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advances in different cropping system in plantation crops.pptx
1. Advances in different cropping system in plantation crops
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
Doctoral Seminar
Gangaram Rana
Ph.D Scholar
Deptt. Fruit Science
Email id.gangaramrana095@gmail.com
Contact no. 8305051366
Planting of coffee and banana in Bastar Chhattisgarh
3. Cropping systems, an important component of a farming system, represents a
cropping pattern used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources, other
farm enterprises and available technology, which determine their make up.
Plantation crops interspaces provide ample scope for mixed and intercropping
and about 70-75% of the plantation area can be utilized for cropping systems.
"If a better system is thine, impart it; if not, make use of mine." - Horace "The
system isn't stupid, but the people in it are." - Thomas Szasz
Cropping system
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 3
4. PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF CROPPING SYSTEMS
Choose crops that complement each other
Choose crops and a cropping rotation which utilize available
resources efficiently
Choose crops and a cropping that maintain and enhance soil
fertility
Choose crops which have a diversity of growth cycle
Choose a diverse species of crops Keep the soil covered
Strategically plan and modify the cropping system as needed..
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 4
5. Efficient utilization of all resources viz. Land, water, and solar
radiation maintaining stability in production and obtaining higher net
returns.
The efficiency is measured by the quantity of produce
obtained per unit resource in a unit time
Benefit of Cropping system
Maintain and enhance soil fertility
Increase of total production in field
Starting stage after planting production are start in intercrop
Enhance crop growth
Minimize spread of disease
Control weeds
Inhibit insect and pest growth
Increase soil cover
Reduce risk for crop failure
Use resources more efficiently
Objective of cropping system :
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 5
6. Sole cropping (monocropping)
Sequential cropping
Intensive cropping
Classification of Cropping System
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 6
Sole cropping (monocropping)
Intensive cropping:
Multiple cropping
Intercropping
Sequential cropping
7. Types of cropping systems
Monocropping is the agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year
on the same land, in the absence of rotation through other crops or growing. But in
case plantation crops are planting one crop and grown countinious year after year
same piece of land in long time.
Crops Planting distance Crops Planting distance
Tea 100x60 cm. Coffee 2.75x2.75 m.
Cocoa 2.7x2.7 m. Rubber 4.9x4.9 m.
Coconut 7.5x7.5 m. Cashew Nut 7x7 m.
Coconut Tea Areca nut 7
8. Advantages of Monoculture
Disadvantages of Monoculture
1. More time taken in production
2. Early age in sole crops soil are not proper utilization
3. Insect pest more attack
4. Destroys soil nutrients
5. Results in the use of harmful chemicals
6. Pollutes groundwater supplies
7. Adversely affects and alters the natural ecosystem
8. Destroys the overall soil’s degradation and erosion
9. Uses a lot of fossil fuel energy
1. Simplicity
2. Results in higher yields
3. Lowers the amount of extra land required
4. It is efficient and more profitable to the farmer
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 8
9. Two or more crops are grown in succession one after another
Growing two or more crops in sequence on the same field in a
farming year. The succeeding crop is planted after the preceding crop has
been harvested.
Crop intensification is only in time dimension.
There is no intercrop competition
Double cropping: Growing of two crops in a year in sequence.
Triple cropping: Growing of three crops in a year in sequence.
Quadruple cropping: Growing of four crops in a year in sequence.
Sequential cropping
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 9
10. Multiple cropping
Multiple Cropping: The intensification of cropping in time and space
dimensions. Growing two or more crops on the same field in a year.
• Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land in one calendar year is
known as multiple-cropping.
• It is the intensification of cropping in time and space dimensions, i.e., more
number of crops within year and more number of crops on same piece of land
any give period.
• It includes inter-cropping, mixed-cropping and Multi storage cropping.
• Double-cropping is a case where the land is occupied by two crops, which are
grown in a year in sequence.
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
10
11. Types of Multiple cropping
Inter cropping Mixed cropping Multi storage cropping
Coconut +
Banana
Coconut
+ Maize
Coconu+
Nutmeg
+Cocoa
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 11
12. Annuals: Groundnut, bhendi, turmeric, tapioca, sweet potato, sirukizhangu, elephant foot
yam, ginger, pineapple
Biennials: Banana varieties Poovan and Monthan are suitable.
Perennials: Cocoa*, pepper*(Panniyur 1 or Panniyur 2 or Panniyur 5 or Karimunda),
nutmeg* and vanilla*
Plant age in orchard
a) Below 7 years of age
b) 7 – 20 years of age
c) Above 20 years of age
Criteria of inter cropping in selection in
crops of plantation crops
Care should be taken to select the crops with different growth habits,
root growth, duration and families. The following points to be considered while selecting
crops for intercropping system.
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
12
13. Criteria of inter cropping in selection in crops of plantation crops
1. Tall growing crops with short growing crops.(e.g. coconut +coffee)
2. Bushy crops with erect growing crops.(e.g. cocoa +maize)
3. Fast growing crops with slow growing crops.(e.g. areca nut
+banana)
4. Deep rooted crops with shallow rooted crops.(e.g. cashew
+coconut)
5. Short duration crops with long duration crops.(e.g. papaya
+coconut)
7. Crops should have least allelopathic effect.
8. Crops selected should be of different families to avoid pests
and diseases.(e.g. coffee + popper + areca nut )
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 13
14. Benefits of Intercropping
1. Better utilization growth resources like.
2. Economy in space and time.
3. Suppression of weeds.
4. Serves as insurance against failure of any one of the component crops.
5. Reduces soil crust formation.
6. Improves soil fertility.
7. Ecological stability.
8. Controlling of soil erosion.
9. Serves as physical support or shading to some crops.
10. Additional yield from unit area.
11. Additional income.
12. Provides farmer’s daily needs.
13. Provides employment and distribution of labour.
14. Control of pests and diseases.
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
14
15. Limitations of Intercropping
1. Labour intensive.
2. Differential maturity and problem of harvesting.
3. Serves as alternate hosts for pests and diseases.
4. Control of pests, diseases and weeds is difficult.
5. Problem for intercultural operations.
6. Mechanization is difficult.
7. Competitive effects among component crops.
8. Allelopathic effect.
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 15
16. Trratment Composition
T1 40: 40: 80 g NPK
T2 2 kg vermicompost + 200 g rock phosphate + 100 g SOP
T3 1.25 kg vermicompost + 600 g poultry manure + 100 g SOP
T4 1.25 kg vermicompost + 500 g neem cake + green manure cow pea @ 10 kg fresh biomass plant-1
Red Lady Co 8
Coconut with papaya based intercropping
One year old dwarf juvenile coconut with papaya as intercrop , plants supplied with T2 produced
bigger fruits (1326 g fruit plant-1) with the highest TSS content (10.22° Brix).
The study of coconut plantations (40% area) of 2-4 years T2 at bimonthly intervals. The net income
from papaya was ` 2,16,720/-, with a benefit cost ratio of 2.72.
CPCRI Kasaragod (Kerala) annual report 2016-17
Varieties papaya
1. Red Lady,
2. Co8
3. Arka Prabhat
1
2
3
16
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
17. Coconut with fodder – legume based intercropping
Coconut palms, with viz., fodder grass (Hybrid Bajra Napier cv. Suguna), Stylosanthes
(cv. Hamata) and cowpea (EC 4216). The highest green fodder yield of 132 t ha-1 year-1
was recorded in the combination of fodder grass and Stylosanthes.
The average annual net returns from the coconut + fodder grass - legume cropping system
was ` 2,06,000/- ha-1 whereas under mono cropping system, the net income was ` 44,720/-
ha-1, indicating the possibility of increasing the farmers income by four times with this
technology.
Stylosanthes
Cowpea and Hybrid Bajra
Napier cv. Suguna CPCRI Kasaragod (Kerala) annual report 2016-17
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 17
18. Coconut with Elepbant foot yam based intercropping
In the field experiments on three different varieties of elephant foot yam (Gajendra,
Padma and Local) were evaluated as intercrop in the coconut garden by adopting soil
moisture conservation methods.
The variety, Gajendra recorded higher corm yield (17.6 t/ha)
In the case of soil moisture conservation, the husk and coir pith application as
amendments had significantly influenced yam yield.
Padma Gajendra
CPCRI Kasaragod (Kerala) annual report 2016-17
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 18
19. Mixed cropping: Mixed cropping needs to be designed in such a way that in case
of any unfavorable condition, at least one crop should have the competence to
survive and produce economic yield.
e.g of arecanut based mixed cropping systems: Banana, cocoa, pepper, betel vine.
Mixed cropping
Any mixed cropping system aims at-
Producing higher yield per unit area.
Offers greater stability in production under any weather condition,
Meets the domestic need of the growers,
Offers opportunity for employment generation ,
Equitable distribution of farm resources and
Offers effective pest control and
Use of soil resources under organic farming system.
In North Eastern India, arecanut grows mostly in Assam, Meghalaya and parts of Mizoram,
Tripura and Nagaland are are adoption of mixed cropping system
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
19
20. Crops Yield (t/ ha of Areca garden Cost of production Gross return Net return B:C ratio
Radish 9.2 6850 6850 20825 4.05
Knolkhol 4.2 7350 14735 7385 2.00
Cabbage 21.4 9150 42750 33600 4.68
Cauliflower 9.5 8950 38000 29050 4.24
Tomato 6.6 12713 32750 20037 2.57
Potato 5.9 12765 28925 16160 2.26
Brinjal 10.2 8045 40600 32555 5.05
Gladiolus 17938*
34638**
68850 123089 54239 1.78
Chrysanthemum 6.0 12300 29850 17550 2.43
Marigold 4.5 1095 22425 11475 2.05
* Number of spikes ** Number of corms (Ray et al., 2007a)
CPCRI Regional Station, Vittal under ICAR with the introduction of
cocoa as mixed crop in arecanut gardens .
Table :Yield and economics (Rs./ ha of arecanut garden)of vegetable and flowering crops grown under
young areca plantation (average of two years)
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 20
21. Refers to the compatible combination of crops having varying morphological frame
and rooting habits, grown together in such a way that, their canopies intercept
solar energy at varying heights and the roots forage the soil mass at different
zones/depths.
In order to utilize the natural resources like light, soil and water efficiently for
sustainable production. Growing various suitable crops as intercrops in plantation
gardens.
In the initial 5 years of plantation, suitable inter crops are banana-turmeric-ginger-
pineapple-vegetables- papaya, etc., profitably grown with the enhancement of 20 – 30 %
coconut productivity.
After 20-25 years, more than 40 % of light falls on the ground and also have efficient shade.
Therefore, shade loving crops could be grown eg: Coconut + Black pepper + Cocoa +
Pineapple/ Turmeric / Ginger.
Multi-storey cropping system
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 21
22. Plantation crops are perennial in nature and long
pre-bearing period ( Coconut, Areca nut, Cashew)
The basic principles of multi-storey cropping system include:
(i) Opportunities for crop diversification on scientific, ecological & economic principles;
(ii) Maximize system productivity;
(iii) Utilization of resources with higher efficiency;
(iv) Intensive input use and
(v) Sustainability of farm resources & environment on long term perspective.
Crops have wider spacing and are tall growing e.g: Coconut (7.5X7.5m),
Areca nut (2.7X 2.7m), Oil palm (9X9m ) and Cashew Nut (7x7m).
Crop geometry and rooting pattern among perennials, semi-perennials and
annual crops could be compatible without any adverse effect on main
crops(Arecanut, Cocoa, Banana, Ginger, Turmeric, Pineapple).
Crops are shade loving and tolerance to dripping of rain drops and high
humidity (Banana, Cocoa, Turmeric, Ginger, Pineapple, Pepper).
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
22
23. Coconut Based Cropping System at ICAR-CPCRI, Kasargod.
Different Multi-Storied Cropping Systems
Crops Spacing m. space available for
each palm
Roots lines Use are in crops Land available
Coconut 7.5x7.5 56.25 m2 12.57 m 2 22.2% 77.8 %
Fig- Field arrangement of mixed cropping model for coconut+pineapple+peanut cropping system [ppines]
[Source:
Department of
Agriculture
Philippine
Coconut
Authority,
Phillippines]
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
23
24. Coconut based high density multi species cropping
system with high value intercrops
Economic analysis (based on annual variable cost) indicated that, the net return
realized under fully organic was higher (Rs. 2,15,953/-per ha)
Main crop Inter crops
Coconut sweet corn, baby corn, brinjal
and pumpkin
Black pepper
(Panniyur 1),
banana (G-9)
Intercropping brinjal and baby corn in coconut garden
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 24
25. SOME RESEARCH WORK DONE IN DIFFERENT
CROPPING SYSTEM IN PLANTATION CROPS
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
25
26. Crops Spacing m. Plants/ ha. Crops Spacing m. Plants/ ha.
Coconut 7.5 X 7.5 m 150 Cocoa 2.5x2 m 525
black
pepper
1.25m 150 Pineapple 1-2m 4900
The most popular and compatible multi storied cropping system in coconut
under coastal region in an area of one ha.
This model recorded higher yield of coconut (20%) and net returns compared to
mono cropping of coconut, besides enhancing soil fertility due to recycling of
by products.
Coconut + Cocoa + Banana + Moringa + Pineapple with integrated nutrient management
at AICRP Aliyarnagar.
Cropping system with 75 % NPK + organic recycling with vermicompost recorded
highest nut yield of 182 per palm and highest net income (Rs. 3.80 lakhs per ha) and
B:C ratio (2.71) compared to monocrop coconut with recommended NPK + FYM
which recorded 150 nuts /palm, Rs. 1.31 lakhs / ha and B:C ratio of 2.00 respectively
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
26
27. Table 2: Arecanut yield intercroping with tea A Anjaneyulu and H Bhattacharjee (2019 )
Effect of young tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O.Kuntze) on arecanut yield in intercropping system
However among the treatments T5 (Arecanut + Tea ((VC@1.0kg+RDF)) recorded maximum
arecanut yield,
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 27
28. Treatment Gross income (`
ha-1)
Cost of production (` ha-
1)
Net income (`
ha-1
B:C ratio
Coconut +
chrysanthemum
306125 105567 2005582 2.9
Price of flowers (per kg): Jasmine (Kakada): ` 200/-; Chrysanthemum: ` 50/-; Crossandra: ` 200/- to ` 250/-; China
aster: ` 50/-; Marigold: ` 15/-; Coconut: ` 10/- per nut (2012-13 to 2013-14) & ` 12/- per nut (2014-15).
T.B. Basavaraju et al. (2018)
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
28
29. • j
It can be concluded that, Model – III (Arecanut + Banana + Turmeric) was the best remunerative one and the
farmers
G. Chandrashekhar1* and H. Bhattacharjee2 (2018) at Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, Faculty of Horticulture,
BCKV
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
29
30. Summary and conclusion
Plantation crops having long duration after planting producing yield
that time before producing crops yield different short duration most
suitable multi-tier intercrops are adaptation .It could further generate
employment opportunities to the farming communities round the year
and provide a better economic and nutritional security
Provides income, employment and enough food for consumption.
Better and sustainable use of the inputs, i.e., soil, water, air, space,
solar radiation, etc. Reduce insecurity of mono-cropping. Higher
production, economic return and resource utilization.Channelizing the
dynamic energy of rural youth towards conventional farming for
higher income generation and livelihood security.
30
Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
31. REFERENCE
₲ ANNUAL REPORT 2017-18 , ICAR-CENTRAL PLANTATION CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
KASARAGOD - 671 L24, KERALA
₲ ARECANUT BASED CROPPING/FARMING SYSTEMS, ICAR-CENTRAL PLANTATION
CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE KASARAGOD - 671 L24, KERALA
₲ Shanmugavelu, K.G., Kumar, N. & Peter, K.V., 2002, Production Technology of Spices and
Plantation Crops, Pp: 368-369.
₲ Ravindran, C.S., Nair, M. and Nedunchezhiyan, M. 2006. Intercropping tuber crops is
remunerative. Indian Horticulture, 51 (6): 25-27.
₲ Das, A.K. and Maharana, T. 1995. Effect of spacing and intercropping on bunch characters of
banana cv. Robusta. The Orissa Journal of Horticulture, 23 (1-2): 13-17.
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Department of Fruit Science
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
