PPT apple breeding
Apple Advances Breeding , apple breeding of igkv, gangaram rana apple breeding , mutation breeding of apple, cultivation of apple, polyploide breeding of apple , apomaxis breeding of apple
swingle, tanaka, hodgson, and ranjit singh classification of citrus and also description of acid group, orange group, pummelo and grapefruit group and mandarin group, acidlime, sweet orange, mandarins, lime and lemon.
Citrus fruits originated in the tropical and sub tropical regions of South East Asia, particularly India and China. North East India is the native place of juice many citrus species.
swingle, tanaka, hodgson, and ranjit singh classification of citrus and also description of acid group, orange group, pummelo and grapefruit group and mandarin group, acidlime, sweet orange, mandarins, lime and lemon.
Citrus fruits originated in the tropical and sub tropical regions of South East Asia, particularly India and China. North East India is the native place of juice many citrus species.
“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
For improvement of Fruit Cultivars Through approaches and new transgenic technologies can be applied in order to quickly incorporate traits of economic importance
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
Advances in Apple Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
The cultivated apple is likely the result of interspecific hybridization and at present the binomial Malus x domestica has been generally accepted as the appropriate scientific name (Korban and Skirvin, 1984). It belongs to the family Rosaceae and subfamily Maloideae and haploid chromosome number is x = 17 and somatic chromosome is 2x =34. The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called crab apples(Malus baccata). Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid. While diploids are frequent, triploids can occur spontaneously in crosses between diploids. Such triploids have larger leaves and fruit than their diploid relatives but are pollen sterile and cannot supply pollen for fertilization. Many popular cultivars (‘Jonagold,’ ‘Mutsu’) are triploids and prized for their quality and fruit size. Many Malus species have been used and continue to be used in breeding, with the increased recognition of the value of diversity and a means to study genes present in these relatives of cultivated apple.
There are over 30 primary species of apple and most can be readily hybridized (Korban 1986, Way et al. 1991). The cultivated apple is likely the result of initial domestication followed by inter-specific
hybridization (Harris et al. 2002). Its primary wild ancestor is M. sieversii whose range is centered at the border between western China and the former Soviet Union. Apples are the main forest tree there and display the full range of colors, forms and tastes found in domesticated apples across the world (Forsline et al. 1994, Hokanson et al. 1997). The domesticated apple has been referred to with the epithet Malus x domestica (Korban and Skirvin 1984), although recently Mabberley et al. (2001) proposed that Malus pumila should properly refer to the domesticated apple and its presumed wild relative M. sieversii. Other species of Malus which contributed to the genetic background of the apple likely include: M. orientalis of Caucasia, M. sylvestris from Europe, M. baccata from Siberia, M. mandshurica from Manchuria, and M. prunifolia from China. It is likely that these species hybridized with domesticated apples as they were spread by humans (Harris et al. 2002).
Malus has 25 to 30 species and several sub-species, many of which are cultivated as ornamental trees for their profuse blossoms and attractive fruits. Many of the species intercross freely and semi selfincompatibility is common. Trees grown from collection of Malus are frequently inter-specific or inter-varietal hybrids. The cultivated apple is botanically Malus domestica Borkh. Malus baccata (Crab apple) and M. sikkimensis occur wild in India. M. baccata var. himalaica in North Western region and Meghalaya and M. baccata var. dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh. Seven ecotypes of M. baccata have also been collected from different temperate region. (Randhawa, 1987). Varietal diversity of apple in Indian Himalayas is primarily introduction from Europe and North American
“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
For improvement of Fruit Cultivars Through approaches and new transgenic technologies can be applied in order to quickly incorporate traits of economic importance
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
Advances in Apple Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
The cultivated apple is likely the result of interspecific hybridization and at present the binomial Malus x domestica has been generally accepted as the appropriate scientific name (Korban and Skirvin, 1984). It belongs to the family Rosaceae and subfamily Maloideae and haploid chromosome number is x = 17 and somatic chromosome is 2x =34. The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called crab apples(Malus baccata). Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid. While diploids are frequent, triploids can occur spontaneously in crosses between diploids. Such triploids have larger leaves and fruit than their diploid relatives but are pollen sterile and cannot supply pollen for fertilization. Many popular cultivars (‘Jonagold,’ ‘Mutsu’) are triploids and prized for their quality and fruit size. Many Malus species have been used and continue to be used in breeding, with the increased recognition of the value of diversity and a means to study genes present in these relatives of cultivated apple.
There are over 30 primary species of apple and most can be readily hybridized (Korban 1986, Way et al. 1991). The cultivated apple is likely the result of initial domestication followed by inter-specific
hybridization (Harris et al. 2002). Its primary wild ancestor is M. sieversii whose range is centered at the border between western China and the former Soviet Union. Apples are the main forest tree there and display the full range of colors, forms and tastes found in domesticated apples across the world (Forsline et al. 1994, Hokanson et al. 1997). The domesticated apple has been referred to with the epithet Malus x domestica (Korban and Skirvin 1984), although recently Mabberley et al. (2001) proposed that Malus pumila should properly refer to the domesticated apple and its presumed wild relative M. sieversii. Other species of Malus which contributed to the genetic background of the apple likely include: M. orientalis of Caucasia, M. sylvestris from Europe, M. baccata from Siberia, M. mandshurica from Manchuria, and M. prunifolia from China. It is likely that these species hybridized with domesticated apples as they were spread by humans (Harris et al. 2002).
Malus has 25 to 30 species and several sub-species, many of which are cultivated as ornamental trees for their profuse blossoms and attractive fruits. Many of the species intercross freely and semi selfincompatibility is common. Trees grown from collection of Malus are frequently inter-specific or inter-varietal hybrids. The cultivated apple is botanically Malus domestica Borkh. Malus baccata (Crab apple) and M. sikkimensis occur wild in India. M. baccata var. himalaica in North Western region and Meghalaya and M. baccata var. dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh. Seven ecotypes of M. baccata have also been collected from different temperate region. (Randhawa, 1987). Varietal diversity of apple in Indian Himalayas is primarily introduction from Europe and North American
Cotton, ‘King of fibre’ is the premier cash crop in India
It is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of more than 80 countries of the world.
Cotton belongs to family Malvaceae and genus Gossypium
India is the pioneer country for the cultivation of cotton hybrids on commercial scale. After releasing of Hy.4 developed by Dr.C.T.Patel from 1971 from Main Cotton Research Station, Surat.
Cotton is providing livelihood directly and indirectly to over 60 million people and accounting for about 16 per cent of India’s export earnings.
Play a vital role in agriculture, industry, social and monetary affairs of country’s economy. .
More than 150 cotton hybrids have been released by various State Agricultural Universities and private seed companies.
Biodiverse, yet remains prone to biosecurity incursion: The case of banana in...belajarperlintan
Presented at the International Conference and Exhibition on Science and Technology (ICEST) held by the Faculty of Science Engineering in Labuhan Bajo, West Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara, on 26-27 October 2018.
“Advances in breeding of banana ”
Advances breeding of Banana, breeding of banana , breeding of banana by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Banana igkv, mutation breeding of banana, biotechnology of banana, seed production breeding of banana,
advances in different cropping system in plantation crops.pptxGANGARAM RANA
advances in different cropping system in plantation crops.ppt,
cropping system of plantation crop by gangaram rana ppt,
gangaram rana recent advances in cropping system of plantation crop, Cropping system of plantation crop ppt by gangaram rana
“Advances in breeding of guava ”
Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
“Advances in breeding of citrus ”
Advances breeding of Citrus, breeding of citrus, Advances breeding of Citrus by Gangaram Rana, polyploidy breeding of citrus, mutation breeding of citrus, biotechnology of citrus, gangaram rana
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Introduction:-
B.N. - Malus x domestica
Family- Rosaceae
Subfamily- Maloideae
Chromosome number is x = 17,2x =34.
The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called
crabapples
Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid.
Apple undoutbtedly the most important temperate fruit.
Deciduous fruit tree.
Among the fruit apple has long storage life
Major sugar present in apple is sorbitol
Type of fruit is Pome
Edible portion is fleshy thalamus (mesocarp
Dry temperate region is most suitable for apple cultivation in India.
Among the fruits apple have long storage life.
H.P is known as the APPLE BOWL OFINDIA.
Apple constitutes 2.7% of the production of major fruits.
3. Origin of the word apple
https://www.google.com/search?q=origin+of+the+word+apple&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS863US
863
4. Origin and Domestication
Although Malus species are found throughout the northern hemisphere
The centre of origin of apple includes Asia Minor, the Caucasus, central
Asia, Himalayan India and Pakistan and western China, areas where at
least 25 native species of Malus occur.
The Old Silk Road crossing from the Black Sea region to western China
was important in the evolution of cultivated apple
(Juniper et al., 1998 ; Zhou 1999 ; Luby et al., 2001 )
5. The Domestication History of Apples Revealed by Genomic Analysis (2017).
https://www.patentdocs.org/2017/09/the-domestication-history-of-apples-revealed-by-genomic-analysis.html
6. Apple evolutionary map along the west and east bounds of the Silk
Route with center of origin at Kazakhstan in central Asia (2017)
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00336-7
7. Evolutionary Mechanisms:-
In 1753, Linnus in his ‘Species Plantarum’ used the name Pyrus
malus for the common cultivated apple.
Millers in 1768 proposed Malus as generic name for the apples.
But Borkhausen in 1803 had proposed the name M. domestica.
Cultivated apple has been classified as pumila group.
The primary centre of origin of Malus Cultivars is the region of
Asia Minor, Central Asia, Himalayan India, Pakistan and Western
China.
8. Region Common species found
NorthAmerica M. Angustifolia, M. ioensis, M. coronaria M. Fusca
Europe M. Florentina, M. pumila, M. sylvestris
Asia Minor M. pumila, M. trilobata
Himalaya M. sikkimensis
SW China M. prattii, M. yunnanesis
SE China M. micromalus
Central China M. honanensis, M. hupehensis
NW China M. kansuensis,M. sieversii
N & NE China M. asiatica, M. baccata, M. prunifolia
Taiwan M. doumen
Japan M. baccata, M. sieboldii
M. Halliana, M. sargentii, M. tschonoskii
Korea M. asiatica, M. prunifolia
Major species of Malus found
(Way et al., 1990 )
9. GERMPLASM RESOURCES
• Malus collection has 6734 total accessions, of which 5226 are trees in
the field and 1508 are seedlots
• Good collection of Germplasm has been collected in 19 research centre out of
which 11 are located in North West Himalayan region such as :
NBPGR , Phagli ( New Delhi)
CITH, Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir)
IARI , New Delhi
Fruit Research centre , Shalimar
Hill Fruit Research centre , in Chaubattia and Chakrata ,U.P
Himachal Agricultural University , H.P
10. Genetic Resources
The importance of conservation and characterization of germplasm is recognized worldwide
(Büttner et al. 2004 )
The collection, maintenance, characterization, and utilization of wildapples
I) Scion
The European Cooperative Program for Plant Genetic Resources has a Malus/Pyrus working
group)
(http://www.wcpgr.cgiar.org/workgroups/malus_pyrus/malus-pyrus.html), The group
represents a total of over 20,000 accessions in 13 countries.
GRIN (Genetic Resources Information Network) database. In addition, for ex situ
conservation of apple, a seed-based core collection for Malus sieversii has been
established
(Volk et al. 2005, Richards, 2008) .
11. II) Rootstock
III) Germplasm Diversity
Some novel objectives of Rootstock germplasm include the use of apomictic species for seed
production of clonal stocks, the selection for resistance/tolerance to specific environmental
rigors of the root such as drought, water logging, salinity, nutrient deficiency, and other
challenges.
Genetic diversity and population structure has been examined in Malus sieversii , a wild
progenitor species of domesticated apple (Richards et al. 2008 ).
Examination of almost 950 individuals from 88 half-sib families from eight M. sieversii
populations from Kazakhstan was mostly congruent with geographical location.
Early studies in this area and researchers continue to try to exploit genes from apple’s wild
relatives for resistance to studying drought, winter hardiness and nutrient uptake. Most
related species of apples have been used in resistance breeding, with Malus floribunda
prevalent in scab resistant material. (Luby et al. 1999 )
12. Species Useful Characteristics
Malus angstifolia Ornamental tree
Malus astrosanguinea Resistance to fire blight
Malus baccata Monogenic (Vb, Vbj) resistance to apple scab. Source to
resistance to powdery mildew, Semi-Dwarf rootstock
Malus coronana Better source of precocity, ornamental tree
Malus floribunda Monogenic (Vf) resistance to apple scab, semi- dwarfing
rootstock
Malus fusca Resistance to fire blight
Malus hupehensis Source of gene resistance to woolly apple aphid
Malus prunifolia Better source of precocity, cold hardiness, Semi- Dwarf rootstock
M. sargentii Resistance to apple scab, powdery mildew, source of gene
resistance to Wholly apple aphid.
M. sieversii Monogenic (Vr) resistance to apple scab
Useful Horticulture Traits Carried by Apple Species
Chada et al.,2016
13. Preferred
symbol
Gene Effect Source Reference
Er Eriosoma resistance Northern Spy Knight et al. (1962)
Sd1
Dysaphis devecta resistance ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ Alston & Briggs(1968)
Sd2
Dysaphis devecta resistance ‘Northern Spy’ Alston (1970)
Sd3
Dysaphis devecta resistance M x robusta
MAL59/9
Alston (1970)
Sd Dysaphis devecta resistance ‘McIntosh’ Alston & Briggs(1977)
Sm Dysaphis plantaginea
hypersensitivity
M. Robusta
MAL59/9
Alston &
Briggs
(1970)
Pest Resistant Genes of Apple
Jules Janick and James, 1996
14. Preferred
symbol3 Gene Effect Source Reference
Gb Glomerella cingulata susceptibility ‘Golden Delicious’
Thompson & Taylor (1971)
Ga-b,Ga-b
Gymnosporangium (resistance)
‘Spartan’
Aldwinckle et al. (1977)
Pc Phytophthora cactorum (
resistance)
‘Northern Spy’ Alston (1970b)
Pl1
Podosphaera leucotricha
(resistance)
M x robusta MAL59/9 Knight &Alston (1968)
Pl2
Podosphaera leucotricha
(resistance) M x zumi MAL 68/5 Knight &Alston(1968)
Ps1 Phyllosticta solitaria (susceptibility ‘ Jonathan’
Mowry & Dayton (1964)
Vf Venturia inaequalis (resistance) M floribunda 821
Dayton & Williams (1968)
Vbj
Venturia inaequalis (resistance) M. Hansen’s baccata 2
Mowry and Dayton (1964)
Vm Venturia inaequalis (Resistance)
M. Micromalus 245-38 Dayton & Williams (1968)
Vr
Venturia inaequalis
(resistance)
Russian sdlg. R12740-
7A
Dayton &
Williams (1968)
Disease ResistantGenes of Apple
Jules Janick and James, 1996
15. Preferred
symbol Gene Effect Source Reference
al albinism ‘Rev. W. Wilks’
Hall & Crane (1933);
Crane & Lawrence
(1933)
bu1 bu2 burrknots ‘Northern Spy’ Decourtye (1967)
Co compact habit ‘McIntosh’(Wijcik) Lapins & Watkins (1973)
d1 dwarf Ottawa 521 Alston (1976)
d2
dwarf ‘Northern Spy’ Decourtye (1967)
d3 dwarf Ottawa 521 Alston (1976)
d4
dwarf ‘Starkrimson’ Alston (1976)
G dwarf re-growth promoter Ottawa 521 Alston (1976)
l
pale green lethal
chlorophyll
deficiency
‘Northern Spy’
‘ Calville Blanc d’Hiver’
Klein et al. (1961) Williams (1958)
nb necrotic bark ‘ Reinette du Mans’ Lespinasse (unpub.)
R purple pigmentation in all
tissues
‘Baskatong’
Lewis & Crane (1938); Sampson &
Cameron (1965)
Plant attribute genes ofApple
Jules Janick and James, 1996
16. Breeding objectives
The scion breeding objectives are:-
• Red colour fruit
• Early maturity
• High yield
• Superior dessert
• Storage quality
• Resistance to scab.
Rootstock breeding objectives are:-
• Rootstocks capable of surviving under wide range of environmental
conditions,
• Inducing precocity
• Enhancing productivity
• Fruit qualities in scion are required to be bred.
17. Limitation in Conventional Breeding
Slow and lengthy
Long juvenile period
Self incompatibility
Polygenic control of most of the
horticultural important traits
Large population required to recover
recombinants
18. MI series (Merton Immune) released from East Malling
Research Station (EMRS) , Kent, England
MM series (Malling Merton) released from John Innes
Instituites, England
MM series specifically bred for wooly apple aphid
All rootstocks of MM series are rest. To wooly apple aphid
East Malling Long Ashton (EMLA) series of rootstock is rest. to
viruses
19. Current Apple Rootstocks:
Currently in the United States the most common apple rootstocks are M.9,
M.26, B.9, M.7, MM.106, MM.111.
Category Rootstocks Features
Dwarfing M9 Suitable for HDP in flat and
irrigated areas only
Semi - dwarf M4, M7, M106,M24 HDP , Resistant to wooly apple aphid
Semi-
vigorous
M111, MM104 Drought tolerant and rest. to wooly aphid
Vigorous Merton 793 Early fruiting, rest. to wooly aphid
and collar rot
Ultra dwarf M27 Suitable for HDP
30% of the rootstocks are
M.9,
20% are B.9,
20% are M.26,
10% are M.7,
9% are MM.106
5% are MM.111,
2% are G.16
1% are G.30
20. SOME NEW APPLE ROOTSTOCKS
Name of
rootstocks
Remarks
Geneva-11 Moderately susceptible to wooly apple aphid. Fire blight resistance is
excellent.
Geneva -16 Reported to be highly fire blight resistant. Produces a tree size
between M 9 and M 26.
G16 should only be budded or grafted to certified, virus-free scion wood
due to its virus hypersensitivity
Geneva 41 Fire-blight resistant and producing a tree similar to EMLA 9 but with
better productivity.
Geneva 202
Reportedly very fire-blight resistant and highly resistant to wooly apple
aphid. Reported to
produce a tree similar in size to EMLA26.
Geneva 210 Resistant to woolly apple aphid and highly resistant to fire blight.
Tolerant to replant
disease complex and crown and root rot.
Geneva 214 Resistant to woolly apple aphid and highly resistant to fire blight.
Tolerant to replant
disease complex and crown and root rot. Yield efficiency better than
M.9.
21. Apple Rootstock Improvement:
Efforts to develop improved apple rootstocks have led to rootstock
breeding programs in:
United States (CG, MAC, OAR, Ark and MN series)
Canada (KSC, Ottawa, Vineland series)
The United Kingdom (M, MI, MM, and AR series),
Germany (J9 and Pillnitzer-Supporter series),
Sweden (Alnarp, BM series and Bemali),
Russia (Budagovskij series),
Poland (Pseries),
the Czech Republic (JT-E series,
Israel (MH series),
Romania (Voinesti series)
Japan (JM series).
22. Objectives of Rootstock Breeding
Attribute Minimum
standard
Ideal
standard
Essential
Resistant to Erwinia amylovora (fireblight) M.7 R5
Resistant to Phytophthora spp. (crown rot) M.9 Bud.9
Readily propagable MM.106 A.2
Liners smooth, relatively free of spines MM.106 O.3
Liners thrifty in nursery row; easily buddable MM.106 A.2
Induce heavy, early fruit production MM.106 M.9
Early hardening of scion and collar M.2 M.9
Tolerant to low midwinter temperatures MM.111 A.2
Late-leafing in early spring M.9 K-14
Free of burrknots M.2 Hibernal
Reacting to TmRSV as does Induce no more
scion susceptibility
to E. amylovorathan
M.7 Delicious
M.7
23. Cont….
Important
Resistant to woolly apple aphids MM.111 R5
Roots structurally strong (not brittle) M.26 M.7
Well anchored M.7 M.111
Few or no suckers in orchard MM.106 Hibernal
Inducing early maturation of fruit M.2 M.9
Resistant to pine voles R5 Novole
Hardy to very low temperatures in midwinter Tolerant
of chlorotic leaf spot, apple stem
M.26 R5
grooving, and apple stem pitting viruses M.9 M.9
Helpful
Leaves red or otherwise distinctive Bud.9;O.3
Moderately resistant to Venturi inaequalis M.7
Moderately resistant to Podosphaera leucotricha M.9
Resistant to meadow vole Sugar Crab
Special Objectives
Tree size control: full range, from dwarfing M.9
through vigorous Alnarp 2
Some stocks tolerant of poorly drained soils M.13
Some stocks tolerant of drought MM.111
24. Floral Biology:-
• Fruit buds of apple are mixed, borne terminally on
fruiting spurs and terminally or laterally on long
shoots depending upon cultivars.
• Flowers vary in size, petal shape and colour from
white to deep pink.
• Number of sepals and petals are same in different
cultivars but number of stamens varied.
• Pistil is composed of stigma, style and ovary. The
stigma is wet type and stigmatic papillae lose their
turgidity 2-3 days after bloom.
• The rates as well as time of anthesis between 6 am
and 6 pm with gradual increase up to 12 noon.
• Maximum opening of flowers between 12 noon and 2
pm in some low chilling apple cultivars.
25.
26. Flower parts may mature at different times—promotes
cross- fertilization (vigor in the big scheme)
Malus spp.– apples and crab apples
5 ovaries need multiple visits, generally proterogynous (pollen is
shed after stigma is no longer receptive--prevents self-fertilization)
apple flowers
&andrenid bee
ovaries
27. Dr. Fell* recommends 1 to 2 honey bee colonies/acre for tree fruit
(~1 to 3 are recommended for berries)
http://freedomtreefarms.com/chart
s/cherry/
Some self-sterile, cross-
incompatible, or low
sugar nectar crops need
more colonies
Red Delicious apples,
plums, pears
* Dr. Richard Fell is the
Apiculture Extension
Agent at VirginiaTech
28.
29. Genetics of important traits and their inheritance
pattern:-
Traits Type of Inheritance
Powdery mildew Single major genes PL1 and PL2.
Wooly apple aphid M. hupehensis has reported to transmit
resistance
Codling moth Resistance is incorporated from M. zumi
Compact growth habit Polygenic
Cold hardiness Polygenic
Fruit colour Three independent genes A, B and C
Yellow color Dominant gene
Red color Any two dominant genes
Green Recessive gene
Cream yellow flesh color Single dominant gene
31. Introduction
Apples are introduced for different purpose such as :
a) spur type cultivar - At regional research station , Mashobra (H.P),
12 varieties are introduced through NBPGR New Delhi in 1980
Red spur delicious, Golden spur delicious, Oregon spur.
b) Colour spots – Royal red , Vance delicious.
Top red, Skyline supreme, Red Delicious
32. c) Low chilling variety – Introduced through NBPGR to RRS ,
Phagi , Shimla Vared, Michael , Tropical beauty, Parlin beauty,
Mayan, Schlomit, Hybrid-1
d) Scab resistant var – Prima , Priscilla , Liberty, Florina, Macfree,
Freedom, Coop-12
d) Early maturing var – Yandik onskoe , Papisonka canninga
33. Selection
• In Horticultural Experimental Station (TNAU) in Kodaikanal selected 1
variety i,e KKL-1 called as Kodaikanal beauty , this is a selection from
Parlin beauty
• Many of existing commercial cv which originated as chance
seedlings are Golden Delicious , Baldwin and Granny Smith
34. Hybridization:-
Apple improvement work has been going on
a) The Regional Fruit Research Station , Mashobra, H.P
b) F.R.S. , Shalimar, J and K
c) Horticulture and Experimental Training centre , Chaubattia , U.P
Hybrids Parents
Lal Ambri (high dessert quality
with good keeping quality)
(Red Delicious x Ambri)
Agold (high dessert quality with
good keeping quality)
(Ambri x Golden Delicious)
Ambred (keeping quality is good) (Red Delicious x Ambri 157)
Ambstarking (tolerant to apple
scab.)
(Starking Delicious x Ambri 81)
Ambroyal ( good dessert quality) (Starking Delicious x Ambri 84)
Ambrich (tolerant to apple scab) (Richard x Ambri 15)
Chaubattia Princess Red Delicious x Early Shanburry.
Chaubattia Anupam Red Delicious x Early Shanburry.
35.
36. Mutation
A bud sport is a mutation arising in a cell from which a bud
developed
It affects growth habit particularly the spur or compact type
which produce compact or dwarfish
This is the basis for bud selection to maintain the integrity of
the cultivar
The rate of single gene mutations can be increased by
irradiation with X- ray, Gamma ray and thermal neutrons
Bud sport – due to mutation , Red allister/ Aed Elster
,natural mutant of allister
37. • Vance Delicious : Bud mutant of Delicious.
• Top Red : Bud sport of Shot Well Delicious
• Skyline Supreme Delicious : Bud mutant of Starking Delicious.
• Gold Spur Delicious : Bud mutant of Golden Delicious. This
variety is recommended as pollinizer for all spur types.
• Red Spur Delicious : It is a variant tree in Starking Delicious
orchard.
• Red Chief : Bud sport of Delicious
38. Sterility and Incompatibility
These are the two main causes of unfruitfulness in
apple
Apples has Gametophytic incompatibility whereby the pollen
tube growth is arrested in the style
Variety like Cox’s orange pippin , Golden russet and Northern
spy
39. Apomixis
Facultative apomixis is characteristic of a number
of Malus spp that are probably of hybrid origin,
but does not appear to occur among the cultivated
apple
CULTIVARS PLOIDY LEVEL
M. sikkimensis triplod
M. sargentii tetraploid
M. Coronaria , M.
hupehensis, M. lancefolia, M.
toringoides
Triplod, tetraploid
M. sieboldii Diploid, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid
40. Biotechnology
Protoplast culture – M9 and Sparten
Moleculars markers – Rome Beauty cross with
White Angel using RAPD
Transformation – Greensleeves , Royal Gala
, etc
41. COE Red Fuji, Spartan Granny Smith, Ginger Gold, Early Red One, Law
Red Rome, Scarlet Spur, Florina, Scarlet Gala, Summer Queen, Red Fuji
CITH-Lodh-Selection:
SOURCEhttp://www.cith.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemi
d=26&lang=en
Important varieties added in field germplasm (CITH)
42. •Lal Ambri (Red Delicious x Ambri)
•Sunehari (Ambri x Golden Delicious)
•Chaubattia Anupam (Early Shanburry x Red Delicious)
•Ambred (Red Delicious x Ambri),
• Ambrich (Richared x Ambri),
•Ambroyal (Starking Delicious x Ambri)
Institute Released High Yielding and Superior Quality Apple
Varieties released by CITH
43. Popular Apple Varieties Grown in India:-
• Granny Smith:-
Granny Smith Apples are
distinctive bright green. They
are good for cakes, pies,
pastries, or eating fresh. They
are crunchy and crisp with a
flavorful taste.
• Pink Lady Apple:-
Pink Lady Apple is a cross
between Golden Delicious
and Lady Williams. They
have pink skin and have a
sweet-tart taste which is
delicious.
44. • Cameo Apple:-
It is thought to come from both
Red and Yellow Delicious
Apples Cameo Apples were
originated in Washington and
have quickly grown popularity.
• Opal Apple:-
Opal Apples are medium sized
apples having yellow skin with
russeting at the stem.
45. • Gala Apple:-
Gala Apple has yellow skin
with pink to red stripes. The
shape of Gala apples is
similar to Golden and Red
Delicious Apples.
• Honey crisp Apple:-
Honey crisp Apple was
developed by the University
of Minnesota for growers in
cold climate.
46. • Fuji Apple:-
It is a cross between Red
Delicious and Ralls Janet.
Fuji Apple has light green
skin with reddish orange
colour. This firm fruit
makes for an excellent
snack.
• McIntosh Apple:-
McIntosh Apple has a blend
of green, red, and golden
white skin. The crispy and
tart flavour of these apples
is enjoyed when fresh.
47. • Red Delicious Apple:-
Red Delicious Apple has red
skin with white flecks. They
are big, crispy, and have a
juicy and sweet flavour.
• Jazz Apple:-
Jazz Apples are sweet, juicy,
and tangy apples from New
Zealand.
• Ambrosia Apple:-
It was discovered as a chance
seedling in an orchard in
British Columbia.
48. • Yellow(Golden)Delicious:-
Yellow Delicious is a mild,
sweet apple having a bright
yellow skin. They have a
juicy flesh and taste similar
to Red Delicious Apples.
• Empire Apple:-
Empire Apple is a cross
between McIntosh and Red
Delicious varieties in spite of
having thin skin.