“Advances in breeding of citrus ”
Advances breeding of Citrus, breeding of citrus, Advances breeding of Citrus by Gangaram Rana, polyploidy breeding of citrus, mutation breeding of citrus, biotechnology of citrus, gangaram rana
Origin, distribution, area & production, taxonomy, floral biology, varieties, and species, objective of breeding in different countries and major breeding programmes, approaches and achivements
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
Origin, distribution, area & production, taxonomy, floral biology, varieties, and species, objective of breeding in different countries and major breeding programmes, approaches and achivements
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
“Advances in breeding of banana ”
Advances breeding of Banana, breeding of banana , breeding of banana by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Banana igkv, mutation breeding of banana, biotechnology of banana, seed production breeding of banana,
Citrus fruits originated in the tropical and sub tropical regions of South East Asia, particularly India and China. North East India is the native place of juice many citrus species.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
“Advances in breeding of guava ”
Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava
“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
swingle, tanaka, hodgson, and ranjit singh classification of citrus and also description of acid group, orange group, pummelo and grapefruit group and mandarin group, acidlime, sweet orange, mandarins, lime and lemon.
“Advances in breeding of banana ”
Advances breeding of Banana, breeding of banana , breeding of banana by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Banana igkv, mutation breeding of banana, biotechnology of banana, seed production breeding of banana,
Citrus fruits originated in the tropical and sub tropical regions of South East Asia, particularly India and China. North East India is the native place of juice many citrus species.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
“Advances in breeding of guava ”
Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava
“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
swingle, tanaka, hodgson, and ranjit singh classification of citrus and also description of acid group, orange group, pummelo and grapefruit group and mandarin group, acidlime, sweet orange, mandarins, lime and lemon.
How to grow Citrus Fruits: Planting, Growing, and Harvesting Lemon, Orange, M...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Citrus trees are evergreen and can have both flowers and fruit at the same time, so they are treated a bit differently than other fruit trees. They store food reserves in their leaves and must therefore be protected from stresses that will cause leaf drop. Although the cycles are not as obvious as the cycles in temperate fruit trees, citrus trees go through different stages throughout the year.
See more
http://goo.gl/GjD0ew
http://goo.gl/uxs5dq
http://goo.gl/TBd3ob
http://goo.gl/6sWv6Z
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Bergamot essential oil, Bergamot essential oil extraction, Business guidance for citrus fruits industry, Business guidance for oil extraction from citrus fruits, Business Plan for Lemon Production, Citrus Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Citrus cultivation, Citrus Essential Oils Extraction, Citrus Farming Business Startup Business, Citrus fruit oil extraction, Citrus fruits cultivation, Citrus fruits cultivation Processing Industry in India, Citrus Fruits Harvesting, Citrus fruits list, Citrus Fruits Planting, Citrus fruits processing business, Citrus fruits Processing Profitable Projects, Citrus production, Citrus production in India, Cultivation technology of Kinnow (Citrus), Extraction methods of natural essential oils, Extraction of bergamot essential oil, Extraction of Bergamot Oil, Extraction of Lemon Oil, Extraction of mandarin oil, Extraction of Orange Oil, Green mandarin oil extraction, Growing Citrus Fruits, Growing citrus trees, How to extract Bergamot Oil, How to Extract Lemon Oil, How to Extract Mandarin Oil, How to Extract Oil from Citrus Fruits, How to Extract Oil from Fruit Peels, How to extract oil from mandarin peels, How to Extract Oil from the Skin of Oranges, How to Extract Orange Oil, How to grow Citrus Fruits, How to Grow Lots of Fruit on Your Citrus Trees, How to make citrus essential oil, How to Make Orange Oil, How to plant a lemon tree, How to Plant an Orange Tree, How to prepare citrus fruit, How to start a citrus fruits farm?, How to Start a Citrus fruits Production Business, How to start a successful citrus fruits business, How to Start Citrus fruits cultivation Industry in India, Kinnow Mandarin cultivation, Lemon cultivation, Lemon Farming - A Profitable Business, Lemon oil (Citrus limonum), Lemon oil extract uses, Lemon Oil Extraction (limonene), Lemon tree planting, Lime Farming - Citrus Farming Guide, List of citrus fruits and vegetables, Mandarin cultivation, Mandarin Essential Oil, Methods of Extracting Essential Oils, Mosambi cultivation, Most Profitable Citrus fruits cultivation Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Citrus fruits cultivation industry, Opening a Citrus Fruits Business, Orange cultivation, Orchad cultivation, Profitable Small Scale citrus fruits cultivation and oil extraction business, Pummelo cultivation, Setting up and opening your citrus fruits Business
Citrus Fruit Cultivation in India – Production Area, Climate, Harvesting and Fruit Handling!
Citrus comprises many species of economic importance. In India few species are commercially cultivated, which include grape fruit, lemons, limes, sweet oranges, and mandarins.
Kinnow a hybrid between King mandarin x Willow leaf orange produced by H.B. Frost in 1915 and released in 1935 was introduced by Dr. J.C. Bakhshi at Abohar research station during 1954.
This is being cultivated throughout North India and even in other citrus growing states. The cultivation of citrus fruits has taken a boost due to the entrance of some private companies, who are providing their own plant material.
It is a matter of time that will prove whether the new orange cultivars are a failure or success. If, this venture is successful then monoculture of Kinnow in this region shall be restricted. Efforts are also on to improve the technical knowhow for Blood Red and Nagpuri mandarin. Grape fruits are also being planted to meet the requirement of citrus fruits for sugar patients.
Origin:
Citrus originated in South East Asia. North East region of India is the home of some citrus species e.g. mandarins. Nagpur Sangtra is grown on a large scale in the Vidharbha region of central India. Similarly in Assam, Brahmaputra Valley and Dibrugarh district are famous for mandarin production. Khasi mandarin is an important cultivar of Nilgiri hills. After mandarins, limes and lemons are also cultivated throughout India.
In India citrus is cultivated over an area of near about 923.2 thousand hectares with an estimated production of 8607.7 thousand metric tonnes. In Punjab citrus occupies 39.198 hectares with annual production of 734699 MT. Kinnow occupies 54.9% of the area under citrus.
Botany:
Genus citrus belongs to family Rutaceae and sub-family Aurantioedae. While classifying citrus. Swingle has been considered to be a lumper (with 16 species only) and his student Tanaka a spliter (157 species). Hodgson (1967) classified citrus in to 36 species of commercial importance. This classification is the most accepted one.
Hybridization in citrus has led to produce a large number of inter-generic and inter-specific hybrids. Most of them are used as potential rootstocks. For example, citranges (trifoliate orange X sweet orange), citrumelo (trifoliate orange X grape fruit), citrandarin (trifoliate orange X mandarin) and limequats (kumquat X West Indian lime). One of the parents trifoliate orange was choosen for its cold hardiness and dwarfing character as a rootstock.
CITRUS - CLASSIFICATION, SOIL, CLIMATE, VARIETIES,
PLANTING, NUTRIENT AND WATER MANAGEMENT,
INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS
Sharad Bisen
courtesy: open Source Study Material
Advances in Citrus Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
Citrus constitutes a major group of fruits comprising of mandarins, oranges, lemon, pummelo, grape
fruit, tangelo, trifoliate orange, citron, citranges etc.
Citrus fruits have important position among other popular fruits of the world. It is one of the popular fruit crops of both tropical and subtropical region of the world due to its wide adaptability to different climatic conditions.
Of all Citrus species, there are numerous cultivars and hybrids. A wide range of variability exist in citrus with respect to fruit morphology and quality. The smallest fruits are the limes, which scarcely exceeds 30 cm, while pummelo may attain a diameter of 30 cm. Fruit and rind colour ranges from the yellow-green of the limes to the red orange of some mandarins and shape varies from oblate to pyriform. At maturity, fruits of some cultivars are high in acid while others have almost none. Tree size also exhibits tremendous range. Altogether there is a tremendous amount of variability within the genus with which the Breeder can work and closely related genera provide even a wider selection of characters. Several man-made and natural hybrids are now available for use in breeding programmes as parents.
Problems in citrus breeding:
1. Incompatibility
2. Nucellar embryony
3. Juvenility
Breeding objectives:
Producing early maturing citrus fruits with high yield and fruit quality.
To breed varieties suitable for different agro-ecological region.
To develop varieties having less tendency of granulation.
To breed varieties suitable for export.
In rootstock breeding, the main emphasis has been given on the development of root stock resistant to tristeza virus, Phytophthora, nematodes, etc.
Most of the breeding programmes make use of Poncirus, which is a carrier of resistance to tristeza, Phytophthora and nematodes besides cold hardiness.
Salt tolerant rootstocks have also been found possible in some progenies involving Cleopatra and Sunki mandarin and Rangpur lime.
Breeding Methods:
1. Introduction
2. Clonal Selection
3. Hybridization
4. Mutation breeding
5. Polyploidy breeding
Shoot tip Grafting :
Shoot Tip Grafting (STG) or Micrografting is an in vitro technique which involves the placement of a meristem or shoot tip explants on to a decapitated rootstock that has been grown aseptically from seed or micropropagated cultures. (Hartmann et al., 2002). In Citrus, STG was first developed by Murashige et al. (1972) and later improved by Navarro et al. in 1975. This technique was further improved in 1975 by Navarro, Roistacher and Murashige where they tested various media formulas, diffèrent ways of placement of scion tip, different rootstocks, light intensities and size of scion on graft success. STG potentially can combine the advantages of rapid in vitro multiplication with increased productivity that results from grafting, superior rootstock and scion combinations (Zilka et al., 2002).
advances in different cropping system in plantation crops.pptxGANGARAM RANA
advances in different cropping system in plantation crops.ppt,
cropping system of plantation crop by gangaram rana ppt,
gangaram rana recent advances in cropping system of plantation crop, Cropping system of plantation crop ppt by gangaram rana
PPT apple breeding
Apple Advances Breeding , apple breeding of igkv, gangaram rana apple breeding , mutation breeding of apple, cultivation of apple, polyploide breeding of apple , apomaxis breeding of apple
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. Citrus
• Botanical name : Citrus spp.
• Family : Rutaceae
• Chromosome no. : 18
• Type of fruit : Hesperidium
• Edible part : Juicy placental hairs
• Type of pollination : Self pollination
(Homogamy)
• Rate of Respiration : Non climacteric
• Type of bearing habit : Mix bearing
5. S.NO. SPECIES COMMON NAME CENTRE OF ORIGIN
1. C. medica L. Citron India
2. C. limon (L.) Burm. f. Lemon Eastern Himalaya
3. C.Aurantifolia(Christm.)
Swingle
Sour lime India
4. C. jambhiri Lush. Rough lemon Northeast India
5. C. reticulate Blanco Mandarin Cochin-China
6. C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck Sweet orange Southern Indo China
7. C. maxima (Burm.) Merr. Pummelo Polynesia and Malay
Centre of Origin
6. Centre of diversity
There are three major centers of diversity in
India
• North-East - Assam meghalaya,garohills, tripura
(citrus indica)
• South India - Gajanima, kichili, wild mandarin
• North-West region - HP, jammu &kashmir(hilly
areas) ;lemon (galgal)
7. Classification of Citrus
Acid group
• Acid lime : Citrus aurantifolia
• Tahiti or Persean lime: Citrus latifolia
• Rangpur lime: C. limonia
• Lemon: Citrus limon
• Rough lemon: C. jambhiri
• Citron: C. medica (Kidarankai in Tamil,
used for pickling)
• Sweet lime: Citrus limettoides
Rangapur lime
Rough lemon
8. Mandarin group: (loose jacket)
• Coorg mandarin, Nagpur Santra and Kodai orange: C.
reticulata
• Japanese Satsuma mandarin: C. unshiu
• Willow leaf mandarin: C. deliciosa
• King mandarin: C. nobilis
• Kinnow mandarin: King x willow leaf
• Tangerine orange var Dancy (Trifoliate x mandarins): Citrus
tangerina
9. Orange group:
• Sweet orange: Citrus sinensis
• Sour orange: Citrus aurantium
(Narthankaai in Tamil, used for pickling)
• Multiple leaf orange: C. multifolia
• Japanese summer grape fruit: C. natsudaidai
Pummelo and grape fruit group:
• Pummelo: C. grandis
• Grape fruit: C. paradisi
• Kumquat: Fortunella sp.
Grape fruit Pummelo
10. Criteria Lemon Lime
Botanical name Citrus limon Citrus aurantifolia
Origin Eastern Asia India
Stamens More (20-40) Less (20-25)
Fruits shape Oval to elliptical with pointed
nipple
Round to oval without
pointed nipple
Leaves Broadly winged Narrowly winged
Polyembryony Weak High
Cultivars Eureka, Pant Lemon, lisbon
etc.
Kagzi lime, Tahiti lime
Distinguishing characters of lemon and lime
11. Criteria Mandarins Sweet Orange
Botanical name Citrus reticulata Citrus sinensis
Origin Cochin-China Southern Indo China
Known as Fancy fruit or loose skinned orange Malta or tight skinned orange
Tree size Small (2-6) Tall (6-12)
Flowers Smaller than orange Relatively larger
Leaves Small and lanceolate Large with blunt pointed leaf apex
Fruits Globose and orange in colour Oblate to globose and light orange
reddish in colour
Seeds Less (10-15) More (15-20)
Fruit peel Easily removable Sticky and tedious to peel
Fruit core Hollow Solid
Cultivars Emperor, Kinnow ,Nagpur, Khasi
etc.
Mosambi, Blood Red, Valencia etc.
Distinguishing characters of Mandarins and Sweet Orange
12. Criteria Pummelo Grape fruit
Botanical name Citrus maxima /grandis Citrus paradisi
Origin Malaya South china
Tree Spiny, spreading and smaller than
Grape fruit(5-10)
Spreading and larger (10-15)
Flowers Larger with creamy petals Axillary, fragrant and with white
petals
Leaves Large, pubescent Large and glabrous
Bearing Single Clusters
Fruits Globose or pyriform Spherical or obovate
Segments Open at centre Closed
Fruit rind Thicker Thinner than Pummelo
Seeds Monoembryonic Polyembroyonic
Cultivars Walter, Chakaya etc. Ruby, Foster, Thompson etc.
Distinguishing characters of Pummelo and Grape fruit
13. Citrus group Cultivars
Sweet Orange (C. sinensis (L) Osb.)
(a) Common or round orange
Hamlin, Valencia, Netal, Pera, Shamouti (Jaffa), Pineapple, Mosambi, Delta,
Campbell, Frost.
(a) Navel oranges Washington Navel, Atwood, Fisher, Newhall, Navelina, Navelate, Summerfield,
Marrs, Bajaninha, Palmer, Cara Cara.
(a) Pigmented (blood) oranges Tarocco, Moro, Sanguinello, Melta Blood Red.
Mandarins
(a) Satsuma group (Citrus unshiu Marc)
(b) Common mandarin (Citrus reticulate
Blanco)
(c) Meciterranean'
'Willowleaf' mandarin (Citrus deliciosa
Tenore)
(a) Other mandarins
(i) Citrus nobilis
(ii) Citrustangerina
Grapefruit (Citrus paradise Macf.
(a) While- fleshed
(b) Red-fleshed
Satsuma, Owari,'Miyagoma' Wase, 'Okitsu' Wase (Wase= early maturing)
Clementine, Fina, Ponkan, Pongan, Nagrpur, Darjiling, Coorg, Khasi, Beauty,
Cleopatra, Fortune, Kara.
Willowleaf,
Kinnow,
Wilking, Avana.
King Temple
Dancy
Duncan, Marsh, Walters
Star Ruby, Foster, Hudson, Thompson, Redblush, Ruby Red, Flame
Limes (C. aurantifolia L.)
(a) Acid lime
(i) Tahiti
(ii) Key
(b) Acidless lime
Persian, Bearss
Mexican, Kagazi, Banaarsi, Sai Sarbati, Pramaline, Vikram, Jai Devj (PKM-1)
Tenali-1
Sweet lime, Persian Mitha
Lemons (C. limon Burm. F.) Femminello, Verna, Limoni, Blianchetti, Lisbon, eureka, Fino, Kagazi Kalan,
Nepali Oblong, Assam Lemon, Baramasi
Pummello (Shaddock (C. gradis(L) Osb.)
(a) Thai group
Chander (Pink Fleshed), Kao Panne and Kao Phuang (white fleshed).
Goliath, Mato, Shatinyu
Citrus species and their commercial cultivars (scions) used in breeding
14. Citrus germplasm being maintained at various field genebanks in India
Singh and Singh, 2003
15. Country Flowering time Fruit set Maturity
N. India March (Feb.-
April)
April-May Mandarin Feb.
Sweet orange
Nov.-Jan.
S. India Sathgudi orange Dec. April & Sept.-
Dec.
Mandasia March
April
Central
India
Coorg mandarin
Oranges
March-April &
Sept. Oct., June,
Oct. – Feb.
Sweet Orange
Aug.-Oct.
Lemon and lime throughout the year
Flowering, Fruit set and maturity of Citrus
17. Problems in citrus breeding
Time
Polyembryony
Sterility
Self incompatibility
Long juvenility
18. Time
Citrus being perennial in nature takes more time for bearing. However this period can
be reduced to a maximum of half by top working the seedling on an old tree.
Polyembryony
• It is peculiar feature found in citrus in which seed consist of more than one embryo.
Sterility
• High level of sterility often leads to production of seedless fruits which is serious
hindrance to develop varieties.
19. Self incompatibility
Self incompatibility and cross incompatibility is a common phenomenon which occurs
widely in citrus.
Most of the varieties of grape fruit (C.grandis) are found to be self incompatible besides,
some varieties of lemon, sweet orange and mandarins exhibit self incompatibility of
gametophytic type governed by oppositional alleles.
Long juvenility
It is a major barrier in the progress of citrus breeding in India.
General treatments to shorten the period or induce early flowering have not been
generally effective.
20. Inheritance of characters in Citrus
Character Inheritance References
Leaf character Two principal genes Soost and Cameron,1975
Anthocyanin
pigment in leaf
Dominant gene controlling this
reddish colour.
Taxopene,1962
Anthocyanin
pigment in fruit
More than one recessive genes
are involved.
Spigel-Roy,1988
Tristeza virus Single allele Mestre et al.,1997
Texture Polygenic control Yamamoto et al.,1990
Polyembryony More than one single gene Maheshwari and
Rangaswamy, 1958
Seedless character A recessive gene Spigel-Roy,1982
Nucellar
embryony
One or two dominant gene Soost and Cameron,1975
21. Breeding Objectives
Fruit characteristics
An excellent desert quality fruit
Seedless varieties
Suitable shape and size
Meeting the commercial requirements, good shipping and
keeping qualities
Attractive rind colour
Firm texture and good flavor to meet the canning industry
requirements e.g. grapefruit, citron and oranges.
High juice content for juice and mixed drink purposes and
high vitamin C content.
22. Tree performance Fruit characteristics Postharvest of fruit
High Yield Exterior appearance: size
and shape
Handling for fresh market
Low tendency to
alternate bearing
Economic and cultural
importance
Adaptation to adverse
climatic (Cold
Hardiness)
and soil conditions
Quality (TSS/ acid ratio),
Juice content, flavour/
colour
Processing quality (processed
into frozen concentrate or
single strength juice products)
Adaption to mechanical
harvest
Ease of peeling,
seedlessness
Storage life
Disease and pest
resistance
Season of ripening
(Enlargement of the
ripening season)
Juice content and composition
Scion characteristics
23. Rootstock characteristics:
• Improved productivity
• Dwarf stature
• Adaptation to soil conditions (salt, calcareous soils)
• Improvement in nutrition
• Resolution of bud union problems
• Resistance to diseases (Phytophthora, Tristeza, citrus blight,
Alternaria, Scab, Greening etc.)
• Resistance to soil borne pests
• Improved fruit quality
24. Rootstock Characteristics
Rough Lemon (C. Jambhiri Lush) Drought tolerant, imparts large vigour, deep root system,
poorly freeze-acclimated, tolerant to citrus tristeza virus
(CTV) and citrus exocortis viroid (CEV) and citrus
xyloporosis viroid,
Rangpur Lime (C.reticulate hybrid) Rsistant to CTV; but susceptible to CEV, burrowing
nematodes and moderately susceptible to foot rot; tolerant
to drought, imparts moderated vigour to scion, tolerant of
high saline and calcareous soil conditions.
Sour orange (C. aurantium L.) Imparts moderate vigoour to scion trees, deep and
moderately branched root system, moderately drought and
phytophthora tolerant, scion-trees on this stock-well
adapted to high pH and high salinity soils,
'Cleopatra' Mandarin
C. reticulate Blanco)
Produces a deep, densely branched root system that
imparts drought tolerance, also imparts cold tolerance,
adapted to wide range of soils from light sands to heavey
clays, resistant to high soil salinity.
Important Citrus rootstocks and their characteristics
25. Trifoliate orange
(P.trifoliata(L.) Raf.)
Rangpur lime:
Rough lemon
Carrizo citranges
Sour orange
Alemow (C.
macrophyllas):
Severaria buxifolia
Extremely freeze-hardy, deciduous and become dormant during winter
months, tolerant to CTV or xyloporosis but susceptible to blight, highly
resistant to foot-rot
It is salt resistant, tolerant to tristeza, xyloporosis, and moderate tolerance to
Phytophthora but susceptible to exocortis and greening.
Deep root system, resistant to tristeza, moderately tolerant to cold and salt,
but susceptible to Phytophthora, exocortis, greening and burrowing
nematodes.
Highly resistant to gummosis and tolerant to quick decline but sensitive to
salts.
Well adjusted to heavy wet type of soil partly due to its moderate resistance to
Phytophthora, highly resistant to exocortis and xyloporosis but susceptible to
triseza.
Used for lemons in USA tolerant to high levels of soil boron, chloride, and
calcium and tend to have high level of Mn, It is considered Phytophthora
resistant.
Cl and B excluder
28. Introduction
• USA -Tangerines, St.Michael Blood Orange, Washington Navel, Valencia, Villafrance and
Large White Orange
• Grapefruits were introduced from California and Florida,
• lemons from China and
• Malta from USA and Italy.
• ‘Mosambi’ seems to have been introduced in Nagpur during the beginning of the 20th
century.
• The introduction of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (King x Willow leaf) in 1947 showed great promise
in North India from USA.
29. Clonal selection
Yuvaraj Blood Red’ is a seedless and early maturing clonal selection from
‘Blood Red’ orange.
PKM 1 lime is a clonal selection from seedling progenies of kadayam Type of
Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu.
Pramalini and Vikram, the two kagzi lime varieties were developed through
clonal selection at Marathwada University.
Chakradhara’ is a thornless and seedless selection from Kagzi lime.
Sai sarbati (rahuri , Maharashtra), Jaidevi (TN), Tenali (AP)
LEMON : Pant lemon, baramasi, from PAU selection
ACID LIME
30. Hybridization
Citrus breeding involves selection and hybridization by controlled
crossing of two genetically distinct parents to obtain desired variety.
Scion Breeding/Cultivar breeding
• Selection of parents with high combining ability complementary and
heritability of desired characters.
• Zygotic seedlings are planted and evaluated
• Desired and best performing progenies are budded on commercial
rootstocks and evaluated.
• E.g. Kinnow mandarin- King x Willow leaf) (Honey, Sunburst, Fallago,
Rabinson
31.
32. Intrageneric hybrids are:
• Tangor : C. reticulata x C. sinensis,
cultivars are temple, clamentine,
monreal, Umatilla, monoembryonic
• Tangelo: C. reticulata x C. paradise,
cultivars are Orlando, Sampson,
Seminole.
• Lemonima: C. limon x C. aurantifolia
• Lemmonnage: C. limon x C .reticulata
33. Hybrids Parental spp.
Citrange- Trifoliate orange x C. sinensis,
Citrange quat- Trifoliate orange x (kumquat)
Citrangedin (Ponicirus trifoliate x C. sinensis) x C. mitis
(calamondin)
Citrangor- Citrange x C. sinensis
Cicitrange- Citrange x ponicirus trifoliate
Citrandarin- P. trifoliate x C. reticulate (mandarin).
Citermon- P. sp x C. aurantium
Citumquat- P. sp x C. japonicum x F. margarita (kumquat)
Citrumelo- P. trifoliata x C. paradise (grape fruit).
Intergeneric hybrids
34. Hybrids Parental spp.
Limonage C. lemon x C. sinensis
Lemonimes C. limon x C. aurantifolia
Lemandarins
Tangelo
C. Limon x C. Reticulata
C. reticulata x C. paradisi
Tangors C. sinensis xc. reticulata
Interspecific hybrids
37. • Procimequat: F. japonicum x C.
aurantifolia (acid lime) x F. hindisi
• Limequat: C. reticukata x F.
japonicum x F. maragarita
• Orangequat C. reticulata cv.
Satsuma x F. japonica x F.
morgarita cv. Meiwa
Hybrids of Fortunella (kumquat) are
38. Mutation Breeding
• Somatic mutations are common in citrus and through selection of the
natural mutants, quite a few number of desirable clones have been
obtained.
• Selections of natural mutants have been successfully employed for
season of ripening (Satsuma, Navel), improvement of colour (Ray
Ruby grapefruit) etc. in Citrus.
• Grape fruit : ‘Star Ruby’ and ‘Rio Red’
• The grapefruit clones like Thompson and Foster Pink arise as limb
sports on white grapefruit.
• Gamma irradiation of seeds and bud woods performed in Orlando,
Florida, resulted in Seedless fruits on certain trees of seeded cultivars
like Pineapple orange as well as Duncan and Foster grapefruit.
39. Polyploidy breeding
• Most of the species and varieties of Citrus are diploids but
occurrence of polyploidy has been reported in many cultivars.
• The Hongkong wild kumquats,Fortunella hindsii may have been the
first reported tetraploid.
• Production of triploids by crossing tetraploid with diploids may be
useful in obtaining seedless varieties. The seedless lime (C.
latifolia) a triploid.
• Polyploidy manipulation by crossing of tetraploids with diploids
yielded some valuable triploid varieties like ‘Oroblanco’ and
‘Melogold’.
40. MICROPROPAGATION:
• SHOOT TIP/ AXILLARY BUD CULTURE: For multiplication of superior clones of
almost all cultivated species , hybrids , rootstocks.
• Utilized for propagating weak polyembryonic commercial cultivars.
• These are healthy , uniform , virus free , true to type plantlets.
Embryo rescue utilised in citrus:.
• In citrus, nucellar embryony is the major hinderance in getting only the embryo of
hybrid origin but in early stages of development, it is easy to get the embryo of
hybrid status, which is the major breeding priority.
• RFLP analysis of low and high-copy-number nuclear DNA can be used to
distinguish zygotic from nucellar in vitro seedlings.
41. SHOOT TIP GRAFTING: Has been standardized in mandarins and sweet orange
which produce true to type , virus free precocious planting material.
PROTOPLAST FUSION AND GENETIC TRANSFORMATION:
Development of triploid scions and rootstocks with resistance to biotic and abiotic
factors are other promising areas.
Genetic transformation studies and use of coat protein gene could produce tolerant
varieties to citrus decline.
SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
• The somatic hybridization potential has been exploited for rootstock and scion
improvement in citrus (Grosser and Gmitter 2005). Somatic fusion offers possiblity
for efficient creation of allotetraploid citrus plantshaving the highest level of
heterozygosity.
42.
43. Ruby Red Grapefruit C. paradisi Star Ruby Grapefruit
Rio Red Grapefruit Henderson Grapefruit