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

52. PRI Releases
Prima 1970
Priscilla 1972
Sir Prize 1975
Jonafree 1979
Redfree 1981
Dayton 1988
Williams’ Pride 1988
Enterprise 1993
Pristine 1993
GoldRush 1993
Scarlett O’Hara 2000
Pixie Crunch 2002
Sundance 2002
CrimsonCrisp 2005
Joint Releases
Viking (Wisc.) 1969
Priam (France) 1974
McShay (Ore.) 1988
Primiera (Italy) 1995
Nambu (Japan) 1994
Constance (Ger.) 1995
Primivera (Can.) 1996
Juliet (France) 1999
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

53. Pixie Crunch CrimsonCrisp
Prima Redfree
Pristine Enterprise
GoldRush
Williams’ Pride
Sundance
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

54. Races of Venturia inaequalis
Race Source Susceptible Material
1 Worldwide Most of the world’s cultivars
2 South Dakota, USA M. baccata, ‘Dolgo’, ‘Alexis’,
‘Bittercrab’ segregates of
R12740-7A, ‘Geneva’
3 Nova Scotia, Canada ‘Geneva’
4 Lafayette, IN, USA Segregates of R12740-7A
5 Norwich, England Micromalus pit type resistance,
M. atrosangunia 804
6 Ahrensburg, Germany ‘Prima’ (Vf cultivars) but not
Evereste’ M. × ‘Perpetu’
and M. floribunda 821
7 England and Europe M. floribunda 821
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

55. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica)
Subtropical Pome Fruit
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

56. Triploid Loquat
Seedling ploidy
No.
seedlings %
Diploid 44,828 99.31
Triploid 225 0.50
Tetraploid 50 0.11
Pentaploid 10 0.02
Mixoploid 26 0.06
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

57. Seeded diploid loquat as compared to seedless triploid (courtesy of G. Liang)
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

58. Molecular linkage map obtained from ‘Algerie’ and
‘Zaozhong-6’
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

59. Transgenic ‘SunUp’-Hawaii (CP/CP) Transgenic ‘Rainbow’-Hawaii (CP/-)
Transgenic ‘Khaknuan’ Thailand Tolerant ‘Thapra 2’ Thailand
Papaya Resistant to PRSV (D. Gonsalves)
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti

60. Conclusions
 Our fruits are legacies of Neolithic and Bronze Age farmers
 Persistence of farmer-selected cultivars due to unique quality factors
making them difficult to replace
 Deficiencies made up by cultural techniques and genetic changes
Future Advances:
I. Search for specific mutations (parthenocarpy and seedlessness,
breakdown of dioecy, loss of compatibility, high sugar, loss of
astringency)
II. Use of interspecific crosses to create new fruits (Citrus, Prunus,
Rubus)
III. Selection of underexploited germplasm (pitaya)
IV. Induction of seedlessness
V. Transfer of genetic resistance to diseases and pests
VI. Increased use of biotechnology
(marker assisted selection, new traits, early flowering)
VII. Emphasis on consumer satisfaction
Department
of
Horticulture
and
Post
harvest
technology,
PSB,
Visva-Bharti